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Probability

Probability measures the chance of an event occurring in a random experiment. A random experiment is one where all possible outcomes are known but cannot be predicted in advance, such as tossing a coin or rolling a die. The sample space includes all possible outcomes, while an event refers to a specific outcome or set of outcomes. Probability is calculated by taking the number of favorable outcomes divided by the total number of possible outcomes. For example, the probability of drawing the number 2 from a box of 6 marbles marked 1 through 6 is 1/6, while the probability of an even number is 3/6 or 1/2.

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93 views

Probability

Probability measures the chance of an event occurring in a random experiment. A random experiment is one where all possible outcomes are known but cannot be predicted in advance, such as tossing a coin or rolling a die. The sample space includes all possible outcomes, while an event refers to a specific outcome or set of outcomes. Probability is calculated by taking the number of favorable outcomes divided by the total number of possible outcomes. For example, the probability of drawing the number 2 from a box of 6 marbles marked 1 through 6 is 1/6, while the probability of an even number is 3/6 or 1/2.

Uploaded by

Vibhu Narayan Ravi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Handling Session 2

PROBABILITY
Probability is a way of measuring the chance of an event happening

Random Experiment is one in which all possible outcomes are known but
cannot be predicted exactly in advance.
Example:
➢ Tossing a coin
➢ Rolling a die

An outcome is any possible result of a probability experiment.


Example:
➢ The outcomes of tossing a coin are heads and tails.
➢ Getting 5 is an outcome when a die is rolled.

A sample space of an experiment is the set of all possible outcomes of that


experiment.
Example:
➢ In rolling a dice, sample space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
➢ In tossing a coin sample space = {head, tail}
An event is the collection of some outcomes of the random experiment.
Example:
➢ Getting Heads when a coin is tossed
➢ Getting an even number when a die is rolled
Probability of an event :
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
Probability of an event P(E ) =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

(or)
𝑛(𝐸)
P(E) =
𝑛(𝑆)

EXAMPLE:
There are 6 marbles in a box with numbers 1 to 6 marked on each of
them.
i. What is the probability of drawing a marble with number 2?
ii. What is the probability of drawing a marble with even number?
Solution:
(i) Sample Space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Total number of outcomes = 6
Number of favourable outcomes =1
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
Probability of drawing a marble =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
with number 2
1
=
6

(ii) Sample Space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}


Total number of outcomes = 6
Number of favourable outcomes =3
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
Probability of drawing a marble =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
with number 5
3 1
= =
6 2
NOTE:
❖ Probability of an impossible event is 0.
❖ Probability of a sure event is 1.
❖ Probability is always a number between 0 and 1 including both.
0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
❖ The probabilities of all possible outcomes of an event add to 1.
❖ P (event not happening) = 1− P (event happening)

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