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Department of Education-Region III

TARLAC CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION
Juan Luna St., Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City 2300
Email address: [email protected]/ Tel. No. (045) 470 - 8180

Science
Quarter 3: Week 7
Learning Activity Sheets
 Science 8

Name of Learner: _______________________ Date: ____________

Section:_______________________________ Q3W7

Periodic Table of Elements

Background Information

Development of the Periodic Table

A map is a source of much information where it helps you find streets, cities, countries
and the like. Likewise, the Periodic Table contains information about the structures and
characteristics of elements. The elements are arranged according to their atomic numbers.
It also helps us in predicting the various properties of these elements.
Although elements such as gold, silver, tin, copper, lead and mercury have been
known since earliest times, the first scientific discovery of an element occurred around 1669.
Over the next 200 years, a great deal of knowledge about elements and compounds was
gained. By the middle of the 19th century, about 60 elements had been discovered.
Certain groups of elements had similar properties. This led scientists to try to classify
these elements into groups.

The Development of Periodic Table

Proponent Description
a German alchemist, treated urine to a series of processes that
resulted in the production of the element phosphorus- A chemical
Hennig Brand element with the symbol P and atomic number 15. Phosphorus is
essential for life, playing a critical role in cell development and in
producing ATP, DNA and lipids in plants and animals.
French geologist who plotted the atomic weights of elements on
Alexandre-Emile
paper tape and wound them, spiral like, around a cylinder. The
Béguyer de
design put similar elements onto corresponding points above and
Chancourtois
below one another. He called his model the telluric helix or screw.
An English chemist who noticed that, if the elements were arranged
in order of atomic weight, there was a periodic similarity every 7
John Newlands elements. He proposed his ‘law of octaves’ – similar to the octaves
of music. Noble gases had yet to be discovered, which is why
Newland’s table had a periodicity of 7 rather than 8.
He compiled a periodic table of 56 elements based on a regular
Lothar Meyer
repeating pattern of physical properties such as molar volume.
Russian chemist who produced a periodic table based on atomic
weights but arranged ‘periodically’. Elements with similar properties
Dmitri Mendeleev
appeared under each other. Gaps were left for yet to be discovered
elements.
He discovered the noble gases and realized that they represented
William Ramsay a new group in the periodic table. The noble gases added further
proof to the accuracy of Mendeleev’s table.
He determined the atomic number of each of the known elements.
He realized that, if the elements were arranged in order of increasing
Henry Moseley
atomic number rather than atomic weight, they gave a better fit
within the ‘periodic table’.
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 He uses mathematical patterns to investigate the electron
configuration of elements. He groups elements into blocks named
Charles Janet
after their atomic orbitals: s-block (sharp), p-block (principal), d-
block (diffuse) and f-block (fundamental)
He proposed an ‘actinide hypothesis’ and published his version of
Glenn Seaborg the table in 1945. The lanthanide and actinide series form the two
rows under the periodic table of elements.

The Modern Periodic Table

Later discoveries that caused several elements to be misplaced led to an error in both
of these early periodic tables. It was the fact that the elements were arranged in order of
increasing atomic masses.
The work of Mosely actually corrected the discrepancies of the old periodic table of
elements. The classification of elements according to increasing atomic number is now the
basis of the Periodic Law – which states that the physical and chemical properties of
elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.

Parts of the Periodic Table

Atomic number is a common characteristic of all atoms of an element. It dictates the

identity of an atom or element.
Groups are the vertical columns of the Periodic Table which identifies the families of
elements. The elements in each column have similar chemical properties due to their
similarities in the number of electrons in their outer shells or in their highest principal energy
level.

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 Group A is also known as Representative
Elements
Group IA Alkali Metal
Group IIA Alkaline Earth metals
Group IIIA Aluminum Group/ Boron Family
Group IVA Carbon Family
Group VA Nitrogen Family
Group VIA Oxygen Family
Group VIIA Halogens
Group VIIIA Group 0 or Noble/ Inert Gases

Group B is also known as Transition elements are found between Group IIA and
Group IIA while the inner transition elements are found at the bottom of the periodic table
Periods is the horizontal rows numbered from top to bottom. There are 7 horizontal
rows in the periodic table. Elements in the same column have similar chemical and physical
properties. These similarities are observed because elements in a column have similar e-
configurations

The Lanthanides and actinides are special series of elements called Inner Transition
Elements. Representative Elements is the main group of the periodic table that comprises
groups 1,2,13 through 18. Semimetals are also known as semiconductors because they both
behave as insulators and conductors. Seven Semimetals include boron, silicon, germanium,
arsenic, antimony, tellurium and polonium.

Reactivity is the condition of how metals would react with another substance that can
cause deterioration of materials. In table 2, metals are arranged in order of their decreasing
reactivity. There is an existing definite order of reactivity existing among metals and hydrogen
according to their ability to displace one another, thus, the reaction of metals with acid
produces bubbles of hydrogen and a colorless solution of metal chloride
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 Metals belonging to Group IA such as Potassium and Sodium are said to be highly
reactive. Corrosion is the gradual wearing a way of a metal due to the interaction with other
substances.
. Elements in the same period show trends in atomic radius, ionic radius, ionization
energy, electron affinity and electronegativity.

Trends from Periodic Table of Elements

The elements in the periodic table are arranged in such a way that there are patterns
describing some of their chemical properties. These patterns are called periodic trends.
Although these are general trends and patterns, variations may occur in the laboratory.
However, the trends are still helpful in predicting and describing chemical properties.
Trends in the Periodic Table
Properties Description
Refers to the size of an atom
Atomic Radius As you go down a column, atomic radius increases.
As you go across a period (L to R), atomic radius decreases.
Refers to the size of an atom when it is an ion.
Ionic Radius As you go down a column, atomic radius increases.
As you go across a period (L to R), atomic radius decreases.
It is the energy needed to remove outermost electron
Ionization
As you go down a column, ionization energy decreases.
Energy
As you go across a period (L to R), ionization energy increases.
It is the tendency of an atom to attract electron
Electronegativity As you go down a column, electronegativity decreases.
As you go across a period (L to R), electronegativity increases.
It is the amount of energy released when an electron is attached to a
neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state to form a negative ion
Electron Affinity
As you go down a column, electron affinity decreases.
As you go across a period (L to R), electron affinity increases.

Learning Competency
Use the periodic table to predict the chemical behavior of an element. S8MT-IIIi-j-12

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Activity 1– Matchy, Matchy!
Directions: Write the letter corresponding to the correct match in the space provided.

A B

______1. Russian chemist who produced a periodic table a. William Ramsay

based on atomic weights but arranged
‘periodically’
______2. It is the energy needed to remove outermost b. Dmitri Mendeleev
electron
______3. French geologist who plotted the atomic weights of c. Ionic Radius
elements on paper tape and wound them, spiral
like, around a cylinder
______4. It is the amount of energy released when an d. Alexandre-Emile
electron is attached to a neutral atom or molecule Béguyer de
in the gaseous state to form a negative ion Chancourtois
______5. Proposed an ‘actinide hypothesis’ and published e. Ionization Energy
his version of the table in 1945
______6. Discovered the noble gases and realized that f. Lothar Meyer
they represented a new group in the periodic
table
______7. It is the tendency of an atom to attract electron g. Henry Moseley
______8. Compiled a periodic table of 56 elements based h. Electronegativity
on a regular repeating pattern of physical
properties such as molar volume.
______9. Refers to the size of an atom when it is an ion. i. Glenn Seaborg
______10 He determined the atomic number of each of the j. Electron Affinity
. known elements. He realized that, if the elements
were arranged in order of increasing atomic
number rather than atomic weight, they gave a
better fit within the ‘periodic table’.

Activity 2 – You Tell me

Directions: Identify the group and period of the following elements in the Periodic
Table.

Element Group Period

1. Cesium
2. Antimony
3. Lead
4. Barium
5. Fluorine
6. Silicon
7. Tin
8. Krypton
9. Bromine
10. Beryllium

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Activity 3 – Comparison

Directions: Using the Periodic Table, indicate which one of the following pairs of
elements are more metallic.

1. Silver and Gold - __________________

2. Magnesium and aluminum - _________________
3. Manganese and Iron - __________________
4. Chromium and Tungsten - _________________
5. Zinc and mercury - __________________
6. Calcium and Barium _________________
7. Lead and Bismuth __________________
8. Nickel and Platinum __________________
9. Gallium and Indium __________________
10. Cesium and Rubidium _________________

Activity 4 – How reactive are you?

Directions: Locate the positions in the periodic table of the following elements from
the activity series in the Table 2 above. Then answer the following
guide questions.

1. Potassium, sodium, lithium are metals belonging to Group 1. In this group, how does
reactivity vary – increasing or decreasing from top to bottom in the periodic table?
__________________________________________________________________

2. Does the relative reactivity of calcium and magnesium follow this trend?
_________________________________________________________________

3. Sodium, magnesium and aluminum belong to Period 2. Does reactivity increase or

decrease from left to right among elements in a period.
_________________________________________________________________

4. Which will be more reactive in the following pairs of metal in every case?
a. Mg or Na with HCl __________________
b. Ag or Al with HCl ___________________
c. Fe or Zn with CuSO4 ________________
Reflection

1. When you place an iron nail in a container of acetic acid, what do you think will be
the harmful change/s is/are brought about when a metal reacts or mixes with
acids? As a student how will you prevent this from happening?
____________________________________________________________
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References
Glencoe Focus on Physical Science. 2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., pp.254 –
260

Fred H. Redmore Fundamentals of Chemistry. Reprinted 1980 by Prentice Hall, Inc., pp.102
– 123

Ian Mark F. Allas et.al. Discover Science.2013 by Diwa Learning Systems Inc. pp. 34 -39

Pia C. Campo et.al Science 8 Learner’s Material. First Edition 2013 Printed in the Philippines
by the Department of Education-Instructional Materials Council Secretariat (DepEd-IMCS),
pp. 171 – 184
Answers Key

Activity 1 – How Reactive are You?

1. b 2. e 3. d 4. j 5. i
6. a 7. h 8. f 9. c 10. g
Activity 2 – How Reactive are You?
1. The reactivity increases as it goes from top to bottom of the periodic table.
2. Yes, Group 2 metals followed the same trend for Group 1 metals in terms of
reactivity.
3. The reactivity decreases as it goes from left to right of the periodic table.
4. a. Na is more reactive than Mg with HCl
b. Al is more reactive than Ag
c. Zn is more reactive than Fe

Activity 3 – You Tell Me

Element Group Period

1. Cesium 1A 6
2. Antimony VA 5
3. Lead IVA 6
4. Barium IIA 6
5. Fluorine VIIA 2
6. Silicon IVA 3
7. Tin IVA 5
8. Krypton VIIIA 4
9. Bromine VIIA 4
10. Beryllium IIA 2

Activity 4 - Comparison
1. Gold 6. Barium
2. Magnesium 7. Lead
3. Manganese 8. Platinum
4. Tungsten 9. Indium
5. Mercury 10. Cesium

Prepared by:
Leah O. Abaya
Writer/ Illustrator