4

Percentages

A range of scooters is on sale

for one weekend only. Each
scooter will be discounted by
20% of the marked price.
How much will you pay for a
Buddy scooter during the
sale?
Calculating discounts is
only one of many useful
applications of percentages.
This chapter will revise
and extend your skills in
working with percentages.
areyou 154 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Are you ready? READY?

Try the questions below. If you have difficulty with any of them, extra help can be
obtained by completing the matching SkillSHEET. Either click on the SkillSHEET icon
next to the question on the Maths Quest 8 CD-ROM or ask your teacher for a copy.

4.1 Simplifying fractions with a denominator of 100

1 Simplify the following fractions.
25 32
a --------- b ---------
100 100

4.2 Converting a mixed number into an improper fraction

2 Express these mixed numbers as improper fractions.
7 7
a 2 -----
- b 8 -----
-
10 20

4.5 Changing fractions to equivalent fractions with a denominator of 100

3 Write an equivalent fraction with a denominator of 100 for each of the following.
16 12
a ------ b ------
20 25

4.6 Multiplying fractions by 100

4 Evaluate the following.
3 7
a --- × 100 b --- × 100
4 8

4.8 Multiplying decimals by 100

5 Calculate the following.
a 1.375 × 100 b 0.02 × 100

4.9 Multiplying fractions by a whole number

6 Evaluate the following.
35 50 30 610
a --------- × ------ b --------- × ---------
100 1 100 1

4.11 Rounding to the nearest whole number

7 Round the following decimals to the nearest whole number.
a 1.67 b 6.053

4.13
Rounding money to the nearest 5 cents
8 Round the following amounts to the nearest 5 cents.
a $23.48 b $207.91
 Chapter 4 Percentages 155
Percentages as fractions
We often hear people talking about percentages:
76 per cent for a Mathematics test, a GST of 10%
or bank interest up half a per cent are just a few
examples. Per cent is also used in reference to
people’s preferences or behaviours, such as 60%
of students take a bus to school or 80% of house-
holds have a computer.
The term per cent means ‘per hundred’. The
symbol for per cent is %. For example, 50% means
50
50 out of 100. Written as a fraction this is --------
-.
100
Written as a decimal this is 0.50 (50 hundredths).
So a percentage is another way of writing a
fraction out of one hundred or of writing the
number of hundredths in a decimal.
For example, Andrew Dayes and Michelle Lims
were shooting baskets in preparation for an inter-
national competition. Andrew had 20 attempts and
was successful 17 times. Michelle had 35 attempts
and was successful 30 times. Which player was
more successful on this occasion? Percentages can
be used to answer this question.

WORKED Example 1
Write 47% as a fraction.
THINK WRITE
47
Write the percentage and then change it to 47% = ---------
a fraction with a denominator of 100. 100

Fractions should always be written in simplest form. To write a fraction in simplest

form, cancel or divide the numerator and denominator by the highest common factor.
Then check that the fraction that is left cannot be simplified further.

WORKED Example 2
Write 20% as a fraction in simplest form.
THINK WRITE
20 1
1 Write the percentage, change it to a 20% = ----------5-
fraction with a denominator of 100 and 100
then cancel by dividing numerator and
denominator by the same number.
2 Write the answer and check that the 20% = 1
---
5
fraction can’t be simplified further.
156 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Percentages can also contain fractions or decimals: for example 21 1--- %, 13.7%.
2
To convert a mixed number percentage to a fraction, change the mixed number to an
improper fraction and write it as a fraction out of 100. Then simplify the fraction.
21 1--- % = 43
------ %
2 2
43
------
= ---------
2
100
= 43
------ ÷ 100
--------- (When dividing fractions, change the ÷ to a × and tip the fraction.)
2 1

= 43
------ × 1
---------
2 100

= 43
---------
200
These steps produce the same result as multiplying the denominator of the improper

fraction by 100.  ------------------ = ---------

43 43
 2 × 100 200

To convert a mixed number percentage to a fraction, follow these steps.

1. Change to an improper fraction.
2. Multiply the denominator by 100.
3. Simplify by cancelling if appropriate.

If the percentage is a proper fraction, multiply the denominator by 100 and

simplify where appropriate.

WORKED Example 3
Write the following percentages as fractions in simplest form.
1
a --- % b 15 1--- %
4 3

THINK WRITE
1 1
a 1 Write the percentage and then a --- % = ------------------
multiply the denominator by 100. 4 4 × 100
1
2 Simplify. = ---------
400

b 1 Write the percentage and then b 15 1--- % = 46

------ %
3 3
change the mixed number to an
improper fraction.
46
2 Multiply the denominator by 100 = ------------------
and simplify by cancelling. Check to 3 × 100
make sure that the fraction can’t be 46 23
= ---------------
simplified further. 300 150
23
= ---------
150
 Chapter 4 Percentages 157
To convert percentages containing a decimal number to a fraction, place the percentage
over 100 and then change the numerator to a whole number by multiplying numerator and
denominator by an appropriate multiple of 10. Convert 13.79% to a fraction as follows:
13.79 13.79 × 100
------------- = ----------------------------
100 100 × 100
1379
= ----------------
10 000
For any fraction, whatever is done to the numerator must also be done to the denomi-
nator. So, if the numerator is multiplied by a multiple of 10 to make it a whole number,
the denominator must be multiplied by the same multiple of 10.

WORKED Example 4
Write 36.4% as a fraction in simplest form.
THINK WRITE
36.4
1 Write the percentage and change it to a 36.4% = ----------
fraction out of 100. 100
36.4 × 10
2 Change the numerator to a whole 36.4% = ----------------------
number by multiplying it by an 100 × 10
364 91
appropriate multiple of 10, multiply the 36.4% = ------------------
denominator by the same multiple of 10 1000 250
and simplify the fraction.
91
3 Write the answer. 36.4% = ---------
250

To convert a percentage containing a decimal number to a fraction, follow these steps.

1. Place the decimal number over 100.
2. Change the numerator to a whole number by multiplying both numerator and
denominator by an appropriate multiple of 10.
3. Simplify by cancelling if appropriate.

remember
1. Per cent means ‘out of 100’.
2. The symbol for per cent is %.
3. To convert a percentage to a fraction, write it as a fraction with a denominator
of 100 and simplify.
4. If the percentage is a fraction, multiply the denominator by 100 and simplify.
5. If the percentage is a mixed number, either:
(a) change the mixed number to an improper fraction, write it as a fraction out
of 100 and simplify the fraction or
(b) change the mixed number to an improper fraction, multiply the
denominator by 100 and simplify.
6. If the percentage contains a decimal number, place it over 100 and then
multiply the numerator and the denominator by an appropriate multiple of 10 to
make the numerator a whole number. Simplify where appropriate.
 158 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

4A Percentages as fractions
WORKED 1 Write the following percentages as fractions. (Leave the answer as an improper
Example
1
fraction where appropriate.)
a 17% b 29% c 81% d 79%
e 99% f 43% g 3% h 19%
i 67% j 33% k 9% l 189%
m 243% n 127% o 353%
WORKED 2 Write the following percentages as fractions in simplest form. (Change the answer to
HEET
4.1 Example
a mixed number where appropriate.)
2
SkillS

a 50% b 80% c 25% d 35%

Simplifying
fractions e 60% f 85% g 10% h 45%
with a i 98% j 12% k 5% l 56%
denominator m 74% n 2% o 110% p 150%
of 100
q 90% r 180% s 200% t 500%
u 112%
HEET
4.2 WORKED 3 Write the following percentages as fractions in simplest form. (Leave answers as
SkillS

Example
3
mixed numbers where appropriate.)
Converting
1 1 3
a mixed a --- % b --- % c --- %
number 2 5 4
into an 2 1 5
improper d --- % e ------ % f --- %
3 10 8
fraction
6
g ------ % h 8 1--- % i 3 3--- %
d 11 4 4
hca
Mat

j 20 2--- % k 9 2--- % l 14 1--- %

3 3 4
Percentages
as fractions m 60 1--- % n 15 1--- % o 22 1--- %
4 2 2

reads p 11 1--- % q 10 3--- % r 11 2--- %

L Sp he 5 8 3
et
EXCE

Percentages s 150 1--- % t 120 1--- % u 33 1--- %

2 2 3
as fractions
WORKED 4 Write the following percentages as fractions in simplest form.
Example
4
a 3.5% b 7.2% c 11.8%
d 19.7% e 32.4% f 71.5%
g 62.9% h 15.5% i 8.7%
4.3 j 16.2% k 28.3% l 16.25%
HEET
m 41.38% n 57.99% o 86.32%
SkillS

Multiplying p 18.14% q 12.15% r 0.05%

decimals by
powers of 100
5 multiple choice
a 40% as a fraction in simplest form is:
1 2 4 4000 0.4
A --- B --- C --------- D ------------ E ------------
4 5 100 1 1000

b 10 1--- % as a fraction is:

2
21 10.5 2100 42 21
A ------ B ---------- C ------------ D --------- E ---------
2 100 2 100 200
 Chapter 4 Percentages 159
c 1.5% as a fraction in simplest form is:
1.5 3 3 15 15
A --------- B --------- C --------- D --------- E ------------
100 100 200 100 1000
d 138% as an improper fraction in simplest form is:
138 13.8 69 138
A 138 B --------- C ---------- D ------ E ------------
100 100 50 1000

6 Imran saves 20% of his pocket money each week. What fraction does he save?
7 In one game, 35% of a football team is injured. What fraction of the team is injured?
8 Each week Jodie spends 45% of her wages at the supermarket. What fraction of
Jodie’s wages is spent at the supermarket?
9 What fraction of a class of students are boys if 68% are girls?
10 If the unemployment rate in Australia is 8%:
a what fraction of the population is
unemployed?
b what fraction of the population is
employed?
c out of 100 people, how many would you
expect to be unemployed?
11 Seventeen per cent of visitors to Australia in
2005 were from New Zealand.
a What fraction of visitors to Australia was
from New Zealand?
b What fraction of visitors to Australia was not from New Zealand?
c Out of 100 visitors to Australia, how many would you expect to be from New
Zealand?
12 Less than 50% of the estimated 200 000 Australian invertebrate species have been
described. What fraction is this?
13 What fraction remains if:
a 65% of the winnings have been spent?
b 19% of the audience hated the movie?
c all stock was discounted by 15%?
d 93.5% of the school population supports the uniform policy?

QUEST
S
M AT H

1 If the distance between telephone poles is 60 m and I pass 18 poles in

NG

one minute, what was my speed in kilometres per hour?

E

CH LL
A 2 If three cans of dog food will feed two dogs for 1 day, for how long will
45 cans of dog food feed five dogs?
3 A clothing store has stocked a line of denim jackets. At the start of
March, the store had a stock of 280 of these denim jackets. During
March, it sold 50% of the jackets. In April, it sold 25% of the
remaining jackets. How many jackets were left at the end of April?
160 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Percentages as decimals
Percentages can also be written as decimals. For example, 78% = 78
--------- or 78 hundredths.
100
78
Another way of considering this is --------- means 78 divided by 100. To divide by 100,
100
move the position of the decimal point two places to the left.
78% = 78
---------
100

= 78 ÷ 100
= 0.78
Note: It is understood that a decimal point follows a whole number even though it is
not written. So, 78 = 78.0.

WORKED Example 5
Write the following percentages as decimals.
a 81% b 16.8%

THINK WRITE

a 1 Per cent means ‘out of 100’, so write the a 81% = 81

---------
100
percentage as a fraction out of 100.
81% = 81 ÷ 100
2 To write as a decimal, move the position = 0.81
of the decimal point 2 places to the left
and place a zero in the units column.

b 1 Write the percentage as a fraction out of b 16.8% = 16.8

----------
100
100.
16.8% = 16.8 ÷ 100
2 To write as a decimal, move the position = 0.168
of the decimal point 2 places to the left
and place a zero in the units column.

When changing the position of the decimal point, fill in any gaps with zeros. For
example: 8% = --------
8
-
100

= 8 ÷ 100
= _._8
↑ ↑ gaps
= 0.08

remember
1. To convert a percentage to a decimal, first write the percentage as a fraction out
of 100.
2. Change the fraction to a decimal by moving the position of the decimal point
2 places to the left. After moving the decimal point, fill any gaps with zeros.
 Chapter 4 Percentages 161

4B Percentages as decimals
WORKED 1 Write the following percentages as decimals. 4.4 SkillS
Example
5a
a 36% b 14% c 19% d 28% e 73% f 92%

HEET
g 66% h 59% i 11% j 99% k 9% l 7% Dividing
m 4% n 1% o 25% p 200% q 150% r 360% whole
numbers
WORKED 2 Write the following percentages as decimals. and
Example decimals
5b
a 12.3% b 31.6% c 59.2% d 84.9% e 37.6%
by 100
f 42.1% g 21.9% h 16.9% i 10.7% j 11.1%
k 3.1% l 4.6% m 9.2% n 5.9% o 6.8% Math
p 8.8% q 14.25% r 31.75% s t

cad
23.55% 45.75%
u 0.05% v 1.02% w 4.01% x 0.02% Percentages
as decimals

3 multiple choice
L Spre
XCE ad
a 41% as a decimal is:

sheet
E
A 41 B 0.41 C 4.100 D 4.1 E 0.041 Percentages
b 8% as a decimal is: as decimals
A8 B 0.008 C 0.08 D 0.8 E 800
c 43.64% as a decimal is:
A 0.4364 B 4.364 C 43.6400 D 436.4 E 4364.0
d 110% as a decimal is:
110
A --------- B 1100 C 0.11 D 1.10 E 11.0
100

4 Car prices have dropped by 17% over the past

8 years. What is this percentage as a:
a fraction?
b decimal?
5 The maximum legal blood alcohol concen-
tration (BAC) for drivers in Victoria is 0.05%.
What is the BAC as a:
a fraction?
b decimal?
6 In 2006, the number of visitors to Australia
during February was 2.85% lower than in Jan-
uary. Write this percentage as a decimal.
7 Over the past decade, insurance premiums
have risen by 218%. Write this percentage as a
decimal.
8 In the 3 months following a drought, the price
of vegetables fell by 13.8%. Write this per-
centage as a decimal.
9 Government funding to state schools rose by
8.35%. Write this percentage as a decimal.
162 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Fractions to percentages
It is easier to compare different values if they are written as percentages. A fraction of
a quantity can be written as a percentage by changing it to a number out of 100.
For example, the score 45 ------ for a Geography test can easily be converted to a
50
percentage by multiplying the numerator and denominator by 2.
45 45 × 2
Therefore, ------ = ---------------
50 50 × 2
90
= ---------
100
= 90%
1 5
However, it is not so easy to convert --- or --- to a percentage using this method. To con-
3 8
100
vert any fraction to a percentage, multiply by --------- and include the % sign. So, for the
1
2
45 45 100
example above, ------ = ------ × --------- %
50 50 1 1
90
= ------ %
1
= 90%

WORKED Example 6
Change each of the following fractions to a percentage, giving the answer as a mixed
number where appropriate.
1 5 1
a ------ b --- c ---
10 8 7

THINK WRITE
1 1 100 10
a 1 Write the fraction. a ------ = -------1- × ------------- %
10 10 1
100
2 Multiply by --------- and include the % sign.
1
3 Cancel or simplify as appropriate.
10
4 Multiply the numerators and then multiply = ------ %
the denominators. 1
5 Simplify. = 10%

5 5 100 25
b 1 Write the fraction. b --- = ----2- × ------------- %
8 8 1
2 Multiply by 100
--------- and include the % sign.
1
3 Cancel or simplify as appropriate.
125
4 Multiply the numerators and then multiply = --------- %
the denominators. 2
5 Simplify by writing as a mixed number. = 62 1--- %
2
 Chapter 4 Percentages 163

THINK WRITE
1
c 1 Write the fraction. c ---
7
1 100
2 Multiply by 100
--------- and include the % = --- × --------- %
1 7 1
sign.
100
3 Multiply the numerators and then = --------- %
multiply the denominators. 7
4 Divide the numerator by the = 7) 1 4 rem 2
denominator. 7)1030
5 Simplify by writing as a mixed = 14 2--- %
7
number.

WORKED Example 7
A survey showed that 3 out of 15 locals rated the
Portsea Pier to Pub as their favourite spectator
sport. What percentage is this?

THINK WRITE
3 3 100 20
1 Write the information as a fraction by ------ = -------- × ------------- %
15 15 3 1
making the numerator the number of
people who rated the Portsea Pier to
Pub as their favourite spectator sport
and the denominator the total number
of people.
2 Change to a percentage by multiplying
by 100
--------- and including the % sign.
1
3 1 20
3 Cancel or simplify as appropriate. = ----1- × ------ %
3 1
20
4 Multiply the numerators and then = ------ %
multiply the denominators. 1
5 Simplify. = 20%
6 Answer the question by writing a 20% of the locals surveyed rated the Portsea
sentence. Pier to Pub as their favourite spectator sport.

remember 100
To change a fraction to a percentage, multiply by --------- , include the percentage sign
1
(%) and simplify the fraction by cancelling.
 164 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

4C Fractions to percentages

4.5 WORKED 1 Change each of the following fractions to a percentage.

HEET Example
21 48 9 93 14 36
a b c d e f
SkillS

6a --------- --------- --------- --------- ------ ------

100 100 100 100 50 50
Changing
fractions to g 8
------ h 40
------ i 3
------ j 15
------ k 10
------ l 6
------
equivalent 50 50 25 25 25 25
fractions
2 7 1 2 8 1
with a m ------ n ------ o ------ p ------ q ------ r ---
20 20 20 10 10 5
denominator
of 100 2 4 7 13 3 3
s --- t --- u ------ v ------ w ------ x ---
5 5 10 20 10 5

WORKED 2 Change each of the following fractions to a percentage.

HEET
4.6 Example
1 1 3 3 20 10
6b a b c d e f
SkillS

--- --- --- ------ ------ ------

2 4 5 12 50 50
Multiplying
45 15 3 12 15 4
fractions g ------ h ------ i --- j ------ k --------- l ------
by 100 90 30 4 15 150 20

WORKED 3 Change each of the following fractions to percentages, giving the answer as a mixed
Example
HEET
4.7 number in simplest form (if appropriate).
6c
SkillS

1 1 2 8 3 7
Converting
a --- b --- c --- d ------ e ------ f ------
3 6 9 18 11 15
an improper
5 9 11 7 1 10
fraction into g --- h ------ i ------ j --- k ------ l ------
a mixed 9 16 12 8 13 17
number 1 5 2
m --- n --- o ---
7 6 3
d
hca
Mat

4 multiple choice
Fractions to
percentages a To change a fraction to a percentage:
1 1
A divide by 100 B multiply by --------- C divide by ---------
100 100
reads
L Sp he D multiply by 100 E write a percentage sign (%)
et
EXCE

3 100
Fractions to b Before multiplying, ------ × --------- would cancel to:
10 1
percentages
300 3 10 3 3 10 3 1
A --------- B --- × ------ C ------------ D ------ × ------ E ------ × ---------
10 1 1 1000 10 1 10 100

7
c The fraction ------ as a percentage is:
50

A 14% B 7% C 3 1--- % D 700% E 70%

2

4
d The fraction --- as a percentage is:
9

A 2 1--- % B 40% C 54 5--- % D 4% E 44 4--- %

4 9 9

5 Put the following in order from smallest to largest by converting the fractions to
percentages first.
15%, 1--- , 125 85 3 1 94
------------ , --------- , --- %, --- , ---------
4 1000 100 4 2 100
 Chapter 4 Percentages 165
6 One-fifth of the people in the snowfields
preferred snowboarding to skiing. What
percentage preferred snowboarding?
7 Eight twenty-fifths of people participate
in sport or physical activity. What
percentage is this?
8 Three-fortieths of the Australian
population attended at least one cricket
match last year. What percentage attended
a cricket match?
WORKED 9 Twenty-nine out of every 50 kilograms of
Example
7
waste at the tip is household waste. What
percentage is household waste?
10 Three out of 10 people surveyed preferred
water to soft drink. What percentage
preferred water?
11 Sixty students in Year 8 have seen all of the
Harry Potter films. If there are 150 students
in Year 8, what percentage of them have
seen all of the Harry Potter films?
12 Eight out of 22 houses in one street get the newspaper delivered. What percentage get
SHEE
T 4.1
the newspaper delivered?

Work
13 In 2006, 23 out of every 44 Year 12 students were female. What percentage were
female?

1
1 Convert 210% to a fraction in simplest form.
2 Write 10 7--- % as a fraction in simplest form.
8
3 If 16.5% of a pizza is made up of cheese, what fraction of the pizza is cheese?
4 True or false? 36% as a decimal is 0.36.
5 It has been found that 14.3% of people believe that smoking should not be banned
from shopping centres. Write this percentage as a decimal.
6 The fixed-interest rate on a loan is 5.6%. Write this percentage as a fraction.
2
7 Change --- to a percentage.
5
8 If 28 out of 42 students recycle paper at home, what percentage is this?
9 If 120 out of 360 Year 8 students entered the athletics carnival, what percentage
is this?
2
10 True or false? ------ as a percentage is 20%.
50
 166 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Decimals to percentages
The same method used to convert a fraction to a percentage is used to convert a decimal
100
to a percentage. In both cases, multiply by --------- or 100 and include a percentage sign.
1
Note: When multiplying a decimal by 100, the position of the decimal point is moved
two places to the right.

WORKED Example 8
Change each of the following decimal numbers to percentages.
a 0.38 b 0.275 c 4.2
THINK WRITE

a 1 Write the decimal, multiply it by 100 a 0.38 = 0.38 × 100%

(that, is move the decimal point two
places to the right) and include the
% sign.
2 Write the answer. 0.38 = 38%

b 1 Write the decimal, multiply it by 100 b 0.275 = 0.275 × 100%

(that is, move the decimal point two
places to the right) and include the
% sign.
2 Write the answer. 0.275 = 27.5%

c 1 Write the decimal, multiply it by c 4.2 = 4.2 × 100%

100, fill the blanks with zeros and
include the % sign.
2 Write the answer. 4.2 = 420%

remember
To change a decimal number to a percentage, multiply the decimal number by
100, include a % sign and simplify.
HEET
4.8
SkillS

4D
Multiplying
decimals
by 100
Decimals to percentages
d
hca
1 Change each of the following decimals to percentages.
Mat

WORKED
Example
Decimals
8a a 0.45 b 0.32 c 0.56 d 0.68 e 0.90 f 0.84
to
percentages g 0.12 h 0.08 i 0.02 j 0.10 k 0.99 l 0.05
m 0.29 n 0.09 o 0.19 p 0.105 q 0.001 r 0.067
reads
L Sp he WORKED 2 Write the following decimals as percentages.
et
EXCE

Example
Decimals 8b, c a 0.3 b 0.8 c 0.9 d 0.1 e 0.002 f 0.007
to g 0.005 h 0.009 i 1.32 j 1.50 k 8.65 l 2.05
percentages
m 4.50 n 0.000 15 o 2.00 p 10 q 5 r 100
 Chapter 4 Percentages 167
3 multiple choice
a 0.14 is the same as:
A 1.4% B 140% C 0.0014% D 14% E 0.145
b When multiplying a decimal by 100, move the position of the decimal point:
A two places right B two places left C one place left
D one place right E not at all
c 0.73 as a percentage is:
A 7.3% B 730% C 0.073% D 0.73% E 73%
d 6.1 as a percentage is:
A 6.1% B 61% C 610% D 0.61% E 0.061%
4 In Australia, 0.7 of all students attend government schools. What percentage of students
attend government schools?
5 Sabrine is a secondary-school teacher. She works 0.4 of the week. What percentage of
the week does Sabrine work?
6 Sales of notebooks have increased by 0.43
over the past 3 years. By what percentage
have notebook sales increased?
7 The last census showed that 0.031 of the
Australian population does not speak
any English. What percentage does not
speak any English?
8 A teacher recorded her class test results
as decimals (decimal amount = mark
student achieved ÷ total possible mark).
The table below shows some of the class
marks. Copy the table and convert each mark to
a percentage.

Directed number test

Student name
Mark Percentage
Mandy Adams 0.86
Sandra Bazumik 0.72
Malcolm Boncev 0.64
James Callan 0.91
Kate D’Arpa 0.79
Louise Edmonds 0.92
Chris Edwards 0.95
Thomas Evancik 0.10
Jessie Farmer 0.88
Mia Yazzett 0.46
168 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Finding percentages of an amount

using fractions
Adrian wants to buy an amusing silk tie but is not sure whether he has enough money.
The original price was $135, but the sale notice says that all ties have been reduced by
40%. If you were the sales assistant, could you help him solve the problem?
To find a percentage of an amount (for example, 40% of $135), follow these steps:
1. Write the percentage as a fraction with a denominator of 100.
2. Change of to ×.
3. Write the amount over 1 if it is not already a fraction.
4. Cancel.
5. Multiply the numerators and then multiply the denominators.
6. Divide the numerator by the denominator.

WORKED Example 9
Find 40% of 135.
THINK WRITE
1 Write the question. 40% of $135
40 135 27
2 Write the percentage as a fraction with a = ------------
20
- × -------------
denominator of 100, change of to × and write the 100 1
amount as a fraction over 1.
40 2 27
3 Cancel and simplify as appropriate. = -------1- × ------
20 1
54
4 Multiply the numerators and then multiply the = ------
denominators. 1

5 Simplify by dividing the numerator by the = $54

denominator.

WORKED Example 10
Find 26% of 75 and write the answer as a mixed number.
THINK WRITE
1 Write the question. 26% of 75
26 75 3
2 Write the percentage as a fraction, change of to × = ----------4- × --------
and write the number as a fraction over 1. 100 1
26 13 3
3 Cancel and simplify as appropriate. = ---------
- × ---
42 1
39
4 Multiply the numerators and then multiply the = ------
denominators. 2

5 Write the answer as a mixed number by dividing = 19 1---

2
the denominator into the numerator.
 Chapter 4 Percentages 169
WORKED Example 11
Of the 250 students selected at random to complete a survey, 18% were in Year 11.
How many students were in Year 11?

THINK WRITE

1 Decide what percentage of the total is 18% of 250

required and write an expression to find the
percentage of the total.
18 250 5
2 Write the percentage as a fraction, change of = --------- × ---------
to × and write the total as a fraction. 1002 1
9
18 5
3 Cancel and simplify as appropriate. = ------ × ---
21 1

45
4 Multiply the numerators and then multiply = ------
the denominators. 1

5 Simplify by dividing the numerator by the = 45

denominator.
6 Answer the question by writing a sentence. 45 of the 250 students were in Year 11.

remember
To find the percentage of an amount using fractions, follow these steps.
1. Write the percentage as a fraction with a denominator of 100.
2. Change of to ×.
3. Write the second amount as a fraction.
4. Cancel and multiply.
5. Answer the question by writing a sentence.

Finding percentages of an
4E amount using fractions
1 Copy each of the following problems and then find the answers by completing the 4.9 SkillS
working.
HEET

a 90% of 200 = 90 200

--------- × --------- = b 8% of 50 = 8 50
--------- × ------ = Multiplying
100 1 100 1
fractions by
c 50% of 120 = 50 120
--------- × --------- = d 20% of 90 = 20 90
--------- × ------ = a whole
100 1 100 1 number
e 30% of 150 = 30 150
--------- × --------- = f 75% of 16 = 75 16
--------- × ------ =
100 1 100 1 Math
cad

g 5% of 30 = 5 30
--------- × ------ = h 80% of 55 = 80 55
--------- × ------ =
100 1 100 1 Percentage of
an amount
i 15% of 70 = 15 70
--------- × ------ = j 65% of 120 = 65 120
--------- × --------- = (fraction)
100 1 100 1
170 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

WORKED 2 Find the following.

Example
a 50% of 20 b 20% of 80 c 5% of 60
9
d 10% of 30 e 9% of 200 f 31% of 300
g 40% of 15 h 12% of 50 i 35% of 80
j 70% of 110 k 52% of 75 l 90% of 70
m 80% of 5000 n 44% of 150 o 68% of 25
p 24% of 175 q 38% of 250 r 95% of 200
s 110% of 50 t 150% of 8 u 125% of 20
WORKED 3 Find the following and write the answer as a mixed number.
Example
10
a 18% of 20 b 16% of 30 c 11% of 70
d 8% of 120 e 74% of 25 f 66% of 20
g 2% of 95 h 55% of 45 i 15% of 74
j 32% of 220 k 95% of 62 l 32% of 65
m 18% of 80 n 82% of 120 o 27% of 60
4 multiple choice
a 45% written as a fraction is:
45 45 450 1 90
A --------- B ------ C --------- D ------ E ------
100 1 1 45 45
b When finding 17% of 22, the ‘of’ will be changed to:
A ÷ B of C + D × E −
c Which of the following would find 15% of 33?
A 15 of 33 B 15
------ × 33 C 15
--------- × 33
--------- D 15
------ × 33
--------- E 15
--------- × 33
------
1 100 100 1 100 100 1
d 60% of 30 is:
A 19 4--- B 31
------ C 186 D 19 E 18
5 5

WORKED 5 Of the 300 Year 7 students selected to complete a questionnaire on ice-cream, 70%
Example
11
said that their favourite flavour was chocolate chip. How many favoured chocolate
chip ice-cream?
6 Two per cent of Australians play lawn bowls. In a group of 50 people, how many
would you expect to play lawn bowls?
7 Two thousand people entered a marathon. Some walked and the rest jogged. If 20%
walked:
a what percentage jogged? b how many people jogged?
 Chapter 4 Percentages 171
8 William earns $570 per week. He has just received a pay rise of 3%.
a How much more will William earn per week?
b How much in total does William earn after his pay rise?

9 The Tattslotto jackpot for Saturday night is $20 million. If you win 8% of the jackpot,
how much money will you win?

10 The Australian cricket team was fined 15% of their match payments for a slow over
rate. If the team was paid $80 000 for the match, how much was the team fined?

11 Australia has 315 species of mammals. Of these, 15% are threatened. How many threat-
ened species of mammals does Australia have? (Round your answer to the nearest
whole number.)

12 Two million people attended at least one game of Australian Rules Football last year.
Of these people, 30% attended 10 games or more. How many people attended 10
or more games of Australian Rules Football?
13 The water content of a particular brand of shampoo is 35%. After performing a calcu-
lation Peter claims that an 800 mL bottle of this particular shampoo contains 28 mL
of water.
GAME
a Why is Peter’s calculation incorrect?

time
b How much of the shampoo in the 800 mL bottle is actually water? Percentages
— 001

COMMUNICATION Savings on scooters

A store is offering a discount of 20% off the marked price of five types of scooter
during a particular weekend. The marked price of each scooter can be seen in the
photograph on page 153.

1 Calculate the discount on a Rystar scooter during the sale.

2 How much will you pay for a Rystar scooter during the sale?

3 Calculate the sale price on each type of scooter seen in the photograph on
page 153.

4 If you had $500 to spend, could you afford to buy one Rystar, one red Razor and
one Razor A3 off-road scooter during the sale?

5 How much would you save at the sale compared to buying the three scooters
described in question 4 at the normal marked price?

6 Visit a store or obtain an advertising flyer for a store having a sale. Select three
items you would like to buy and work out the sale price for each item. It is only
a saving if you were planning to buy these items. How much would you save if
you bought these items during the sale rather than at any other time?
 172 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

What is the meaning of the NZ place name,

TAUMATAWHAKATANGIHANGAKOAUAUOTAMATEA–
TURIPUKAKAPIKIMAUNGAHORONUKUPOKAIWHENUAKITANATAHU?

Calculate the percentages

below to find the puzzle code.

A = 70% of 370 G = 12 —21 % of 1504 M = 66—32 % of 516

S = 8% of 1600

=
=
=

=

B = 33 —31 % of 810
H = 25% of 860 N = 90% of 230

T = 72% of 450

=
=
=

=

D = 120% of 250 I = 84% of 375 O = 3% of 5200 U = 55% of 540

=
=
=
=

E = 45% of 580 K = 275% of 88 P = 500% of 59 W = 95% of 240

=
=
=
=

F = 6% of 2450 L = 15% of 1900 R = —21 % of 42 000 Y = 1% of 17400

=
=
=
=

324 215 261 215 315 285 285 228 215 261 210 261 324 259 344 259 324 261 259

228 315 324 215 324 215 261 270 315 188 242 207 261 261

295 285 259 174 315 207 188 215 315 128 147 285 297 324 261 228 259 128

128 261 210 261 207 259 300 315 207 188 259 228 156 344 259 207
 Chapter 4 Percentages 173
Finding percentages of an amount
using decimals
It is sometimes easier to find percentages by converting to a decimal instead of a
fraction. This is the case when the percentage contains a decimal or the problem is
difficult to calculate using fractions.
To find percentages using decimals, follow these steps.
1. Write the percentage as a number out of 100 and then change it to a decimal by
moving the position of the decimal point two places to the left and filling in any
gaps with zeros. For example, 64.5% would be 0.645 as a decimal. (See worked
example 5.)
2. Change of to ×.
3. Multiply the decimal by the amount.
Remember: The total number of decimal places in the question gives the number
of decimal places in the answer.

WORKED Example 12
Evaluate each of the following by converting the percentage to a decimal.
a 20% of 50 b 34% of 15 c 4.3% of 12
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write the question. a 20% of 50
2 Write the percentage as a number out = 20
--------- × 50
100
of 100 and change of to ×.
3 Write the fraction as a decimal. = 0.20 × 50
4 Multiply the numbers, inserting the = 10.00
decimal point in the answer. = 10
Note: There are 2 decimal places in
0.20, so there will be 2 decimal
places in the answer.
b 1 Write the question. b 34% of 15
2 Write the percentage as a number out = 34
--------- × 15
of 100 and change of to ×. 100

3 Write the fraction as a decimal. = 0.34 × 15

4 Multiply the numbers, ignoring the 1
2
15
decimal point.
× 34
60
415 0
510
5 Write the answer with the decimal 34% of 15 = 5.1
point in the correct position.
Note: There are 2 decimal places in
0.34, so there will be 2 decimal
places in the answer. Continued over page
174 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

THINK WRITE
c 1 Write the question. c 4.3% of 12
2 Write the percentage as a number out = --------
4.3
- × 12
of 100 and change of to ×. 100

3 Write the fraction as a decimal. = 0.043 × 12

4 Multiply the numbers, ignoring the 12
decimal point. × 43
36
480
516
5 Write the answer with the decimal 4.3% of 12 = 0.516
point in the correct position.
Note: There are 3 decimal places in
0.516, so there will be 3 decimal
places in the answer.

WORKED Example 13
Only 2.3% of Zambians have a television set. In a class of 32 Zambian Year 8 students, how
many would be expected to have a television set? Write the answer to the nearest whole number.
THINK WRITE
1 Write the question. 2.3% of 32
2 Write the percentage as a number out of = --------
2.3
- × 32
100
100 and change of to ×.
3 Write the fraction as a decimal. = 0.023 × 32
4 Multiply the numbers, ignoring the 32
decimal point. × 23
96
6140
736
5 Write the answer with the decimal 2.3% of 32 = 0.736
point in the correct position.
6 Round to the nearest whole number because 2.3% of 30 ≈ 1
we are referring to whole students.
7 Write the answer as a sentence. One student in a class of 32 would be expected
to have a television set.

remember
To find the percentage of an amount using decimals, follow these steps.
1. Write the percentage as a number out of 100.
2. Write the fraction as a decimal. (Move the position of the decimal point two
places to the left.)
3. Change of to ×.
4. Multiply the decimal by the amount.
5. Write the answer in a sentence when solving worded problems.
 Chapter 4 Percentages 175
Finding percentages of an
4F amount using decimals
WORKED 1 Evaluate each of the following by converting the percentage to a decimal. 4.10 SkillS
Example
12a, b
a 10% of 40 b 20% of 90 c 5% of 80

HEET
d 10% of 50 e 20% of 35 f 50% of 82 Multiplying
g 50% of 74 h 5% of 100 i 80% of 180 decimals by
j 90% of 45 k 90% of 56 l 60% of 620 whole
numbers
m 30% of 15 n 80% of 318 o 110% of 20 and decimals
p 70% of 5 q 40% of 590 r 4% of 312
2 Find the following by converting the percentage to a decimal.
a 24% of 30 b 12% of 14.5 c 33% of 71.3
d 18% of 12.2 e 67% of 18.1 f 28% of 39.6
g 19% of 61.7 h 42% of 42.3 i 8% of 13.4
j 63% of 105.6 k 17% of 192.4 l 33% of 982.3
m 53% of 507.1 n 75% of 146.85 o 12 1--- % of 9.95
2
WORKED 3 Evaluate each of the following by converting the percentage to a decimal.
Example
12c
a 3.2% of 14.5 b 12.8% of 22 c 9.4% of 56 Math
d 23.1% of 97 e 1.7% of 160 f 19.8% of 88

cad
g 14.1% of 27.5 h 17.3% of 176.9 i 4.6% of 257.25 Percentage
j 57.2% of 500 k 98.3% of 4500 l 33.3% of 2800 of an
amount
m 84.1% of 45.50 n 68.5% of 19.95 o 24.5% of 360 (decimal)
4 multiple choice L Spre
XCE ad
a 7% of 20 equals:

sheet
E
A 35 B 1.4 C 3.5 D 14 E 2.86 Calculating
b 4.2% of 160 equals: percentages
A 67.2 B 67 200 C 672 D 0.672 E 6.72
c 63.5% of 12 equals:
A 76.20 B 1.905 C 7.660 D 7.620 E 19.05
d 13% of 51.4 equals:
A 2.056 B 66.82 C 6.682 D 20.56 E 668.2
WORKED 5 A thunder day at a given location is a 4.11 SkillS
Example
13
calendar day on which thunder is
heard at least once. About 20% of HEET
Rounding
days near Darwin are thunder days. to the
How many days in one year are nearest
whole
thunder days? number
6 In Melbourne, 36% of adults use a
telephone to pay bills and 2% use the
Internet. If there are 50 adults who
need to pay a bill, how many will use
the:
a telephone? b Internet?
7 In Weburbia, 24% of all households have access to the Internet. If there are 34 houses
in Website Street, how many would you expect to have access to the Internet? Write
the answer to the nearest whole number.
 176 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

8 Terry runs a factory that makes parts for

trucks. He has increased his staff by 12%.
If Terry had 34 workers, how many
workers does he have in the factory after
the increase? Write the answer to the
nearest whole number.
9 In the year 2006, 60% of households in
Melbourne had a smoke alarm; of these,
94% worked. A street in Melbourne has
20 houses.
a How many houses would you expect to
have a smoke alarm?
b How many would have a smoke alarm
me
E ti that works? Write the answer to the
GAM

Percentages nearest whole number.

— 002 10 During pregnancy or childbirth 6.25% of
African women die. Of 30 African
SHEE
T 4.2 women who are pregnant, how many are
Work

likely to die during pregnancy or child-

birth? Because the answer is people, write
it to the nearest whole number.

2
1 If 22% of immigrants to Australia are from Europe, what fraction is this?
2 Statistics show that 26% of Australians have at least one pet at home. Out of 100
people, how many own at least one pet?
3 True or false? 130% as a decimal is 1.3.
4 In a class of 28, there are 16 girls. What percentage of the class are boys?

5 multiple choice
8.3 as a percentage is:
A 8.3% B 830% C 83% D 0.083% E 8.03%
6 If 0.2 of the students in Year 8 have a computer at home, what percentage is this?
7 Calculate 44% of 130.
8 Adam received a bonus of 15% of his weekly wage of $600. How much of a bonus
was given to him?
9 If about 30% of days in a year in Orange are over 30°C, how many days in a year are
over 30°C? (Round to the nearest whole number.)
10 The number of telephone booths vandalised has increased to 14%. If there are 320
telephone booths in the city, how many have been vandalised? (Round to the nearest
whole number.)
 Chapter 4 Percentages 177
One amount as a percentage of
another
To express one amount as a percentage of another, follow these steps.
amount
1. Write the amount as a fraction of the total: ------------------- .
total
100
2. Multiply by ---------
1
and include the % sign.
3. Cancel.
4. Multiply the numerators and then multiply the denominators.
5. Simplify your answer if possible.

WORKED Example 14
Express:
a 15 as a percentage of 20
b 9 as a percentage of 33 (write the answer as a mixed number).

THINK WRITE

15
a 1 Write the amount as a fraction of the a ------
20
amount
total: ------------------ .
total

= -------1- × -----------%
100 15 100 5
2 Multiply by --------- , include the % sign
1  20 1 
and cancel.
3 Multiply the numerators and then = 75
------ %
1
multiply the denominators.
4 Simplify. = 75%

9
b 1 Write the amount as a fraction of the b ------
33
amount
total: ------------------ .
total

= ---------
- × ---------%
100 93 100
2 Multiply by --------- , include the % sign
 33 11 1 
and cancel. 1
3 Multiply the numerators and then = 300
--------- %
11
multiply the denominators.
4 Write as a mixed number by dividing = 27 -----
3
-%
11
the denominator into the numerator.
178 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

WORKED Example 15
Express the number 8 as a percentage of 26. Round the answer to the nearest whole number.

THINK WRITE
8
Write the amount as a fraction of the ------
1 26
amount
total: ------------------ .
total
= ---------
- × ---------%
84 100
100  26 13
2 Multiply by --------- , include the % sign 1 
1
and cancel.
400
3 Multiply the numerators and then = --------- %
13
multiply the denominators.

4 Write as a mixed number by dividing = 30 10

------ %
13
the denominator into the numerator.
5 Round to the nearest whole number. ≈ 31%

When expressing one amount as a percentage of another, make sure that the two
amounts are in the same units.

WORKED Example 16
Write 45c as a percentage of $2.

THINK WRITE

1 Write the larger amount using the $2 = 200 cents

smaller unit.
45
2 Write the first amount as a fraction of ---------
200
amount
the second amount: ------------------ .
total
= ----------2- × -----------%
45 100 1
100  200
3 Multiply by --------- , include the % sign 1 
1
and cancel.

4 Multiply the numerators and then = 45

------ %
2
multiply the denominators.

5 Write as a mixed number by dividing = 22 1--- %

2
the denominator into the numerator. This means that 45c is 22 1--- % of $2.
2
 Chapter 4 Percentages 179
WORKED Example 17
Kye obtained 17 out of 30 on his Science test. What percentage did he score?
(Round your answer to the nearest whole number.)
THINK WRITE
17
1 Write the amount as a fraction of the total: ------
amount 30
------------------ .
total
= -------3- × -------------%
100 17 100 10
Multiply by --------- , include the % sign and  30
2
1 1 
cancel.
3 Multiply the numerators and then multiply = 170
--------- %
3
the denominators.
4 Write as a mixed number by dividing the = 56 2--- %
3
denominator into the numerator.
5 Round to the nearest whole number. (If the ≈ 57%
fraction is a half or more, add one to the
number.)
6 Write the answer as a sentence. Kye obtained 57% for his Science test.

It is useful to be able to remember relationships between some commonly used

fractions, decimals and percentages.

Fraction Decimal Percentage

1
--- 0.25 25%
4
1
--- 0.5 50%
2
3
--- 0.75 75%
4
1 .
--- 0.3 ≈ 0.33 33 1--- %
3 3
2 .
--- 0.6 ≈ 0.67 66 2--- %
3 3
1
--- 0.125 12 1--- %
8 2
1
--- 0.2 20%
5

remember
1. To express one amount as a percentage of another, write it as a fraction,
100
multiply by --------- and include the % sign. Then cancel and simplify.
1
2. When expressing one amount as a percentage of another, make sure that both
amounts are in the same units.
 180 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

One amount as a percentage

4G of another
hca
d WORKED 1 Express:
Example
Mat

14a
a 2 as a percentage of 10 b 13 as a percentage of 52
One c 6 as a percentage of 12 d 8 as a percentage of 80
amount
as a e 8 as a percentage of 20 f 35 as a percentage of 700
percentage g 15 as a percentage of 60 h 120 as a percentage of 150
of another
i 9 as a percentage of 15 j 8 as a percentage of 25
k 12 as a percentage of 30 l 30 as a percentage of 150
m 40 as a percentage of 200 n 10 as a percentage of 200
reads
L Sp he
o 9 as a percentage of 45 p 180 as a percentage of 720.
et
EXCE

One
WORKED 2 Express (write the answers as mixed numbers):
Example
amount 14b
a 63 as a percentage of 200 b 25 as a percentage of 400
as a c 9 as a percentage of 120 d 32 as a percentage of 500
percentage
of another e 620 as a percentage of 3000 f 30 as a percentage of 45
g 70 as a percentage of 80 h 12 as a percentage of 42
i 9 as a percentage of 66 j 52 as a percentage of 78.
3 Express (write the answers as mixed numbers):
a 11 as a percentage of 30 b 4 as a percentage of 15
c 8 as a percentage of 60 d 5 as a percentage of 70
e 4 as a percentage of 18 f 55 as a percentage of 66
g 3 as a percentage of 7 h 64 as a percentage of 72
i 9 as a percentage of 35 j 15 as a percentage of 21.
WORKED 4 Express (round all answers to the nearest whole number):
Example
15
a 7 as a percentage of 42 b 18 as a percentage of 54
c 9 as a percentage of 16 d 95 as a percentage of 150
e 7 as a percentage of 65 f 2 as a percentage of 22
g 30 as a percentage of 36 h 14 as a percentage of 18
i 80 as a percentage of 450 j 8 as a percentage of 68.
WORKED 5 Express the first amount as a percentage of the second amount.
Example
16
a 30c and $3 b 200 m and 6 km
c 5 mm and 4 cm d 6 days and 3 weeks
e 15 minutes and 1 hour f 25 mL and 2 L
WORKED 6 Alicia Molik has won 7 out of her last 10 singles
Example
17
matches. What percentage of her last 10 matches
has Alicia won?
7 Three out of 5 people prefer chocolate ice-cream to
vanilla. What percentage prefer chocolate ice-
cream to vanilla?
8 Caillan’s pocket money increased from $15 per
week to $20 per week.
a By how much has Caillan’s pocket money
increased?
b What percentage increase is this?
 Chapter 4 Percentages 181
9 multiple choice
a 4 as a percentage of 50 is:
A 2% B 12.5% C 46% D 8% E 4%
b 9 out of 36 as a percentage is:
A 25% B 9% C 400% D 27% E 36%
c 14 as a percentage of 35 is:
A 14% B 40% C 20% D 35% E 2 --1- %
2
d Alice got 42 out of 60 for her mathematics test. Her mark as a percentage is:
A 58% B 60% C 30% D 42% E 70%
10 Daniel earns $500 per week. He spends $50 on petrol, $70 on rent and $60 on food.
a What percentage does Daniel spend on:
i petrol? ii rent? iii food?
b What percentage of his total wage does Daniel spend on petrol, rent and food com-
bined?
c What percentage does Daniel have left?
11 David shot 40 baskets from the free throw line. Twenty-five of the 40 were goals. What
percentage of David’s shots were goals?
12 Jordan had a mass of 60 kg. After one month of not eating McDonald’s, he lost 4 kg.
What percentage of his mass did Jordan lose?
13 After practising for one month, Tayla increased the speed of her tennis serve from
120 km/h to 140 km/h. Give exact answers.
a By how much has the speed of Tayla’s serve increased?
b By what percentage has the speed of Tayla’s serve increased?
14 There are 28 students in a class. A survey showed that 12 walk home, 8 catch a bus
and 8 ride in a car.
a Calculate the percentage of students who walk.
b Calculate the percentage of students who catch a bus.
c Calculate the total percentage who walk or catch a bus.
d Calculate the percentage of students who ride in a car.
15 Essendon won 16 out of 22 games last season. What percentage of games did Essendon
lose?
16 The teacher’s mark book shows Karina has achieved the following test results in Maths.

Measure-
Topic Probability ment Algebra Equations Geometry

Score 15 13 27 70 95
------ ------ ------ ------ ---------
20 15 30 80 100

Percentage

a Copy and complete the table to show Karina’s percentage for each test (round
answers to the nearest whole number).
b In which test did Karina achieve her best result?
c Find Karina’s average percentage mark by adding up the percentages and dividing
by 5, the number of tests.
182 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Applications of percentages
Percentages are often used when dealing with money. Here are some examples.
Sales: A shop that is having a sale might advertise 15% off the marked price.
Commission: A salesperson might earn $300 plus 3% of the amount sold.
Profit and loss: An investment of $1000 could make a profit of 6% p.a. or every year.
Note: p.a. is an abbreviation for per annum, meaning ‘every year’.
When performing calculations involving money, round to 2 decimal places because
this will give the amount in dollars and cents. As we no longer use one and two
cent pieces, round to five cents.
Many stores continue to mark their products using values such as 89c and round only
the final amount at the counter if you are paying by cash. This is not the case if you are
paying by credit card.

WORKED Example 18
A television that normally costs $649 has been reduced by 20%.
a By how much has the television been reduced?
b How much will the television cost on sale?
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write an expression to find the a 20% of $649
percentage of the given amount.
2 Write the percentage as a number = 20
--------- × 649
100
out of 100; change of to ×.
3 Write the fraction as a decimal. = 0.20 × 649
4 Multiply the numbers, ignoring the 6 149
decimal point. × 20
12 980
5 Write the answer with the decimal 20% of 649 is 129.80
point in the correct position.
6 Answer the question by writing a The television has been reduced by $129.80.
sentence.
1
b 1 Subtract the amount the TV has been b 63 4 8 9 .100
reduced by from the original price. − 1 2 9 . 80
5 1 9 . 20
2 Write the required expression using 649 − 129.80 = 519.20
subtraction and evaluate.
3 Answer the question by writing a The television will cost $519.20 on sale.
sentence.

Note: Because 20% = 1--- , 20% off the normal price is the same as 1
--- off the price.
5 5
 Chapter 4 Percentages 183
WORKED Example 19
Jake works for a company selling potato chips. He earns $280 per week plus 2%
commission on the potato chips he sells to shops. If Jake sells $8450 worth of chips in
one week, how much will he earn altogether?
THINK WRITE
1 Write an expression to find the percentage 2% of $8450
of the total amount.
2 Write the percentage as a fraction and = 2
--------- × 8450
100
change of to ×.
3 Write the percentage as a decimal. = 0.02 × 8450
4 Multiply the numbers, ignoring any decimal 81 450
points. × 1 2
16900
5 Write the answer with the decimal point in 2% of $8450 = 169.00
the correct position.
6 Add the commission to the fixed amount 2 80
earned and evaluate. 1169
4 49
280 + 169 = 449
7 Answer the question by writing a sentence. Jake will earn $449.

WORKED Example 20
Jason and Celia bought an old bicycle from their
neighbour for $60. They spent $30 on parts and paint,
repaired it, and then sold it for a profit of 50%.
a How much profit did Jason and Celia make?
b For how much did they sell the bike?
THINK WRITE
a 1 Find the total cost by adding all the a Amount spent: $60 + $30 = $90
money spent.
2 Write an expression to find the Profit is 50% of $90
percentage profit of the total cost.
3 Write the percentage as a fraction and 50% of 90
change of to ×. = 50
--------- × 90
100
4 Write the percentage as a decimal. = 0.50 × 90
5 Multiply. = 45
6 Answer the question by writing a sentence. Jason and Celia made a profit of $45.

b 1 Add the cost and the profit to find the b Selling price: $90 + $45 = $135
price for which the bicycle was sold.
2 Answer the question by writing a sentence. The bicycle was sold for $135.
 184 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

remember
1. Discount, commission, and profit and loss are all examples of how percentages
are used.
2. Round to two decimal places when doing calculations involving money.

4H Applications of percentages

d 1 Find each of the following, rounding the answer to the nearest 5 cents where appro-
hca
priate.
Mat

Calculating a 15% of $100 b 10% of $60

percentages
c 12% of $45 d 3% of $140
e 25% of $56 f 17% of $91
reads
L Sp he g 9% of $16 h 21% of $280
et
EXCE

i 33% of $78 j 95% of $4700

Calculating
percentages k 46% of $510 l 57% of $9
m 3.2% of $3000 n 8.7% of $12.95
o 2.5% of $29.95 p 6.4% of $90
WORKED 2 A pair of Calvin Klein jeans that normally cost $289.50 have been reduced by 15%.
Example
18 a By how much have the jeans been reduced (to the nearest 5 cents)?
b How much will the jeans cost at the reduced price?
3 A pair of runners normally costing $139 is on sale. Twenty per cent has been taken off
the price. How much will the runners cost on sale?
4 After buying a new tennis racquet you are offered a 15% discount on your next
purchase. A tracksuit is $95. How much would the tracksuit cost with the 15%
discount?
WORKED 5 Theo works in a shop that sells electrical appliances. He earns 1% commission on
Example
19
every sale he makes. If he sells a stereo system for $1250, how much commission will
Theo earn?
6 A clothing store pays its salespeople a small wage plus 2% commission on their total
sales for the week. If Danny sells $4080 worth of clothes in a week, how much
commission will he earn?
7 Briony travels to secondary schools selling books for a publishing company. She
receives 3% commission on senior books and 2% on all other books. If Briony sells
$950 of senior books and $1580 of other books at a school, how much commission
will she earn?
WORKED 8 Catherine bought an old chest of drawers from a garage sale for $20. She bought paint
Example
20
for $10 and her sister Deb helped to paint and repair it. When they sold it they made
a profit of 60%.
a How much profit did the girls make?
b For how much did they sell the chest of drawers?
 Chapter 4 Percentages 185
9 Sandra had $10. After an hour of playing the poker machines she had $4.50.
a How much money has Sandra lost overall?
b What is Sandra’s percentage loss after one hour?
10 Dale invested $2000 in shares. After one month the share price had gone up and his
investment was worth $2200.

a How much money would Dale have made if he sold his shares after one month?
profit
b What would Dale’s percentage profit, that is, -------------------------------------- × 100%, be?
original amount
11 Rina had a mass of 90 kg. She stopped eating junk food and walked every day. After
one month her mass was 85 kg.
a How much mass did Rina lose?
b By what percentage did Rina’s mass decrease?
12 Jasmine bought a one-bedroom unit for $185 000. After five years
she sold the unit for $230 000.
a By how much has the value of Jasmine’s unit increased?
b By what percentage has the value of Jasmine’s unit increased?
13 Barry’s Bikes is having a closing down sale. There is 40% off every-
thing in the store. How much will you pay for a:
a helmet marked at $65 b tyre marked at $12.50
c bicycle marked at $850 d bicycle marked at $3190?
14 Byer is taking 25% off all menswear. How much would each of the
following items be on sale?
Shirt $80
Pants $110
Jeans $95
T-shirt $15
186 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Finding percentages using a calculator

Both a scientific calculator or a graphics calculator can be used to calculate percent-
ages. Here are some examples using a graphics calculator.
1. Changing a fraction to a percentage
Type in the fraction as a division problem, for
example, 3--- would be typed in as 3 ÷ 8 . Multiply this
8
by 100 to change it to a percentage and press
ENTER . If an exact fraction answer is required,
press MATH , then select 1: Frac and finish with

▼
ENTER . Use brackets with mixed numbers so that
the correct order of operations is followed. The
screen at right shows 3--- and 1 1--- as percentages.
8 4
2. Finding a percentage of an amount
Enter the percentage as a fraction with a denominator
of 100 and multiply by the amount. If a fraction
rather than a decimal is required, remember to press
MATH and select 1: Frac . Always finish with
▼

ENTER . The screen at right shows 8% of 280 and

12.5% of 8.65.

Finding percentages using a

4I calculator
1 Change the following to a percentage using a calculator. Round your answer to the
nearest whole number.
12 41 13 57
a ------ b ------ c ------ d ---------
20 50 45 184
19 41 72 81
e ------ f ------ g ------ h ------
20 60 80 93
7 251 137 14.5
i --- j --------- k --------- l ----------
9 320 150 19

63
2 James got his mathematics test back. His mark was ------ . What was his percentage?
70

3 In a survey, 52 out of 75 students played sport out of school. What percentage of

students played sport out of school? (Round the answer to the nearest whole number.)
4 There are 498 500 Australians aged between 20 and 24 years of age. Of these,
199 400 live at home with their parent(s). What percentage live at home with their
parent(s)?
5 Seven thousand and twenty-nine out of 9609 schools in Australia are government
schools.
a What percentage are government schools? (Round the answer to the nearest whole
number.)
b What percentage are non-government schools? (Round the answer to the nearest
whole number.)
 Chapter 4 Percentages 187
6 multiple choice
a When rounding to 2 decimal places, look at the third decimal place. If this is 5 or
more:
A leave the number as it is.
B write all decimal places in your answer.
C add one to the second decimal place.
D subtract one from the second decimal place.
E add one to the units column.
b To 2 decimal places, 1.4% of 74 is:
A 1.90 B 1.0360 C 1.89 D 30.60 E 1.04
7 Find the following percentages using a calculator. Round your answers to 2 decimal 4.12 SkillS
places.

HEET
a 12% of 45 b 54% of 130 c 41% of 220 Rounding
d 13% of 90 e 64% of 82 f 7% of 84 decimals to
g 48% of 23 h 39% of 312 i 78% of 16.58 2 decimal
places
j 13% of 7.89 k 88% of 356 l 7% of 98
m 12.5% of 34 n 19.5% of 79 o 1.7% of 47
p 97% of 119.8 q 9% of 23.5 r 21% of 65.95
8 Thirty-five per cent of Australian males between 25 and 34 years of age participate in
sport. If there are 482 200 males in this age group in Australia, how many participate
in sport?
9 Fourteen per cent of students were absent from school. If there are 965 students at the
school, how many were absent? Round your answer to the nearest unit.
10 Of Australia’s 6 898 000 households, 9.9% are one-parent families. How many one-
parent families are there in Australia?
11 Thirty-four per cent of Australian teachers are male. If there are 145 000 teachers in
Australia:
a what percentage are female?
b how many are female?
12 The table at right shows the % of Number
most popular organised Sport population of people
sports and physical activities
in Australia for people aged Aerobics 4.1
15 years and over in 2005. Golf 3.2
Copy and complete the
table. The Australian popu- Tennis 382 000
lation was 20 309 182 in Netball 2.3
2005. Round the % of the
population to one decimal Lawn bowls 272 000
place and number of people Swimming 256 900
to the nearest whole number.
Basketball 1.8
Cricket (outdoor) 186 000
Martial arts 165 200
Tenpin bowling 1.2
188 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Common percentages and short cuts

There are some fractions that are commonly used, such as 1--- , 1--- , 3--- , 1
--- and 2--- .
2 4 4 3 3
These fractions are also commonly used as percentages.
1 100 1 100 3 100
--- × --------- = 50% --- × --------- = 25% --- × --------- = 75%
2 1 4 1 4 1
1 100 1 2 100 2
--- × --------- = 33 --- % --- × --------- = 66 --- %
3 1 3 3 1 3
Ten per cent is also commonly used because it is one of the easiest percentages to
calculate. For example:
10% of $17.00 10% of $89.90 10% of $168.33
10 1 17
= ------------
- × ------ = 10
--------- × 89.90 = 10
--------- × 168.33
100 10 1 100 100

= 0.10 × 89.90 = 0.10 × 168.33

17
= ------ = 8.990 = 16.833
10
= $1.70 = $8.99 = $16.83
Finding 10% of an amount gives an answer that is very similar to the original amount,
1
because finding 10% is the same as finding -----
- , or dividing by ten.
10
To find 10% of an amount, change the position of the decimal point one place left.
10% of $17.00 = $1.70
10% of $89.90 = $8.99 ≈ $9 (to the nearest 5c)
10% of $168.33 = $16.833 ≈ $16.85 (to the nearest 5c)
Remember: Round to 2 decimal places and then the nearest 5c for money.

WORKED Example 21
Find 10% of each of the following, rounding the answer to the nearest 5 cents.
a $37 b $12.95

THINK WRITE

a Write the question and move the a 10% of $37 = $3.70

position of the decimal point one place
to the left for the answer. Remember that
if there is no decimal point, put it at the
end of the number. ($17 = $17.00)

b 1 Write the question and move the b 10% of $12.95 = $1.295

position of the decimal point one
place to the left for the answer.
2 Round to the nearest 5 cents. ≈ $1.30
 Chapter 4 Percentages 189
As you have just seen, finding 10% is easy without a calculator or a pen and paper. If
you can find 10%, then a lot of other percentages are also easy to find. Some examples
of this are:
To find 5% halve 10%
To find 20% double 10%
To find 15% add 10% and 5%
To find 25% double 10% and add 5%

WORKED Example 22
Find: a 5% of $180 b 20% of $7 c 15% of $52 d 25% of $46.

THINK WRITE
a 1 Find 10% of the amount. a 10% of $180 = $18
2 Find 5% by halving the amount 5% of $180 = $9
obtained in step 1.

b 1 Find 10% of the amount. b 10% of $7 = $0.70

2 Find 20% by doubling the amount 20% of $7 = 2 × $0.70
obtained in step 1. = $1.40

c 1 Find 10% of the amount. c 10% of $52 = $5.20

2 Find 5% of the amount by halving 5% of $52 = $5.20 ÷ 2
10%, that is, halving $5.20. = $2.60
3 Find 15% of the amount by adding 15% of $52 = $5.20 + $2.60
10% and 5%, that is, $5.20 and = $7.80
$2.60.

d 1 Find 10% of the amount. d 10% of $46 = $4.60

2 Find 20% by doubling 10%, that is, 20% = 2 × $4.60
doubling $4.60. = $9.20
3 Find 5% of the original amount by 5% = $4.60 ÷ 2
halving 10%, that is, halving $4.60. = $2.30
4 Find 25% by adding the 20% and the 25% = $9.20 + $2.30
5%, that is, $9.20 and $2.30. = $11.50

Percentages such as 12% can be found in a similar way. If you can find 10% and 1%,
you can quite easily calculate most percentages.

1
1% = --------- (one hundredth)
100
To find 1% of an amount, divide by 100 or move the position of the decimal point
two places to the left. To calculate 12% of an amount, find 10% then add two times 1%.
12% = 10% + 2 × 1%
 190 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

WORKED Example 23
Find: a 12% of $53 b 43% of $120. Round answers to the nearest 5c.
THINK WRITE
a 1 Break up the percentage into lots of a 12% = 10% + 2 × 1%
10% and 1%.
2 Find 10% of the amount. 10% of $53 = $5.30
3 Find 1% of the amount and then 1% of $53 = 0.53
double it. 2% of $53 = 2 × 0.53
= $1.06
4 Find 12% of the amount by adding 12% of $53 = $5.30 + $1.06
10% and 2% of the amount. = $6.36
Another way to write this solution would be:
12% of $53 = 10% of $53 + 2 × 1% of $53
= $5.30 + 2 × $0.53
= $6.36
5 Round to the nearest 5c. ≈ $6.35
b To find 43%, find 4 × 10% + 3 × 1%. b 43% of $120 = 4 × 10% of $120 + 3 × 1%
of $120
= 4 × $12 + 3 × $1.20
= $48 + $3.60
= $51.60

remember
1. To find 10% of an amount, move the position of the decimal point one place to
the left.
2. To find 1% of an amount, move the position of the decimal point two places to
the left.

Common percentages and

4J short cuts
4.13 WORKED 1 Find 10% of each of the following, rounding the answer to the nearest 5c.
HEET Example
a $10.00 b $18.00 c $45.00 d $81.00
SkillS

21
Rounding e $150.00 f $112.00 g $93.00 h $79.00
money i $47.00 j $22.00 k $16.50 l $17.20
to the m $12.60 n $1.50 o $32.90 p $47.80
nearest
5 cents q $81.40 r $192.40 s $507.00 t $4620.00
u $1926.00 v $3041.50 w $7219.60 x $1999.90
d
hca
2 Find 10% of the following. Round your answers to the nearest 5c.
Mat

Common a $15 b $51 c $17 d $9 e $137

percentages f $172 g $4.29 h $6.37 i $8.12 j $39.17
k $74.81 l $13.95 m $102.75 n $67.87 o $42.96
p $517.83 q $304.77 r $628.41 s $100.37 t $207.08
 Chapter 4 Percentages 191
WORKED 3 Find 5% of each of the following. Round the answers to the nearest 5c.
Example
a $8.20 b $6.40 c $1.60 d $2.20 e $140.20
22a
f $81.00 g $42.40 h $10.60 i $242.60 j $304.80
k $1000 l $642.75 m $103.27 n $31.70 o $5.90
WORKED 4 Find 20% of the following. Round the answers to the nearest 5c.
Example
22b a $21.50 b $42.30 c $8.20 d $3.30
e $74.10 f $0.90 g $0.79 h $16.40
i $135.80 j $261.70 k $1237 l $5069
WORKED 5 Find the following. Round the answers to the nearest 5c.
Example
22c, d a 15% of $12 b 15% of $8.00 c 15% of $20.00
d 15% of $60.00 e 25% of $30.00 f 25% of $45.00
g 25% of $90.00 h 25% of $220.00 i 30% of $15.00
j 30% of $25.00 k 30% of $47.50 l 30% of $102.20
6 Find 1% of the following. Round the answers to the nearest 5c.
a $268 b $713 c $573 d $604
e $5.60 f $12 g $13 h $14.80
i $21.70 j $81.75 k $19.89 l $429.50
m $4.25 n $6.49 o $9.99 p $0.24
q $0.77 r $1264.37
WORKED 7 Find the following. Round the answers to the nearest 5c.
Example
23 a 12% of $11 b 21% of $50 c 11% of $30
d 3% of $22 e 6% of $40 f 22% of $10
g 13% of $14 h 35% of $210 i 12% of $150
j 9% of $17 k 2% of $53 l 7% of $29
m 45% of $71.50 n 33% of $14.50 o 42% of $3.80
p 31% of $1.45 q 64% of $22.50 r 41% of $1200

8 multiple choice
a 10% of $7.25 equals:
A $725 B $7.30 C $72.50
D $0.73 E $0.72
b 1% of $31.48 equals:
A $3.14 B $0.31 C $0.32
D $31.50 E $3.15
c 15% of $124 equals:
A $12.40 B $1.24 C $6.20
D $13.64 E $18.60
d 22% of $5050 equals:
A $60.60 B $50.50 C $1111
D $43.56 E $55.55
9 Maria is buying a new set of golf clubs. The clubs
are marked at $950, but if Maria pays cash, the
shop will take 10% off the marked price. How
much will the clubs cost if Maria pays cash?
 192 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

10 Thirty per cent of residents in the shire of Booroondara are over the age of 65. If there
are 180 000 residents, how many are over the age of 65?

11 Jay is buying a new lounge suite worth $2150. Jay has to leave a 15% deposit and then
pay the balance in monthly instalments.
a How much deposit does Jay have to pay?
b How much will Jay have to pay each month if he plans to pay the balance off in
one year?

12 Ninety per cent of students at a school were present for school photographs. If the
school has 1100 students, how many were absent on the day the photographs were
taken?

13 Jim can swim 50 m in 31 seconds. If he improves his time

by 10%, what will Jim’s time for 50 m be?

14 In a survey, 40 people were asked if they liked or disliked

Vegemite. Of the people surveyed, 5% said they disliked
Vegemite. How many people:
a disliked Vegemite?
b liked Vegemite?

15 Thirty-two thousand four hundred people went to the MCG to watch a Richmond
T 4.3 versus Port Adelaide football match. Of the crowd, 42% went to the game by car and
SHEE
55% caught public transport. How many people:
Work

a arrived by car?
b caught public transport?

QU EST
S
M AT H

1 When I am 5% older than I am now, I will be 21 years old. How old am

NG

I now?
E

CH LL
A
2 The price of bread has increased by 250% in the past 20 years. If a loaf
of bread costs $2.00 now, how much would it have cost 20 years ago?

3 I am six months old. If I gain 10% of my current mass I will be three

times my birth mass. If my birth mass was 3 kg, what is my mass now?
Round your answer to 1 decimal place.

4 I am 33 years old. I have lived in England for 8 years. If I stay in Eng-

land, how old will I be when the number of years I have lived there is
50% of my age?

5 My mother is four times older than I am. My sister is 75% of my age,

and 10% of my grandfather’s age. My father is 50, 2 years older than
my mother. How old are my sister and grandfather?
 Chapter 4 Percentages 193

summary
Copy the sentences below. Fill in the gaps by choosing the correct word or
expression from the word list that follows.

1 Per cent means out of .

2 To change a percentage to a fraction, put the percentage over 100 and

.

3 To change a percentage to a decimal, put the percentage over 100 and

change the fraction to a decimal by changing the position of the decimal
point places to the left.

4 To change a fraction or decimal to a percentage, by 100.

5 To find a percentage of an amount, put the percentage over 100, change

the to a ‘×’ and multiply by the second amount.

6 is one example of how percentages are used in everyday life.

7 To find 10% of an amount, move the position of the decimal point

place to the .

8 One way to find 5% is to first find and halve it.

9 To multiply a decimal by 100, move the position of the two

places to the right.

10 When simplifying a fraction, the numerator and

by the same amount.

11 The decimal point is at the of a whole number.

12 When multiplying decimals, the number of decimal places in the answer

is the as the number of decimal places in the .

WORD LIST
denominator simplify left 10%
one multiply end same
discount two of one hundred
question decimal point divide
 194 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

CHAPTER
review
1 Write the following percentages as fractions in simplest form.
4A a 13% b 70% c 26% d 132%
1 2
e --- % f 2 --- % g 9.7% h 73.17%
4 5

2 Ninety-five per cent of Year 8 students participated in the school’s athletics day. What
4A fraction of the Year 8 students participated?
3 Twenty-four percent of visitors to Australia in 2005 were from Germany.
4A a What fraction of visitors to Australia was from Germany?
b What fraction of visitors to Australia was not from Germany?
c Out of 400 visitors to Australia, how many would you expect to be from Germany?
4 What fraction remains if:
4A a 38% of the winnings have been spent?
b all stock was discounted 25%?

5 Write the following percentages as decimals.

4B a 42% b 5% c 94% d 139%
e 6.7% f 19.7% g 58.03% h 0.8%

6 Change the following fractions to percentages.

4C a 15
--------- b 11
------ c 3
--- d 18
------
100 20 5 36
30 8 5 4
e ------ f ------ g --- h ------
80 15 6 11

7 Five-eighths of the plants in my garden are Australian natives. What percentage are
4C Australian natives?

8 Write the following decimals as percentages.

4D a 0.71 b 0.84 c 0.03 d 0.2
e 0.5 f 0.008 g 1.64 h 3.8

9 Of the Australian population, 0.0041 speak Polish at home. What percentage of Australians
4D speak Polish at home?
10 Find the following percentages using fractions.
4E a 5% of 120 b 60% of 20 c 75% of 52 d 130% of 30
e 14% of 45 f 7% of 530 g 32% of 15 h 17% of 80
11 Eighty per cent of a Year 8 Maths class got question 1 correct on their percentages test. How
4E many got the question correct if there are 30 students in the class?
12 Forty per cent of primary-school children can sing the national anthem. In a group of 675
4E primary-school children, how many would you expect to be able to sing the national
anthem?
 Chapter 4 Percentages 195
13 Nineteen per cent of Australia is forest and
woodland. If Australia’s area is approximately 4F
7 500 000 km2, how many km2 is forest and
woodland?

14 Express:
a 30 as a percentage of 50
4G
b 18 as a percentage of 60
c 32 as a percentage of 80
d 28 as a percentage of 70
e 44 as a percentage of 132 f 6 as a percentage of 48
g 7 as a percentage of 15 h 35 as a percentage of 40
i 4 days as a percentage of 8 weeks j 20 minutes as a percentage of 3 hours.
15 Find the following percentages by converting the percentage to a decimal.
a 20% of 25 b 12% of 31 c 4.5% of 50 d 9.2% of 75 4F
e 21.4% of 90 f 32.3% of 120 g 76.5% of 8 h 42.3% of 96.2

16 Ninety-nine of Canada’s 3300 plant species are under threat of extinction. What percentage
is threatened? 4G

17 Lake Eyre in South Australia has an annual rainfall of around 100 mm. If 8 mm fell in one
week, what percentage of the annual rainfall is this? 4G
18 If a 4-litre can of paint, normally costing $53.50, is discounted by 5%, how much will it cost?
4H
19 A tennis player agreed to pay her coach 8% of her winnings from tournaments. If she wins
$145 000 in a tournament, how much does her coach get? 4H
 196 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

20 Change the following to a percentage using a calculator. Round your answer to the nearest
4I whole number.
3 13 62 335
a ------ b ------ c --------- d ---------
11 18 109 515
15 368 15.5 13.95
e ------ f --------- g ---------- h -------------
22 650 21 15.50

21 In 2001, the Australian census counted 9 365 941 males and 9 606 409 females. What
4I percentage of the Australian population is female?

22 Find the following percentages using a calculator. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.
4I a 14% of 21 b 47% of 65
c 88% of 36 d 175% of 73
e 65% of 19.50 f 15% of 99.9
g 12 1--- % of 74.3 h 5 1--- % of 162.8
2 2

23 The 2001 Australian census showed that 2.3% of the population spoke Italian at home. If the
4I population was 18 149 236 people in 2001, how many people spoke Italian at home?
24 Find 10% of each of the following by moving the position of the decimal point. Round your
4J answer to the nearest 5 cents.
a $63.00 b $42.00 c $105.00 d $216
e $3.45 f $42.68 g $118.55 h $2125.85
25 Find 5% of the following by finding 10% and halving your answer. Round your answer to
4J the nearest 5 cents.
a $8.00 b $21.00 c $64.00 d $104.00
e $35.00 f $52.00 g $205.50 h $77.30
26 Calculate the following using ‘short cuts’. Round your answer to the nearest 5 cents.
4J a 1% of $16.00 b 1% of $28.00
c 12% of $42.00 d 30% of $90.00
e 22% of $220.00 f 43% of $27
test g 15% of $19.50 h 8% of $37
yourself
CHAPTER