1 Heat and Gases Chapter 5 Gases

5 Gases =
50  103  V1 200  273

 100  273 1.02V1
Practice 5.1 (p.167)
= 134 kPa
1 B
The final pressure inside the can is 134 kPa.
2 A
11 (a) The marshmallow becomes larger.
3 C
(b) Since the gas pressure decreases and the
By pressure law,
temperature remains unchanged, by
p1 p 2
= Boyle’s law, the volume of the gas
T1 T2
trapped inside the marshmallow
p1 75
p2 =  T2 =  600 = 150 kPa increases. This makes the marshmallow
T1 300
larger.
4 B 12 (a) From the graph, when the pressure is
5 B 1
120 kPa, is 100 m–3.
6 B V
By pV = nRT, 1
 Volume of the gas = = 0.01 m3
3 1 100
pV 105  10 
n= = 0.70 = 62 mol (b) When p1 = 120 kPa, V1 = 0.01 m3.
RT
8.31  ( 20  273) p1V1 = 120  1000  0.01
p1 p 2 = 1200 Pa m3
7 By pressure law, =
T1 T2 1
When p2 = 150 kPa, = 125 m–3,
T1 V2
T2 =  p2 1
p1 V2 = = 0.008 m3.
125
20  273
= 5
 100  103 p2V2 = 150  1000  0.008
0.9  10
= 1200 Pa m3
= 325.6 K
= p1V1
= 52.6 C
13 (a) By Boyle’s law,
8 The atmospheric pressure supports the water.
p1V1 = p2V2
9 (a) Increases
V1
(b) The pressure in the cooker will be too p2 = p1
V2
high and explosion may occur.
(b) By pressure law,
10 By the general gas law,
p1V1 p 2V 2 p2 p3
=
= T1 T2
T1 T2
p1V1 T2 T2
 p3 = p2
p2 = T1
T1 V2
V1T2
= p1
V2T1

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 5 Gases

(c) By the general gas law, nX  1. 5 

pX = pY =   pY = 0.625pY
p1V1 p3V2 nY  2.4 
=
T1 T2 The pressure in container X before the
V1T2 tap opens is 0.625pY.
p3 = p1
V2T1 (b) Consider container X and the large
container (formed by X and Y).
14 By pV = nRT, By pV = nRT,
p X V X pY VY p X V X p X  Y V X Y
= =
n X T X nY TY n X T X n X Y T X  Y
Since p is constant, Since both containers are at the same
1.2 0.9 temperature T,
=
n X ( 20  273) nY ( 25  273) (0.625 pY )V X p X Y ( 2V X )
=
nX 1. 5 1.5  2.4
= 1.36
nY pX + Y = 0.8125 pY
Since N  n, NX : NY = nX : nY = 1.36 : 1 ≈ 0.813 pY
15 The pressure of the two containers is
0.813pY after the tap opens.
(c) Percentage change
p X Y  p X
=  100%
pX
0.8125 pY  0.625 pY
=  100%
For a VT of an ideal gas, the intercept on the 0.625 pY
temperature axis is always equal to the
= 30%
absolute zero.
nR
By pV = nRT, we have V =
p
T. Practice 5.2 (p.182)
nR 1 C
The slope of the V–T graph is .
p 2 C
When the amount of gas (n) is halved and the 3 D
pressure (p) is doubled, the slope becomes one 4 B
fourth of the original slope. 5 Root-mean-square speed
16 (a) By pV = nRT, 3RT
=
p X V X pY VY mN A
=
n X T X nY TY 3  8.31  (100  273)
=
Since V and T are the same for both 3.34  10  27  6.02  10 23
containers, = 2150 m s–1

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 5 Gases

1
6 (a) The smoke particle move in random (b) Consider pV = Nmc 2 and pV = nRT,
motion. 3
1
(b) It is bombarded by a large amount of air we have Nmc 2 = nRT
3
molecules around it. The bombardments
1 3
come from all sides but not in equal Nmc 2 = nRT
2 2
numbers. This results in a random Since the total kinetic energy of all gas
motion 1
molecules is Nmc 2 ,
(c) It move slower. 2
7 (a) Increases total kinetic energy of one mole of
(b) When the temperature increases, the air 1 1 3
molecules = Nmc 2  = RT
molecules move faster. As the volume is 2 n 2
fixed, the molecules hit the walls more Revision exercise 5
often. Also, each collision will give a Concept traps (p.185)
greater change in momentum due to the 1 F
increased speed. Therefore, the air Internal energy of an ideal gas is equal to its
pressure inside the can increases.
3
total molecular KE, which is given by
2
8 The number of air molecules inside the tyre
nRT.
increases, so there are more frequent
2 F
bombardments on the tyre wall. As a result,
The assumption includes that the molecules
the pressure of the tyre increases.
collide among themselves and with the walls
9 Root-mean-square speed
of the container. All these collisions are
3RT
= perfectly elastic.
mN A
3  8.31  ( 25  273)
= Multiple-choice questions (p.185)
0.0337
3 A
= 470 m s1
3 4 C
10 Since total KE = nRT, 5 D
2
increase in total KE 3RT
crms =  T
24 mN A
3 7.28  10
=   8.31  (80  25) =
2 6.02  10 23 the ratio of crms at 80 C to that at 20 C
8290 J 273  80
=
273  20
11 (a) Triples
(b) Increases to 9 times the original value = 1.10

(c) Remains unchanged 6 A

12 (a) m is the mass of a gas molecule. 7 B

Nm is the mass of all gas molecules. 8 B

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 5 Gases

Suppose the temperature is constant when the 15 (HKDSE 2013 Paper 1A Q4)
ideal gas changes from X to Z. We have the
following p–V graph. Conventional questions (p.187)
16 (a) The air exerts a downward pressure on
the newspaper. 1A
pY As the area of the newspaper is large, the
p1 force exerted on the newspaper due to
TX = TZ air pressure is large. 1A
The upward force of hitting the ruler on
V1
the newspaper is smaller than the air
At V1, the pressure is p1 when the temperature pressure exerted on the newspaper. 1A
remains at TX. Therefore the piece of newspaper moves
By general gas law, pV  T. only very little.
Since pYV1 > p1V1, (b) Hit the ruler abruptly. 1A
TY > TX = TZ Expel as much air under the newspaper
9 B as possible. 1A
10 A 17 (a) By pV = nRT, 1M
1
 p pV
By pV = nRT, V = nR    n=
T  RT
The volume of gas is inversely proportional to 100  103  100  10 6
=
p 8.31  ( 25  273)
, which is the slope of the line connecting
T = 4.04  10–3 mol 1A
the point to the origin as shown below. There are 4.04  10 mol of molecules
–3

pressure / kPa
inside the syringe.
Number of molecules inside the syringe
Y
= nNA 1M
X
= 4.04  10  6.02  10
–3 23

= 2.43  1021 1A
(b) By pV = nRT,
temperature / K
V  n  N (constant p and T) 1M
The slope for stage X is greater than that for V1 V2
 =
p X pY N1 N 2
stage Y, i.e. > , so VY > VX.
T X TY 100  10 6 10
6
=
11 D 2.43  10 21 N2
12 (HKDSE Practice Paper 2012 Paper 1A Q5) N2 = 2.43  1019 1A
13 (HKALE 2012 Paper 2 Q36) The number of gas molecules ejected per
14 (HKDSE 2012 Paper 1A Q3) second is 2.43  1019.

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 5 Gases

18 (a) She is incorrect. 1A because the amount of gas

Different molecules in the gas move at molecules decreases. 1A
different speeds. 1A 21 (a) By general gas law, pV = nRT. 1M
(b) She is incorrect. 1A 1 2
 Nm c = pV = nRT
The speed of an individual molecule is 3
Root-mean-square speed c 2
always changing because of collisions.
Its speed may increase or decrease. 1A 3RT
3nRT 3RT
= = N = 1A
19 (a) Atmospheric pressure (100 kPa) 1A Nm m mN A
n
(b) The balloons will be inflated. 1A
The volume of air inside the jar (b) Total kinetic energy of the molecules
1
increases when the diagram is pulled =N mc 2 1M
2
downwards. By Boyle’s law, an increase
1
in volume implies a decrease in pressure. From (a), nRT = Nm c 2
3
1A Rearrange the terms,
Therefore, air outside will flow into the 1 3
N m c 2  nRT 1A
balloons. 1A 2 2
(c) An increase in temperature implies an (c) Total kinetic energy of the molecules
increase in pressure inside the bell jar. 3
= nRT 1M
1A 2
3
Therefore, the size of the balloons will =  3.5  8.31  (70 + 273)
2
decrease. 1A
= 15 000 J 1A
20 (a) Since T and V remain unchanged,
(d) A real gas behave like an ideal gas at
by pV = nRT, 1M
low pressure 1A
pn
and high temperature. 1A
Percentage decrease in p
220  100 22 (a) (i) Heat is transferred from the sun to
=  100%
220 the water at the surface 1A
= 54.5 % 1M by radiation. 1A
 Percentage of air escape The warm water remains at the
= percentage decrease in n surface and the cool water at lower
= percentage decrease in p position. No convection current
= 54.5% 1A occurs. 1A
(b) (i) The root-mean-square speed Besides, water is a poor conductor
remains unchanged 1A of heat. Heat is conducted very
because the temperature of the type slowly from the water surface to
remains unchanged. 1A lower position. 1A
(ii) The internal energy decreases 1A

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 5 Gases

Therefore, the temperature of the 3

=  200.6  8.31  (27 – 7)
water at the surface is higher than 2
that 10 m below the surface. = 50 000 J 1A
(ii) Apply pV = nRT. 1M (iii) R.m.s speed
Since n remains constant, 3RT
= 1M
p1V1 p2V2 mN A
=
T1 T2 =
( 2 p2 )V1 p2V2 3  8.31  (7  273)
=
0.9T2 T2 6.64  10  27  6.02  10 23

V2 = 2.22V1 1A = 1320 m s–1 1A

 The volume of the gas bubble 24 (a) (i) Decreases 1A
would increase by 2.22 times. (ii) Remains unchanged 1A
(b) As a diver ascends, water pressure (b) As the number of air molecules inside
decreases, and the air in the lungs the carton decreases, the number of
expands. 1A bombardments on the walls of the carton
The lungs may get injured if the decreases. 1A
expansion is too large. 1A As a result, the pressure inside the carton
23 (a) By pV = nRT, 1M decreases 1A
number of moles of gas and the carton collapses due to the larger
pV pressure outside. 1A
=
RT (c) Heat the sealed carton. 1A
3
100  10  5 The average kinetic energy of the air
=
8.31  ( 27  273) molecules inside the carton increases;
= 200.6 mol thus the number of bombardments on the
≈ 201 mol 1A wall of the carton increases. 1A
(b) (i) By general gas law, As a result, the pressure inside the carton
p1V1 p2V2 increases and the carton expands due to
=
T1 T2 the smaller pressure outside. 1A
3
100  10  5 = 25 (a) (i) Atmospheric pressure (100 kPa)
27  273 1A
3
80  10  V2 (ii) As the gas is heated, the gas
7  273 molecules move faster. The
V2 = 5.83 m 3
1A frequency of collision with the wall
The volume of the gas is 5.83 m .3
of syringe increases. 1A
(ii) Change in internal energy Since the pressure of the gas
3 remains the same as the
= nR∆T 1M
2

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 5 Gases

atmospheric pressure, its volume p / kPa

must increase. 1A
Therefore, the piston will move to a 120

higher position. 1A
(b) As the volume increases, the gas 110
molecules hit the wall of syringe less
often. 1A
100
The pressure of the gas decreases as the
temperature is kept constant. 1A T/K
290 310 330 350
Besides, the average speed of the gas
molecules remains unchanged. 1A
(Correct labelled axes with units) 1A
The total molecular kinetic energy and
(Correct data points) 1A
hence the internal energy of the gas
(A correct straight line) 1A
remains unchanged. 1A
(c) 109 kPa 1A
(c) The temperature of the gas decreases
29 (a) The pressure of the gas is constant. 1A
after the heat source is removed, so the
(b) Atmospheric pressure (100 kPa) 1A
gas molecules move slower and hit the
(c) Keep the upper end of the capillary tube
wall of syringe less often. 1A
open. 1A
Since the volume is kept constant, the
(d) Stirring the water helps keep the water
pressure decreases. 1A
temperature uniform throughout the
26 (HKALE 2004 Paper 2 Q5)
beaker. 1A
27 (HKDSE 2014 Paper 1B Q2)
This ensures the air column and the
thermometer are at the same
Experiment questions (p.190)
temperature. 1A
28 (a) The flask including the neck is not
(e) The thermometer could break if it is hit
completely immersed in water. 1A
violently. 1A
The rubber tubing that connects the
(f) The student is incorrect 1A
Bourdon gauge and the flask is too long.
since there is no external factor that
1A
needs to be removed by a control set-up.
The flask and the thermometer touch the
1A
bottom of the beaker. 1A
30 (a) Stir the water gently throughout the
(b) Convert the temperature in Kelvin:
experiment. 1A
(b) The temperature may change rapidly,
p / kPa 100 105 110 115 120
making the data difficult to record. 1A
T / C 20 35 50 65 80
The temperature inside the syringe
T/K 293 308 323 338 353
cannot be measured. 1A
1A

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 5 Gases

(c) (i) Physics in article (p.192)

V / cm 3
32 (a) When the air was pumped out, the
pressure inside the sphere became zero.
50
1A
40 The pressure difference between the
30 inside and outside of the sphere was very

20
large. 1A
Therefore, it was difficult to separate the
10
two shells.
T / C (b) Minimum force F
0 10 30 50 70
= pA 1M
(Correct labelled axes with units)   0.5 
2

= (100  103)  π    
1A 
  2  

(Correct data points) 1A = 1.96  104 N 1A
(A correct straight line) 1A
(ii) The absolute zero is the intercept
on the temperature axis.
y-intercept = 37
44  37
Slope m =
50  0
= 0.14 cm3 C–1 1M
By y = mx +c, when y = 0,
 c 37
x= = = –264 C 1A
m 0.14
The absolute zero is –264 C.
(iii) By pV = nRT, 1M
nR
V= T
p
nR
Slope of the graph =
p
Number of mole n
slope  p
= 1M
R
0.14  10 6  100  103
=
8.31
= 1.68  10–3 mol 1A
31 (HKDSE 2013 Paper 1B Q2)

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