MAT211 Assignment – 1

Part – 1
1. Statistics is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis,
interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial,
or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a
statistical model to be studied.

2. Data are individual pieces of factual information recorded and used for the purpose of
analysis. It is the raw information from which statistics are created. There are two
types of data,

 Qualitive data - data that can be arranged categorically based on the

attributes and properties of a thing or a phenomenon. Qualitative data in
statistics is also known as categorical data. These data
are further classified as nominal and rank data.
a. Nominal data - nominal data (also known as nominal scale) is
a type of data that is used to label variables without providing
any quantitative value.
b. Rank data - ranking” refers to the data transformation in which
numerical or ordinal values are replaced by their rank when the
data are sorted.
 Quantitative data - Quantitative data is defined as the value of data in
the form of counts or numbers where each data-set has an unique
numerical value associated with it.
a. Continuous data - A continuous data set is a quantitative data
set representing a scale of measurement that can consist of
numbers other than whole numbers, like decimals and fractions.
b. Discrete data - Discrete data is information that can only take
certain value, this type of data is often represented using tally
charts, bar charts or pie charts.

3. Statistics are numerical statement of facts capable of analysis and interpretation as

well as study of the methods used in collection, organization, presentation, analysis
and interpretation of numerical data. There are many scopes in statistics, like-
 Statistics and planning – Planning is necessary for completion of a task
and in formulating future politics. Statistics provides the necessary tools
of estimation and forecasting. Hence statistic is useful in planning.
 Statistics and business – Statistics provides different methods for
forecasting, production, demand and supply with reliable accuracy.
Hence this is really useful to the businessman to know the existing level
of the business and to predict the change in business.
  Statistics and economics – Statistical techniques have proved to be
immense useful in the solution of a variety of economic problems. Time
series analysis and the forecasting techniques are some of the very
powerful statistical tools used in the analysis of economic data.
 Statistics and management – One of the important step in business
management is to take decision in the face of uncertainty. Statistical
methods help the manager to analyse the problem and take decision with
increased probability.
 Statistics and research – No one can not think to complete any research
activities without using statistics. Statistical techniques are used for
collection, analysis and interpretation of research findings.
 Statistics and industry – In industry, statistics is extensively used in
administration, planning, production, growth and development. The main
objective in any production process is to control the quality of
manufactured product so that it conforms to the specification.

4. Importance of statistic in Business - Statistical methods are used by businessmen in

making decisions, estimation and comparison of sales, production, export, import, etc.
Also, in the business activities such as production, finance, sales, accounting,
purchase, quality control, marketing, etc., statistical methods are extensively used.
Statistical methods are used in forecasting the future trends and tendencies

Importance of statistic in Economics - Statistical methods are useful in

understanding economic problems, formulating economic policies. Five-year plans,
Savings, Taxation, Exports and Imports etc, and their progress are evaluated by
statistical methods. Econometrics is a branch of statistics, which deals with the
application of statistical methods in the field of Economics.

5. Table – A table is a collection of data organized in rows and columns.

NAME GRADE
XYZ A-

Chart or graph - A statistical graph or chart is defined as the pictorial representation

of statistical data in graphical form. The four most common are probably
 line graph – A line graph is a visual representation of how two variable are
related.
 Line graph
100%
50%
0%
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

Series 1 Series 2
Series 3

 bar graph - A bar chart or bar graph is a diagrammatic representation of

data in quantities.

Bar graph
Category 4
Category 3
Category 2
Category 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

 pie chart – A pie chart is a graphical chart that is broken into slices to
explain numerical proportion.

Sales

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr

3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

Part – 2
1. Grouped data - Grouped data are data formed by aggregating individual
observations of a variable into groups, so that a frequency distribution of these groups
serves as a convenient means of summarizing or analysing the data. Grouped data is
data given in intervals.

Ungrouped data - Ungrouped data is the data you first gather from an experiment or
study. The data is raw that it's not sorted into categories, classified, or otherwise
grouped. Ungrouped data is data given as individual data points.
 2. Frequency distribution - A frequency distribution is an overview of all distinct
values in some variable and the number of times they occur. In this case, histograms
are the way to go as they visualize frequencies for intervals of values rather than each
distinct value. Grouped and Ungrouped are two types of Frequency Distribution.
 Grouped frequency distribution - In a grouped frequency distribution, the
data are arranged and separated into groups called class intervals.
 Ungrouped frequency distribution - The frequency is the number of times a
particular data point occurs in the set of data.

3.
A. Desiderata - It should be simple, clear and easy to understand. It should represent
the whole data. It should be rigidly defined. It must be capable of algebraic treatment.
Requisites of a good average are as follows:
 It should be simple to compute.
 It should be easy to understand.
 It should be rigidly defined.
 It should be representative of all the items.
 It should not be unduly affected by extreme values.
 It should be capable of further algebraic treatment.
There’s a relationship between mean, median and mode and is called an empirical
relationship between them. Below are some of the most integral differences between the
mean, median, mode.
Mean Median Mode
1.The average was taken for 1.The middle value in the 1.The number that occurs
a set of numbers is called a data set is called Median. the most in a given list of
mean. numbers is called a mode.
2.Add all of the numbers 2.Place all the given 2.It shows the frequency of
together and divide this sum numbers in an ascending occurrence.
of all numbers by a total order
number of numbers.
3.The result is the mean or 3.The next step is to find the 3.We can have more than
average score. middle number on the list. It one mode or no mode at all.
is called as the median.

A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by
identifying the central position within that set of data. ... The mean (often called the average)
is most likely the measure of central tendency that you are most familiar with, but there are
others, such as the median and the mode.
B. Every average has its own peculiar characteristics. It is difficult to say which average
is the best. Like- Rina and Mita got 90 percentage and this is the average marks.so to
see who is the best among them mam said to give one answer again and she thought
anyone would answer but they both replied and it was correct so as a conclusion we
can say that "Every average has its own peculiar characteristics. It is difficult to say
which average is the best."

C. Central tendency is a descriptive summary of a dataset through a single value that

reflects the centre of the data distribution. Along with the variability (dispersion) of a
dataset, central tendency is a branch of descriptive statistics. The mean is the most
frequently used measure of central tendency because it uses all values in the data set
to give you an average. For data from skewed distributions, the median is better than
the mean because it isn't influenced by extremely large values. For example, the
median is often used as a measure of central tendency for income distributions, which
are generally highly skewed. Because the median only uses one or two values, it's
unaffected by extreme outliers or non-symmetric distributions of scores.
THANK YOU