Unit 1 - MAD

SIT1402 - Mobile Application
Development
Unit- I - Introduction and UI interface
• 1. Introduction to mobile technologies
• 2. Mobile operating systems
• 3. Mobile devices – pros and cons
• 4. Introduction to Android, Versions,Features
• 5. Android architecture
• 6. UI Layouts
• 7. UI Controls / Widgets
• 8. Event handling
• 9. Required Tools- Eclipse, ADT, AVD
• 10. Application structure
• 11. Android manifest file
• 12. Android design philosophy
• 13. Creating andriod applications 2
1. Mobile Networks /
Technologies
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G
IEEE 802.11
Infrared
Bluetooth
3
Cellular Network
• Base stations transmit to and receive from mobiles at the
assigned spectrum
– Multiple base stations use the same spectrum (spectral reuse)
• The service area of each base station is called a cell
• Each mobile terminal is typically served by the ‘closest’
base stations
– Handoff when terminals move
Cellular Network Generations
• It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony
in terms of generations:
– 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
– 1G: Analog cellular telephony
– 2G: Digital cellular telephony
– 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including
video telephony)
– 4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and
multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G
(to be deployed in 2012–2015)
Frequency Division Multiple
Access
frequency
• Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the

duration of the call
• Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel
interference
• Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency
band and one uplink frequency band
• Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies
• Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running
out of it.
Time Division Multiple Access
Guard time – signal transmitted by mobile terminals at different locations do

no arrive at the base station at the same time
• Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal

transmits during each slot
– Like during the lecture, only one can talk, but others may take
the floor in turn
• Each user is given a specific slot. No competition in cellular
network
– Unlike Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) in WiFi
Code Division Multiple Access
• Use of orthogonal codes to separate different
transmissions
• Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of
bits using the user specific code – Spreading
– Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the
information transmission rate
– But all users use the same frequency band together
Orthogonal among
users
1 GENERATION
• First generation cellular networks
• Radio signals = analog
• Technologies - AMPS (Advanced Mobile
Phone System)
• First Blackberry (850)
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2G (GSM and GPRS Networks)
• 2G carriers continued to improve
transmission quality and coverage paging,
faxes, text messages and voicemail.
• 2.5G uses GPRS(General Packet Radio
Services), which delivers packet-switched
capabilities to existing GSM networks.
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GSM Architecture
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GSM Evolution to 3G
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps
Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)
Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution

GSM Uses 8PSK modulation
HSCSD
9.6kbps (one timeslot) 3x improvement in data rate on short distances
GSM Data Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances
Also called CSD Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
Can also be combined with HSCSD
GSM GPRS
WCDMA
General Packet Radio Services
Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps EDGE
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays
GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G)
GSM Evolution to 3G (con...)
• W-CDMA (Wide Band Code Division Multiple
Access) technology.
• It also used for services like Wireless Application
Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging
Service (MMS) or Short Message Service (SMS)
• Internet communication through the excess to World
Wide Web and E-mail.
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2. Mobile Operating
Systems
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What is Mobile OS?
• A Mobile OS is a very basic and essential
software to operate a Mobile System.
• A Mobile OS is a software platform which
is designed specially for mobile to handle
the devices like Smart phone, Tablet, PDA
with lot of features and facilities.
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Android
- Android is a mobile operating system (OS)
currently developed by Google, based on the
Linux kernel and designed primarily for
touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones
and tablets.
- It was developed by Google, Open Handset
Alliance, Android Open Source Project, Android
Inc.
- Source model, open source
- Written in C (core), C++, and Java (UI)
- OS family, Unix
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OHA (Open Handset Alliance)
• A business alliance consisting of 47+
companies to develop open standards
for mobile devices
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Apple iOS
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iOS
- iOS (originally iPhone OS) is a mobile operating
system created and developed by Apple Inc. and
distributed exclusively for Apple hardware. It is
the operating system that presently powers many
of the company's mobile devices, including the
iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.
- It was developed by Apple Inc. June 29, 2007
-Source model, closed source
- Written in, C,C++, Objective-C, and Swift
- OS family, Unix
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Windows
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Windows Mobile
- Windows Mobile is a mobile operating
system developed by Microsoft for smart phones
and Pocket PC’s
- It was first launched in October 2010 with
Windows Phone 7
- Currently maintained with Micosoft Corporation
- Written in C, C++
- OS Family, Microsoft Windows
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Blackberry
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Blackberry
- BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating
system developed by BlackBerry Ltd for its
BlackBerry line of smartphone handheld devices.
- It was developed by BlackBerry Ltd on
January 19, 1999
- Source model is closed source
- Written in, C++ and Java
- OS family, Mobile Operating Systems
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Symbian
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Symbian
- Symbian is a mobile operating system (OS)
and computing platform designed for smart
phones
- Symbian was originally developed as a closed-
source OS for PDAs in 1998 by Symbian Ltd.
- Currently maintained by Accenture on behalf of
Nokia (historically Symbian Ltd. and Symbian
Foundation)
- Written in C++
- OS Family RTOS
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Bada
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BADA
- Bada is an operating system for mobile devices
such as smartphones and tablet computers.
- It was developed by Samsung Electronics on
April 2010.
- Source model is, Mixed: proprietary and open
source
- Written in C++
- OS Family, POSIX (Portable Operating System
Interface for Unix)
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Why Mobile App Development?
• Mobile platform is the platform of the
future world
• Job market is hot
– Market for mobile software surges from $4.1 billion in 2009 to
$17.5 billion by 2012
– In 2010, www.dice.com survey: 72% of recruiters looking for
iPhone app developers, 60% for Android
– Dice.com: mobile app developers made $85,000 in 2010 and
salaries expected to rise
– According to 2016, 79% of the organizations surveyed plan to
increase spending on mobile development by 36%
• Students (and faculty!) are naturally

interested! 38
Types of Mobile Appications
• What are they?
– Any application that runs on a mobile device
• Types
– Web Apps
– Native Apps
– Hybrid Apps
39
Types of Mobile...(con...)
• Native Apps
– It is live on the device and are accessed
through icons on the device home screen.
– They are installed through an application
store (such as Google Play or Apple’s App
Store).
– They are developed specifically for one
platform, and can take full advantage of all the
device features — they can use the camera,
the GPS, the accelerometer, the compass, the
list of contacts, and so on. 40
• Web Apps
– They are not real applications; they are
really websites that, in many ways, look and
feel like native applications, but are
not implemented as such.
– They are run by a browser and typically
written in HTML5
– Web apps became really popular when
HTML5 came around and people realized that
they can obtain native-like functionality in the
browser. 41
• Hybrid apps
– Hybrid apps are part native apps, part web
apps.
– Like native apps, they live in an app store and
can take advantage of the many device
features available.
– Like web apps, they rely on HTML being
rendered in a browser, with the caveat that
the browser is embedded within the app.
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3. Mobile Devices: Advantages (as
compared to fixed devices)
• Always with the user
• Typically have Internet access
• Typically GPS enabled
• Typically have accelerometer & compass
• Mostly have cameras & microphones
• Many apps are free or low-cost and etc...
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Mobile Devices: Limitations
• Limited memory
• Limited processing power
• Different technologies and standards
• Limited or awkward input: soft keyboard, phone keypad,
touch screen, or stylus
• Small screens
• Limited and slow network access
• Slow hardware
• Limited battery life
• Limited web browser functionality
• Often inconsistent platforms across devices and etc...
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Android
Mobile Application Development
Prerequisite
• Good knowledge of JAVA language

• Familiarity with Eclipse IDE
* All the above is not mandatory
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4. Introduction to Android
• Open software platform for mobile development
• A complete stack – OS, Middleware,
Applications
• An Open Handset Alliance (OHA) project
• Powered by Linux operating system
• Fast application development in Java
• Open source under the Apache 2 license
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What is Android?
• Android is a software
stack for mobile devices
that includes an operating
system, middleware and
key applications.
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Developed by
• Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger),
• Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire
Communications, Inc.),
• Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile)
• Chris White (headed design and interface
development at WebTV).
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History of Android
• 1) Initially, Andy Rubin founded Android
Incorporation in Palo Alto, California, United
States in October, 2003.
• 2) In 17th August 2005, Google acquired
Android Incorporation. Since then, it is in the
subsidiary of Google Incorporation.
• 3) The key employees of Android Incorporation
are Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Chris
White and Nick Sears.
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History of Android (con...)
• 4) Originally intended for camera but shifted to
smart phones later because of low market for
camera only.
• 5) Android is the nick name of Andy Rubin given
by coworkers because of his love to robots.
• 6) In 2007, Google announces the development
of Android OS.
• 7) In 2008, HTC launched the first android
mobile.
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History of Android (con...)
• The code names of android ranges from A to N currently, such as
– 1.0 Astro (some times says no code name)
– 1.1 Bender (Some times say “Petit four”)
– 1.5 Cupcake
– 1.6 Donut
– 2.x Eclair
– 2.2 Froyo
– 2.3.x Gingerbread
– 3.x.x Honeycomb
– 4.0.x Ice Cream Sandwitch
– 4.1.x, 4.2.x and 4.3.x Jelly Bean
– 4.4.x KitKat and
– 5.x.x Lollipop
– 6.0 MarshMallow
– N (“A Few Weeks”)
History of Android(con...)
• Let's understand the android history in a
sequence.
Android Survey
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Distribution of Devices
Data collected during a 14-day period ending on January 3, 2012 55

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World wide Mobile OS market share
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Why Android?
Why Android? (con...)
• A lot of students have them
– 2010 survey by University of Colorado : 22% of
college students have Android phone (26%
Blackberry, 40% iPhone)
– Gartner survey: Android used on 22.7% of smart
phones sold world-wide in 2010 (37.6% Symbian,
15.7% iOS)
• Students already know Java and Eclipse
– Low learning curve
– CS students can use App Inventor for Android
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Android Applications
• Android applications are usually developed in the Java
language using the Android Software Development Kit
• Once developed, Android applications can be
packaged easily and sold out either through a store
such as Google Play, SlideME, Opera Mobile Store,
Mobango, F-droid and the Amazon Appstore.
• Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile devices
in more than 190 countries around the world. It's the
largest installed base of any mobile platform and
growing fast.
• Every day more than 1 million new Android devices
are activated worldwide.
Categories of Android
applications
• There are many android applications in the
market
Features of Android
• Android is a powerful operating system
competing with Apple 4GS and supports
great features.
Features Description
Beautiful UI Android OS basic screen provides a
beautiful and intuitive user interface.
Connectivity GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS,
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX.
Storage SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is
used for data storage purposes.
Features of Android (con...)
Media support H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB,
AAC, HE-AAC, AAC 5.1, MP3, MIDI, Ogg
Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP
Messaging SMS and MMS
Web browser Based on the open-source WebKit layout
engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript
engine supporting HTML5 and CSS3.
Multi-touch Android has native support for multi-touch
which was initially made available in handsets
such as the HTC Hero.
Multi-tasking User can jump from one task to another and
same time various application can run
simultaneously.
Features of Android (con...)
Resizable Widgets are resizable, so users can expand
widgets them to show more content or shrink them to
save space
Multi- Supports single direction and bi-directional text.
Language
GCM Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is a service
that lets developers send short message data
to their users on Android devices.
Wi-Fi Direct A technology that lets apps discover and pair
directly, over a high-bandwidth peer-to-peer
connection.
Android Beam A popular NFC-based technology that lets
users instantly share, just by touching two
NFC-enabled phones together.
Android Features (con...)
• Application framework enabling reuse and
replacement of components
• Dalvik virtual machine optimized for mobile devices
• Integrated browser based on the open source webkit
engine
• Optimized graphics powered by a custom 2D graphics
library; 3D graphics based on the OpenGL ES 1.0
specification (hardware acceleration optional)
• SQLite for structured data storage
• Media support for common audio, video, and still image
formats (MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, PNG,
GIF)
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What does it have that other’s
don’t?
• Google Map Applications
• Background Services and Applications
• Shared Data and Inter-process communication
• All Applications are created Equal
• P2P Inter-device Application Messaging
• MVC2 Architecture
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MVC2
• The goal of the MVC design pattern is to
separate the application object (model)
from the way it is represented to the user
(view) from the way in which the user
controls it (controller).
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Manufacturer and carrier support
• Almost all carriers have Android
• HTC
• LG
• Sony-Ericsson
• Geeksphone
• Dell
• Motorola
• Acer
• Samsung
• Archos
• Lenovo
• Huawei
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5. Architecture
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Android S/W Stack -
Applications
• Android provides a set of core applications:

 Email Client
 SMS Program
 Calendar
 Maps
 Browser
 Contacts
 Etc
• All applications are written using the Java language.

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Android S/W Stack –
Application Framework
• Enabling and simplifying the reuse of

components
 Developers have full access to the same
framework APIs used by the core applications.
 Users are allowed to replace components.
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Android S/W Stack –
App Framework (Cont)
• Features
Feature Role
View Used to build an application, including lists, grids, text

System boxes, buttons, and embedded web browser
Content Enabling applications to access data from other

Provider applications or to share their own data
Resource Providing access to non-code resources (localized strings,

Manager graphics, and layout files)
Notification Enabling all applications to display customer alerts in the

Manager status bar
Activity Managing the lifecycle of applications and providing

Manager a common navigation back-stack
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Android S/W Stack - Libraries
• Including a set of C/C++ libraries used by

components of the Android system
• Interface through Java
• Surface manager – Handling UI Windows
• 2D and 3D graphics
• Media codes, SQLite, Browser engine
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Android S/W Stack - Runtime
• Core Libraries
Providing most of the functionality available in
the core libraries of the Java language
APIs
Data Structures
Utilities
File Access
Network Access
Graphics
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Android S/W Stack – Runtime
(Cont)
• Dalvik Virtual Machine
Providing environment on which every
Android application runs
Each Android application runs in its own process,
with its own instance of the Dalvik VM.
Dalvik has been written such that a device can run
multiple VMs efficiently.
Register-based virtual machine
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Android S/W Stack – Runtime
(Cont)
• Dalvik Virtual Machine (Cont)
Executing the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format
.dex format is optimized for minimal memory
footprint.
Compilation
Relying on the Linux Kernel for:

Threading
Low-level memory management
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Android S/W Stack – Linux
Kernel
 Relying on Linux Kernel 2.6 for core system services

 Memory and Process Management
 Network Stack
 Driver Model
 Security
 Providing an abstraction layer between the H/W and the rest of
the S/W stack
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Android development setup
Follow the instructions ...
Download the software from the URL:

http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html
Install the following Softwares:

• Android SDK
• Eclipse IDE (3.4 or newer)
• Android Development Tools (ADT) Eclipse plug-in
Bring with you (optional):

• Android OS enabled Mobile device
• USB cable so you can test your app on your phone
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Application Fundamentals
• Apps are written in Java

• Bundled by Android Asset Packaging Tool
• Every App runs its own Linux process
• Each process has it’s own Java Virtual
Machine
• Each App is assigned a unique Linux user
ID
• Apps can share the same user ID to see
each other’s files 81
Applications
• Lifestyle applications for senior citizens
• Environmental applications that give data
about pollution levels.
• Emergency services ( Hospitals, Police
station etc.,)
• Bus services
• Games
• E-governance
• Google map 82
6. UI Layouts
• The basic building block for user interface
is a View object which is created from the
View class
• It occupies a rectangular area on the
screen and is responsible for drawing and
event handling.
• View is the base class for widgets, which
are used to create interactive UI
components like buttons, text fields, etc.
UI Layouts (con…)
• The ViewGroup is a subclass of View and
provides invisible container that hold other
Views or other ViewGroups and define
their layout properties.
• At third level we have different layouts
which are subclasses of ViewGroup class
• A typical layout defines the visual structure
for an Android user interface.
UI Layouts (con…)
UI Layouts (con…)
• To declare the layout using simple XML
file main_layout.xml which is located in the
res/layout folder of your project.
• A layout may contain any type of widgets
such as buttons, labels, textboxes, and so
on.
A simple XML file having
LinearLayout
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >
<TextView android:id="@+id/text"
android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="This is a TextView" />
<Button android:id="@+id/button"
android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="This is a Button" />

</LinearLayout>
..LinearLayout (con…)
• Once the layout has created, it can loaded by
the help of application code
• Sample Code
public void onCreate(Bundle
savedInstanceState)
{
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
}
Layout Types
• Linear Layout
• Relative Layout
• Table Layout
• Absolute Layout
• Frame Layout
• List View
• Grid View
Linear Layout
• Linear Layout is a view group that aligns all
children in either vertically or horizontally.
Attributes
Attribute Description
android:id This is the ID which uniquely identifies
the layout.
android:gravity This specifies how an object should
position its content, on both the X and
Y axes. Possible values are top,
bottom, left, right, center,
center_vertical, center_horizontal etc.
android:orientation This specifies the direction of
arrangement and you will use
"horizontal" for a row, "vertical" for a
column. The default is horizontal.
Example
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/
res/android"
android:orientation="vertical" >
</LinearLayout>
Output
Relative Layout
• Relative Layout enables
you to specify how child
views are positioned
relative to each other.
• The position of each view
can be specified as relative
to sibling elements or
relative to the parent.
Attributes
android:id This is the ID which uniquely
identifies the layout.
android:gravit This specifies how an object should
y position its content, on both the X
and Y axes. Possible values are
top, bottom, left, right, center,
center_vertical, center_horizontal
etc.
By default, all child views are drawn at the top-left of the
layout, so you must define the position of each view using
the various layout properties.
Example
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.co
m/apk/res/android"
android:paddingLeft="16dp"
android:paddingRight="16dp" >
</RelativeLayout>
Output
Table Layout
• TableLayout going to be
arranged groups of views into
rows and columns.
• Use the <TableRow> element
to build a row in the table.
• Each row has zero or more
cells; each cell can hold one
View object
• It don’t display border lines
for their rows, columns, or
cells.
Attributes
android:id This is the ID which
uniquely identifies the
layout.
android:collapseColum This specifies the zero-
ns based index of the
columns to collapse.
android:shrinkColumns The zero-based index of
the columns to shrink.
android:stretchColumns The zero-based index of
the columns to stretch.
Example
<TableLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/and
roid" android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent">
<TableRow
</TableRow>

</TableLayout>
Output
Absolute Layout
• Absolute Layout lets
you specify exact
locations (x/y
coordinates) of its
children.
• Absolute layouts are
less flexible and harder
to maintain than other
types of layouts without
absolute positioning.
Attributes
android:id This is the ID which uniquely
identifies the layout.
android:layout_x This specifies the x-
coordinate of the view.
android:layout_y This specifies the y-
coordinate of the view.
Example
<AbsoluteLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/andr
oid"
<Button android:layout_width="100dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="OK"
android:layout_x="50px"
android:layout_y="361px" />
</AbsoluteLayout>
Output
Frame Layout
• Frame Layout is designed to
block out an area on the
screen to display a single
item.
• Generally, Frame Layout
should be used to hold a
single child view, because it
can be difficult to organize
child views in a way that's
scalable to different screen
sizes without the children
overlapping each other.
Attributes
android:id This is the ID which uniquely identifies the
layout.
android:foreground This defines the drawable to draw over the
content and possible values may be a
color value.
android:foregroundGravity Defines the gravity to apply to the
foreground drawable. The gravity defaults
to fill. Possible values are top, bottom, left,
right, center, center_vertical,
center_horizontal etc.
android:measureAllChildre Determines whether to measure all
n children or just those in the VISIBLE or
INVISIBLE state when measuring. Defaults
to false.
Example
<FrameLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.co
m/apk/res/android"
</FrameLayout>
Output
List View
• List View is a view
which groups several
items and display them
in vertical scrollable list.
• The list items are
automatically inserted to
the list using
an Adapter that pulls
content from a source
such as an array or
database.
Attributes
android:id This is the ID which uniquely identifies
the layout.
android:divider This is drawable or color to draw
between list items.
android:dividerHeight This specifies height of the divider. This
could be in px, dp, sp, in, or mm.
android:entries Specifies the reference to an array
resource that will populate the ListView.
android:footerDividersEnable When set to false, the ListView will not
d draw the divider before each footer
view. The default value is true.
android:headerDividersEnabl When set to false, the ListView will not
ed draw the divider after each header view.
The default value is true.
Example
<LinearLayout
roid" xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
tools:context=".ListActivity" >
<ListView android:id="@+id/mobile_list"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" >
</ListView>
</LinearLayout>
Output
Grid View
• Grid View shows items
in two-dimensional
scrolling grid (rows &
columns)
• The grid items are not
necessarily
predetermined but
they automatically
inserted to the layout
using a ListAdapter
Grid View (con…)
• An adapter actually bridges between UI
components and the data source that fill
data into UI Component.
• Adapter can be used to supply the data to
like spinner, list view, grid view etc.
Attributes
layout.
android:columnWidth This specifies the fixed width for each column.
This could be in px, dp, sp, in, or mm.
android:gravity Specifies the gravity within each cell. Possible
values are top, bottom, left, right, center,
center_vertical, center_horizontal etc.
android:horizontalSpaci Defines the default horizontal spacing
ng between columns. This could be in px, dp, sp,
in, or mm.
android:numColumns Defines how many columns to show.
android:verticalSpacing Defines the default vertical spacing between
rows. This could be in px, dp, sp, in, or mm.
Example
<GridView
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/androi
d"
android:id="@+id/gridview"
android:columnWidth="90dp"
android:numColumns="auto_fit"
android:verticalSpacing="10dp"
android:horizontalSpacing="10dp"
android:stretchMode="columnWidth"
android:gravity="center" />
Output
7. UI Controls / Widgets
• Input controls are the interactive
components in your app's user interface.
• Android provides a wide variety of controls
you can use in your UI, such as buttons,
text fields, seek bars, check box, zoom
buttons, toggle buttons, and many more
UI Controls (con…)
UI Controls (con…)
• TextView • RadioButton
• EditText • RadioGroup
• Button • ProgressBar
• ImageButton • Spinner
• ToggleButton • TimePicker
• AutoCompleteTextVie • DatePicker
w
• CheckBox
TextView Control
• A TextView displays text to the user and
optionally allows them to edit it.
• A TextView is a complete text editor, however
the basic class is configured to not allow editing.
Attributes
control.
android:fontFamily Font family (named by string) for the text.
android:inputType The type of data being placed in a text
field. Phone, Date, Time, Number,
Password etc.
android:text Text to display.
android:textAllCaps Present the text in ALL CAPS. Possible
value either "true" or "false".
android:textColor Text color. May be a color value.
android:textSize Size of the text. Recommended dimension
type for text is "sp" for scaled-pixels.
Example
In XML:
<TextView
android:id="@+id/text_id" android:layout_width="300dp"
android:layout_height="200dp"
android:capitalize="characters" android:text="hello_world"
android:textColor="@android:color/holo_blue_dark"
android:textColorHighlight="@android:color/primary_text_d
ark" android:layout_centerVertical="true"
android:layout_alignParentEnd="true"
android:textSize="50dp"/>
In JAVA:
TextView txtView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.text_id);
Output
EditText Control
• A EditText is an
overlay over TextView
that configures itself
to be editable.
• It is the predefined
subclass of TextView
that includes rich
editing capabilities.
Attributes
android:autoText If set, specifies that this TextView
has a textual input method and
automatically corrects some
common spelling errors.
android:drawableBotto This is the drawable to be drawn
m below the text.
android:drawableRight This is the drawable to be drawn
to the right of the text.
android:editable If set, specifies that this TextView
has an input method.
android:text This is the Text to display.
Example
In XML:
<EditText
android:id="@+id/edittext"
android:layout_alignLeft="@+id/button"
android:layout_below="@+id/textView1"
android:layout_marginTop="61dp" android:ems="10"
android:text="@string/enter_text"
android:inputType="text" />
In JAVA:
EditText eText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.edittext);
Output
Button Control
• A Button is a Push-button which can be
pressed, or clicked, by the user to perform
an action.
Attributes
android:drawableBotto This is the drawable to be drawn
m below the text.
android:drawableRight This is the drawable to be drawn
to the right of the text.
Example
In XML:
<Button android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:text="Button" android:id="@+id/button"
android:layout_alignTop="@+id/editText"
android:layout_alignLeft="@+id/textView1"
android:layout_alignStart="@+id/textView1"
android:layout_alignRight="@+id/editText"
android:layout_alignEnd="@+id/editText" />
Example (con…)
In JAVA:
Button b1=(Button)findViewById(R.id.button);
b1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{
@Override
public void onClick(View v)
{
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,"YOUR
MESSAGE",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
});
Output
ImageButton Control
• A ImageButton is a AbsoluteLayout which
enables you to specify the exact location
of its children.
• This shows a button with an image
(instead of text) that can be pressed or
clicked by the user.
Attributes
android:adjustViewBounds Set this to true if you want the
ImageView to adjust its bounds to
preserve the aspect ratio of its
drawable.
android:baseline This is the offset of the baseline within
this view.
android:baselineAlignBottom If true, the image view will be baseline
aligned with based on its bottom edge.
android:cropToPadding If true, the image will be cropped to fit
within its padding.
android:src This sets a drawable as the content of
this ImageView.
Example
In XML:
<ImageButton
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/imageButton"
android:layout_centerVertical="true"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:src="@drawable/abc"/>
Example (con…)
In JAVA:
ImageButton imgButton =(ImageButton)
findViewById(R.id.imageButton);
imgButton.setOnClickListener(new
View.OnClickListener()
{
@Override public void onClick(View v)
{
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),“Test
Image Button",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
});
Output
ToggleButton Control
• A ToggleButton displays
checked/unchecked states as a button.
• It is basically an on/off button with a light
indicator.
Attributes
android:disabledAlpha This is the alpha to apply
to the indicator when
disabled.
android:textOff This is the text for the
button when it is not
checked.
android:textOn This is the text for the
button when it is checked.
Example
In XML:
<ToggleButton
android:text="On"
android:id="@+id/toggleButton1“
android:checked="true" />
<ToggleButton
android:text="Off" <Button
android:id="@+id/toggleButton2" android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:checked="true“ /> android:layout_height="wrap_content
"
android:id="@+id/button2"
android:text="ClickMe“ />
Example (con…)
In JAVA:
ToggleButton tg1,tg2;
Button b1;
tg1=(ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.toggleButton1);
tg2=(ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.toggleButton2);
b1=(Button)findViewById(R.id.button2);
b1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override public void onClick(View v) {
StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
result.append("You have clicked first ON Button").append(tg1.getText());
result.append("\You have clicked Second ON Button
").append(tg2.getText());
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,result.toString(),Toast.LENGTH_SHORT)
.show(); } });
Output
AutoCompleteTextView
Control
• A AutoCompleteTextView is a view that is similar
to EditText, except that it shows a list of
completion suggestions automatically while the
user is typing.
• The list of suggestions is displayed in drop down
menu.
• The user can choose an item from there to
replace the content of edit box with.
Attributes
android:completionHintVie This defines the hint view displayed in the
w drop down menu.
android:completionThresho This defines the number of characters that
ld the user must type before completion
suggestions are displayed in a drop down
menu.
android:dropDownAnchor This is the View to anchor the auto-
complete dropdown to.
android:dropDownHeight This specifies the basic height of the
dropdown.
android:dropDownSelector This is the selector in a drop down list.
android:dropDownWidth This specifies the basic width of the
dropdown.
android:popupBackground This sets the background.
Example
In XML:
<AutoCompleteTextView
android:id="@+id/autoCompleteTextView1
" android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignLeft="@+id/textView2"
android:layout_below="@+id/textView2"
android:layout_marginTop="54dp"
android:ems="10" />
Example (con…)
In JAVA:
AutoCompleteTextView autocompletetextview; String[]
arr = { "Paries,France", "PA,United
States","Parana,Brazil", "Padua,Italy",
"Pasadena,CA,United States"};
autocomplete = (AutoCompleteTextView)
findViewById(R.id.autoCompleteTextView1);
ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new
ArrayAdapter<String>
(this,android.R.layout.select_dialog_item, arr);
autocomplete.setThreshold(2);
autocomplete.setAdapter(adapter);
Output
CheckBox Control
• A CheckBox is an
on/off switch that can
be toggled by the user.
• To use check-boxes
when presenting users
with a group of
selectable options that
are not mutually
exclusive.
Attributes
android:drawableBot This is the drawable to be drawn
tom below the text.
android:drawableRig This is the drawable to be drawn to
ht the right of the text.
Example
In XML:
<CheckBox android:id="@+id/checkBox1"
android:text="Do you like android“
android:checked="false“ />
<CheckBox android:id="@+id/checkBox2"
android:text="Do you like android "
Example (con…)
In JAVA:
CheckBox ch1,ch2; Button b1,b2;
ch1=(CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.checkBox1);
ch2=(CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.checkBox2);
b1=(Button)findViewById(R.id.button);
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
result.append("Thanks : ").append(ch1.isChecked());
result.append("\nThanks: ").append(ch2.isChecked());
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, result.toString(),
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show(); }
Output
RadioButton Control
• A RadioButton has two states: either
checked or unchecked.
• This allows the user to select one option
from a set.
Example
<RadioButton
android:text="HTML"
In XML: android:id="@+id/radioButton
3“
<RadioGroup
<RadioButton
</RadioGroup>
android:text="JAVA"
android:id="@+id/radioButton1"
<RadioButton
android:text="ANDROID"
android:id="@+id/radioButton2“
Example (con…)
In JAVA:
RadioButton rb1; RadioGroup rg1; Button b1;
addListenerRadioButton();
private void addListenerRadioButton() {
rg1 = (RadioGroup) findViewById(R.id.radioGroup);
b1 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button1);
@Override public void onClick(View v) {
int selected=rg1.getCheckedRadioButtonId();
rb1=(RadioButton)findViewById(selected);
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,rb1.getText(),Toast.LE
NGTH_LONG).show(); } }); }
Output
RadioGroup Control
• A RadioGroup class is used for set of
radio buttons.
• If we check one radio button that belongs
to a radio group, it automatically unchecks
any previously checked radio button within
the same group.
(Refer RadioButton)
Progress Bar Control
• Progress bars are used to show progress of a
task.
• A class called ProgressDialog that allows you to
create progress bar.
• Syntax:
ProgressDialog progress = new
ProgressDialog(this);
• For example, when you are uploading or
downloading something from the internet, it is
better to show the progress of download/upload
to the user.
ProgressDialog class methods
Methods Description
getMax() This method returns the maximum value
of the progress.
incrementProgressBy(int This method increments the progress bar
diff) by the difference of value passed as a
parameter.
setIndeterminate(boolean This method sets the progress indicator
indeterminate) as determinate or indeterminate.
setMax(int max) This method sets the maximum value of
the progress dialog.
setProgress(int value) This method is used to update the
progress dialog with some specific value.
show(Context context, This is a static method, used to display
CharSequence title, progress dialog.
CharSequence message)
Example
In XML:
<Button
android:text="DOWNLOAD"
android:onClick="download"
android:id="@+id/button1"
android:layout_marginLeft="125dp"
android:layout_marginStart="125dp"
android:layout_centerVertical="true" />
Example (con…)
In JAVA:
Button b1;
private ProgressDialog progress;
b1 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button1);
public void download(View view){
progress=new ProgressDialog(this);
progress.setMessage("Downloading Music");
progress.setProgressStyle(ProgressDialog.STYLE_HORI
ZONTAL); progress.setIndeterminate(true);
progress.setProgress(0);
progress.show();
Example (con…)
final int totalProgressTime = 100;
final Thread t = new Thread() {
@Override public void run() {
int jumpTime = 0;
while(jumpTime < totalProgressTime) {
try {
sleep(200);
jumpTime += 5;
progress.setProgress(jumpTime); }
catch (InterruptedException e) { }
} } };
t.start(); }
Output
Spinner Control
• Spinner allows you to select an item from
a drop down menu.
Example
In XML:
<Spinner android:id="@+id/spinner"
android:prompt="@string/spinner_title"/>
In JAVA:
Spinner spinner = (Spinner) findViewById(R.id.spinner);
spinner.setOnItemSelectedListener(this);
List<String> categories = new ArrayList<String>();
categories.add(“Automobile");
categories.add(“Business Services");
Example (con…)
categories.add("Computers");
categories.add("Education");
categories.add("Personal");
categories.add("Travel");
ArrayAdapter<String> dataAdapter = new
ArrayAdapter<String>(this,
android.R.layout.simple_spinner_item, categories);
dataAdapter.setDropDownViewResource(android.R.layout.
simple_spinner_dropdown_item);
spinner.setAdapter(dataAdapter);
Example (con…)
public void onItemSelected(AdapterView<?>
parent, View view, int position, long id) {
String item =
parent.getItemAtPosition(position).toString();
Toast.makeText(parent.getContext(), "Selected: "
+ item, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
Output
TimePicker Control
• Time Picker allows you to select the time of day
in either 24 hour or AM/PM mode.
• The time consists of hours, minutes and clock
format.
• Android provides this functionality through
TimePicker class.
Methods
Methods Description
is24HourView() This method returns true if this is in 24
hour view else false
isEnabled() This method returns the enabled
status for this view
setCurrentHour(Integer This method sets the current hour
currentHour)
setCurrentMinute(Integer This method sets the current minute
currentMinute)
setEnabled(boolean enabled) This method set the enabled state of
this view
setIs24HourView(Boolean This method set whether in 24 hour or
is24HourView) AM/PM mode
setOnTimeChangedListener(TimePi This method Set the callback that
cker.OnTimeChangedListener indicates the time has been adjusted
onTimeChangedListener) by the user
Example
In XML:
<TimePicker android:id="@+id/timePicker1"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
In JAVA:
TimePicker timePicker1;
timePicker1 = (TimePicker)findViewById(R.id.timePicker1);
int hour = timePicker1.getCurrentHour();
int min = timePicker1.getCurrentMinute();

Output
DatePicker Control
• Date Picker allows you to select the date
consisting of day, month and year in your
custom user interface.
• Android provides DatePicker and
DatePickerDialog components.
Methods
Methods Description
getDayOfMonth() This method gets the selected day of
month
getMonth() This method gets the selected month
getYear() This method gets the selected year
setMaxDate(long maxDate) This method sets the maximal date
supported by this DatePicker in
milliseconds
setMinDate(long minDate) This method sets the minimal date
supported by this NumberPicker in
milliseconds
setSpinnersShown(boolean This method sets whether the spinners
shown) are shown
updateDate(int year, int month, This method updates the current date
int dayOfMonth)
getCalendarView() This method returns calendar view
getFirstDayOfWeek() This Method returns first day of the week
Example
In JAVA:
DatePicker datePicker;
Calendar calendar;
int year, month, day;
calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
year = calendar.get(Calendar.YEAR);
month = calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH);
day = calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH);
8. Event Handling
• Events are a useful way to collect data
about a user's interaction with interactive
components of Applications.
• Like button presses or screen touch etc.
• The Android framework maintains an
event queue as first-in, first-out (FIFO)
basis.
• Capture these events in program and take
appropriate action as per requirements.
Event Handling (con…)
• Event Management
– Event Listeners
• An event listener is an interface in the View class
that contains a single callback method.
• These methods will be called by the Android
framework when the View to which the listener has
been registered is triggered by user interaction
with the item in the UI.
Event Handling (con…)
– Event Handlers
• When an event happens and we have registered in
the event listener for the event, the event listener
calls the Event Handlers, which is the method that
actually handles the event.
– Event Listeners Registration
• Event Registration is the process by which an
Event Handler gets registered with an Event
Listener so that the handler is called when the
Event Listener fires the event
Event Listeners & Event
Handlers
Event Handler Event Listener Description
onClick() OnClickListener() This is called when the
user either clicks or
touches or focuses upon
any widget like button,
text, image etc.
onLongClick() OnLongClickListener() This is called when the
user either clicks or
touches or focuses upon
any widget like button,
text, image etc. for one or
more seconds.
onFocusChange OnFocusChangeListene This is called when the
() r() widget looses its focus.
Event Listeners & Event
Handlers (con…)
onKey() OnFocusChangeListener This is called when the
() user is focused on the
item and presses or
releases a hardware key
on the device.
onTouch() OnTouchListener() This is called when the
user presses the key,
releases the key, or any
movement gesture on
the screen.
onMenuItemClick() OnMenuItemClickListene This is called when the
r() user selects a menu
item.
onCreateContextMenu onCreateContextMenuIte This is called when the
() mListener() context menu is being
built(as the result of a
sustained "long click”).
Event Listeners Registration
• Event Registration is the process by which an
Event Handler gets registered with an Event
Listener so that the handler is called when the
Event Listener fires the event.
• Top 3 ways are,
– Using an Anonymous Inner Class
– Activity class implements the Listener interface.
– Using Layout file activity_main.xml to specify event
handler directly.
Example
• Using an Anonymous Inner Class
Button b1;
b1=(Button)findViewById(R.id.button);
b1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{ @Override
public void onClick(View v) {
TextView txtView = (TextView)
findViewById(R.id.textView);
txtView.setTextSize(25); } });
Example (con…)
• Activity class implements the Listener interface
BtnListener listener = new BtnListener();
((Button)
findViewById(R.id.btnNum0Id)).setOnClickListen
er(listener);
private class BtnListener implements
OnClickListener { // On-click event handler for all
the buttons @Override public void onClick(View
view) {
//ToDo the code here….
}}
Example (con…)
• Using Layout file activity_main.xml to specify
event handler directly
• In XML
<Button
android:text="Small font"
android:id="@+id/button“
android:onClick=“Font_Change”/>
Example (con…)
• In JAVA
public void Font_Change(View v) {
TextView txtView = (TextView)
findViewById(R.id.textView);
txtView.setTextSize(25);
}
9. Tools - Eclipse IDE
Eclipse IDE (con…)
DDMS Configuration
New Android Project Creation
Giving Name Application /
Project
Con…
Icon Customization
Customized Icon
Activity type selection
Customize the activity name
Default code appear in Eclipse
IDE
Creating AVD Manager
AVD Configuration
Launching the AVD
Launching the AVD (con…)
AVD – Emulator
Configure the Logcat
Application running status
displayed in Logcat
Output
10. Application Structure
Application Structure (con…)
1. src
2. gen
3. bin
4. res/drawable-hdpi
5. res/layout
6. res/values
7. AndroidManifest.xml
1. src
– This contains the .java source files for your project.
– By default, it includes an MainActivity.java source file
having an activity class that runs when your app is
launched using the app icon.
2. gen
– This contains the .R file, a compiler-generated file that
references all the resources found in your project.
– User should not modify this file.
• bin
– This folder contains the Android package
files .apk built by the ADT during the build process
and everything else needed to run an Android
application.
• res/drawable-hdpi
– This is a directory for drawable objects that are
designed for high-density screens.
• res/layout
– This is a directory for files that define your app's user
interface.
• res/values
– This is a directory for other various XML files
that contain a collection of resources, such as
strings and colours definitions.
• AndroidManifest.xml
– This is the manifest file which describes the
fundamental characteristics of the app and
defines each of its components.
11. AndroidManifest
• The component you develop as a part of
your application, you must declare all its
components in a manifest.xml which
resides at the root of the application
project directory.
• This file works as an interface between
Android OS and your application, so if you
do not declare your component in this file,
then it will not be considered by the OS.
AndroidManifest (con…)
• Default manifest file will look like as following file
<manifest
roid" package="com.example.helloworld"
android:versionCode="1"
android:versionName="1.0" >
<uses-sdk
android:minSdkVersion="8"
android:targetSdkVersion="22" />
<application
android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme" >
<activity
android:name=".MainActivity"
android:label="@string/title_activity_main" >
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN"
/>
<category
android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"/>
</intent-filter> </activity> </application> </manifest>
• <application>...</application> tags enclosed the
components related to the application.
• Attribute android:icon will point to the application
icon available underres/drawable-hdpi.
• The @string/app_name refers to the app_name
string defined in the strings.xml file, which is
"HelloWorld"
• The <activity> tag is used to specify an activity
and android:name attribute specifies the fully
qualified class name of the Activity subclass.
• The android:label attributes specifies a string to
use as the label for the activity / application.
• The action for the intent filter is named
android.intent.action.MAIN to indicate that this
activity serves as the entry point for the
application.
• The category for the intent-filter is named
android.intent.category.LAUNCHER to indicate
that the application can be launched from the
device's launcher icon.
• Following is the list of tags which you will use in
your manifest file to specify different Android
application components.
– <activity> elements for activities
– <service> elements for services
– <receiver> elements for broadcast receivers
– <provider> elements for content providers
Practices
• To know about the history, features and various
versions of Android
• Draw the Android architecture
• To study various tools used in Android
development
• To study about Eclipse IDE
• To develop first Android App “Hello World”
• To implement the various Android layouts
• To implement the various Android UI controls
• To study the importance of Android application
structure and Android manifest file 218

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SIT1402 - Mobile Application

• Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the

Guard time – signal transmitted by mobile terminals at different locations do

• Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution

• Students (and faculty!) are naturally

• Good knowledge of JAVA language

* All the above is not mandatory

Data collected during a 14-day period ending on January 3, 2012 55

• Background Services and Applications

• Shared Data and Inter-process communication

• All Applications are created Equal

• P2P Inter-device Application Messaging

• Almost all carriers have Android

• Android provides a set of core applications:

• All applications are written using the Java language.

• Enabling and simplifying the reuse of

View Used to build an application, including lists, grids, text

Content Enabling applications to access data from other

Resource Providing access to non-code resources (localized strings,

Notification Enabling all applications to display customer alerts in the

Activity Managing the lifecycle of applications and providing

• Including a set of C/C++ libraries used by

Relying on the Linux Kernel for:

 Relying on Linux Kernel 2.6 for core system services

Download the software from the URL:

Install the following Softwares:

Bring with you (optional):

• Apps are written in Java

int hour = timePicker1.getCurrentHour();

int min = timePicker1.getCurrentMinute();

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