Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 133 views

    Error Detection

    Uploaded by

    Kupakwashe Kampini
    Error detection and correction methods are used to ensure data integrity during transmission. Common methods include checksums, parity checks, and check digits. Checksums involve sending a calculated value along with data so the receiving end can check for errors. Parity checks add an extra bit to data to ensure an even or odd number of 1s, detecting single-bit errors. Check digits verify human entries by calculating a final number based on other digits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Error Detection

    Uploaded by

    Kupakwashe Kampini
    133 views2 pages
    Error detection and correction methods are used to ensure data integrity during transmission. Common methods include checksums, parity checks, and check digits. Checksums involve sending a calculated value along with data so the receiving end can check for errors. Parity checks add an extra bit to data to ensure an even or odd number of 1s, detecting single-bit errors. Check digits verify human entries by calculating a final number based on other digits.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Error detection and correction methods are used to ensure data integrity during transmission. Common methods include checksums, parity checks, and check digits. Checksums involve sending a calculated value along with data so the receiving end can check for errors. Parity checks add an extra bit to data to ensure an even or odd number of 1s, detecting single-bit errors. Check digits verify human entries by calculating a final number based on other digits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    133 views2 pages

    Error Detection

    Uploaded by

    Kupakwashe Kampini
    Error detection and correction methods are used to ensure data integrity during transmission. Common methods include checksums, parity checks, and check digits. Checksums involve sending a calculated value along with data so the receiving end can check for errors. Parity checks add an extra bit to data to ensure an even or odd number of 1s, detecting single-bit errors. Check digits verify human entries by calculating a final number based on other digits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Summary Of Error Detection or Correction Methods

    Error Detection Checksum


    There is always the chance that data has been corrupted (changed in some way) during A block of data is sent alongside a calculated checksum value.
    transmission.
    The receiving computer also calculates what it believes should be the checksum.
    This is true regardless of the distance of transmission.
    The checksum values are then compared to see if an error has occurred during transmission.
    To avoid having corrupted data it is really important that computers check for errors and correc t
    Method
    them wherever possible.
    1. The sending computer uses the block of data to be sent, and a prede ned mathematical
    There are several methods of error checking, with some being more effective than others. algorithm, to calculate a checksum value
    2. The sending computer sends the data, plus the checksum value
    3. The receiving computer uses the data it receives to also calculate what it believes should be
    the checksum, using the same mathematical algorithm
    Parity Check 4. The two checksum values are compared by the receiving computer
    5. Due to the nature of the algorithm, it is highly unlikely that corruption has occurred if the
    An extra bit (parity bit) added to a string of binary code to ensure the number of 1-bits are eithe r checksum values match
    even or odd, depending upon the parity check system used. 6. If the checksum values don’t match, the receiving computer requests that the data is
    transmitted again
    Method

    1. The sending and receiving computers agree the protocol to be used (even or odd) Check Digit
    2. The sending computer adds the correct parity bit to the binary data (either an extra 1 or 0)
    A check digit is the nal digit in a code of numbers.  It is calculated from all the other digits in the
    3. The sending computer sends the binary data, including the parity bit
    code.  It’s purpose is to spot human errors on data entry.
    4. The receiving computer checks to make sure the overall parity of the data received is as
    agreed (an even or odd number of 1 bits) Check digits are often found in barcodes, product codes or ISBN book numbers.
    5. If the parity of the data is incorrect, the receiving computer will request that the data is
    transmitted again There are many different mathematical algorithms that can be used to calculate a check digit. 
    Different industries will have their own preferred method.
    Drawbacks of parity checks
    Method
    If two bits are transposed (change places) then the computer could be fooled into thinki ng
    the data is correct and not corrupted 1. The check digit is calculated and added to the barcode, packaging, product code etc at the
    If two random bits change state then the system could also be fooled point of manufacture
    2. A human types the long numerical code into a computer, e.g. the cashier will type the
    Parity Block barcode number when a scanner fails or packaging is damaged
    3. The computer calculates what it believes should be the check digit, based on the numbers
    This method of error checking is similar to a traditional parity check except the data is arrang e d n i
    entered by the human
    a virtual table with parity bits added to each row and column.
    4. The computer then compares it’s calculated check digit with the check digit typed in by the
    A single corrupted bit can be spotted at the intersection of a corrupted row and column.
    human (the last digit in the long code)
    Multiple corrupted bits would also aw this system. 5. If the two don’t match, then the human has made an error when typing in the numerical code,
    e.g. barcode number
    6. The human will be asked by the computer to re-enter the numerical code

    Bene ts
    Echo Check
    Good for spotting human errors such as:
    With an echo check, the receiving computer sends a copy of the data immediately back to the
    Incorrect digit entered
    sending computer for comparison.
    Transposition error (two numbers change order)
    The sending computer compares the two sets of data to check if any errors occurred during the Omitted digit or extra digit
    transmission process.

    If an error has occurred, the data will be transmitted again.

    Automatic Repeat ReQuests (ARQ)


    Drawback of echo checks
    This form of error detection uses a system of acknowledgements and timeouts. Automatic
    If the two sets of data are different you will have no way of knowing whether the error Repeat ReQuests are often used to ensure reliable transmissions over an unreliable service.
    occurred when originally sent, or when it was sent back
    Echo checks require a lot of extra data to be transmitted Method

    1. The sending computer transmits a block of data


    2. The sending computer waits a period of time to see if the receiving computer acknowledges
    receipt of the data
    3. After a set period of time, a timeout occurs which triggers the data to be automatically
    resent by the sending computer
    4. This will continue until the receiving computer acknowledges the data has been received

    You might also like