Jannayak Chandrashekhar University, Ballia: Practical + Viva + Record
Jannayak Chandrashekhar University, Ballia: Practical + Viva + Record
Max. Marks
1
PAPER I - MECHANICS AND WAVE MOTION
UNIT-I
Rotational energy and rotational inertia for simple bodies, the combined
translation and rotational and motion of a rigid body on horizontal and
inclined planes, Simple treatment of the motions of a top. Relations between
elastic constants, bending of Beams and Torsion of Cylinder.
UNIT – III
Central forces, Two particle central force problem, reduced mass, relative
and centre of mass motion, Law of gravitation, Kepler‘s laws, motions of
planets and satellites, geo-stationary satellites.
UNIT IV
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PAPER II- KINETIC THEORY AND THERMODYNAMICS
UNIT-I
UNIT –II
UNIT – III
The laws of thermodynamics: The Zeroth law, various indicator diagrams, work done by
and on the system, first law of thermodynamics, internal energy as a state function and
other applications. Reversible and irreversible changes, Carnot cycle and its efficiency,
Carnot theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. Different versions of the
second law, practical cycles used in internal combustion engines. Entropy, principle of
increase of entropy. The thermodynamic scale of temperature; its identity with the
perfect gas scale. Impossibility of attaining the absolute zero; third law of
thermodynamics. Thermodynamic relationships: Thermodynamic variables; extensive
and intensive, Maxwell‘s general relationships, application to Joule-Thomson cooling
and adiabatic cooling in a general system, Van der Waals gas, Clausius-Clapeyron heat
equation. Thermodynamic potentials and equilibrium of thermodynamical systems,
relation with thermodynamical variables. Cooling due to adiabatic demagnetization,
production and measurement of very low temperatures.
UNIT –IV
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PAPER III - CIRCUIT FUNDAMENTALS AND BASIC
ELECTRONICS
UNIT-I
UNIT –II
UNIT – III
Transistor biasing circuits: base bias, emitter bias and voltage divider bias,
DC load line.
Basic AC equivalent circuits, low frequency model, small signal amplifiers, common
emitter amplifier, common collector amplifiers, and common base amplifiers, current
and voltage gain, R.C. coupled amplifier, gain, frequency response, equivalent
circuit at low, medium and high frequencies, feedback principles.
UNIT-IV
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PRACTICALS
Every institution may add any experiment of the same standard in the subject.
Mechanics
1. Study of laws of parallel and perpendicular axes for moment of inertia.
2. Study of conservation of momentum in two dimensional
oscillations. Oscillations
1. Study of a compound pendulum.
2. Study of damping of a bar pendulum under various mechanics.
3. Study of oscillations under a bifilar suspension.
4. Potential energy curves of a 1-Dimensional system and oscillations in
it for various amplitudes.
5. Study of oscillations of a mass under different combinations of
springs. Properties of matter
1. Study of bending of a cantilever or a beam.
2. Study of torsion of a wire (static and dynamic
methods) Kinetic theory of matter
1. Study of Brownian motion.
2. Study of adiabatic expansion of a gas.
3. Study of conversion of mechanical energy into heat.
4. Heating efficiency of electrical kettle with varying
voltages. Thermodynamics
1. Study of temperature dependence of total radiation.
2. Study of temperature dependence of spectral density of radiation.
3. Resistance thermometry.
4. Thermo-emf thermometry
5. Conduction of heat through poor conductors of different
geometries. Circuit fundamentals
1. Charging and discharging in R.C. and R.C.L. circuits.
2. High resistance by leakage.
3. A.C. Bridges.
4. Half wave and full wave rectifiers.
5. Characteristics of a transistor in CE, CB and CC configurations
6. Frequency response of R.C. coupled amplifier.
5
JANNAYAK CHANDRASHEKHAR UNIVERSITY, BALLIA
Three Years Degree Course Syllabus for
PHYSICS
B.Sc.(SECOND YEAR)
Max. Marks
PAPER I PHYSICAL OPTICS AND LASERS 50
PAPER II ELECTROMAGNETICS 50
PAPER III ELEMENTS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS, 50
ATOMIC AND MOLECULARS SPECTRA
PRACTICAL PRACTICAL EXAMINATION* 50
TOTAL 200
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PAPER I - PHYSICAL OPTICS AND LASERS
UNIT-I
Interference of a light: The principle of superposition, two-slit interference,
coherence requirement for the sources, optical path retardations, lateral shift
of fringes, Rayleigh refractometer and other applications. Localised fringes;
thin films, applications for precision measurements for displacements.
Haidinger fringes: Fringes of equal inclination. Michelson interferometer, its
application for precision determination of wavelength, wavelength difference
and the width of spectral lines. Twymann Green interferometer and its uses.
Iriensity distribution in multiple beam interference, Tolansky fringes, Fabry-
Perrot interferometer and etalon.
UNIT –II
Fresnel diffraction: Fresnel half-period zones, plates, straight edge,
rectilinear propagation.
Fraunhoffer diffraction: Diffraction at a slit, half-period zones, phasor diagram and
integral calculus methods, the intensity distribution, diffraction at a circular aperture
and a circular disc, resolution of images, Rayleigh criterion, resolving power of
telescope and microscopic systems, outline of phase contrast microscopy.
Diffraction gratings: Diffraction at N parallel slits, intensity distribution, plane
diffraction grating, reflection grating and blazed gratings. Concave grating
and different mountings. Resolving power of a grating and comparison with
resolving powers of prism and of a Fabry-Perrot etalon.
UNIT - III
Polarization, Double refraction in uniaxial crystals, Nicol prism, polaroids and
retardation plates, Babinet‘s compensator. Analysis of polarised light.
Optical activity and Fresnel‘s explanation, Half shade and Biquartz
polarirneters. Matrix representation of plane polarized waves, matrices for
polarizers, retardation plates and rotators, Application to simple systems.
UNIT-IV
Laser system: Purity of a special line, coherence length and coherence time,
spatial coherence of a source, Einstein‘s A and B coefficients, spontaneous
and induced emissions, conditions for laser action, population inversion.
Application of Lasers: Pulsed lasers and tunable lasers, spatial coherence
and directionality, estimates of beam intensity; temporal coherence and
spectral energy density.
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PART II- ELECTROMAGNETICS
UNIT-I
Electrostatics
Coulomb‘s law, Electric Field and potentials, Field due to a uniform charged
sphere, Derivations of Poisson and Laplace Equations, Gauss Law and its
application: The Field of a conductor. Electric dipole, Field and potential due
to an electric dipole, Dipole approximation for an arbitrary charge
distribution, Electric quadruple, Field due to a quadruple , Electrostatic
Energy of a charged uniform sphere, Energy of a condenser.
Magnetostatics
Magnetic field, Magnetic force of a current, Magnetic Induction and Biot- Savart
Law, Lorentz Force, Vector and Scalar Magnetic potentials, Magnetic Dipole,
Magnetomotive force and Ampere‘s Circuital theorem and its applications to
calculate magnetic field due to wire carrying current and solenoid.
UNIT-Il
Electromagnetic Induction
Laws of Induction, Faraday‘s laws and Lanz‘s Law. Mutual and Self
Induction, Vector potential in varying Magnetic field, Induction of current in
continuous media, Skin effect, Motion of electron in changing magnetic field
, Betatron , Magnetic energy in field, Induced magnetic field (Time varying
electric field), Displacement current, Maxwell‘s equations, Theory and
working of moving coil ballistic galvanometer.
UNIT-III
Dielectrics
Dielectric constant, polarization, Electronic polarization, Atomic or ionic
Polarization Polarization charges, Electrostatic equation with dielectrics,
Field, force and energy in Dielectrics.
Magnetic Properties of Matter
Intensity of magnetization and magnetic susceptibility, Properties of Dia,
Para and Ferromagnetic materials, Curie temperature, Hysteresis and its
experimental determination.
UNIT -IV
Electromagnetic Waves
The wave‘, equation satisfied .by E and B, plane electromagnetic waves in
vacuum, Poynting‘s vector, reflection at, a plane boundary of dielectrics,
polarization by reflection and total internal reflection, Faraday effect; waves
in a conducting medium, reflection and refraction by the ionosphere
Text and Reference Books
1-Berkeley Physics Course; Electricity and Magnetism, Ed. E.M. Purcell (Mc
GrawHill).
2-Halliday and Resnik; ―Physics‖, Vol 2.
3-D J Griffith; ―Introduction to Electrodynamics‖ (Prentice-Hall of India).
4-Reitz and Milford; ―Electricity and Magnetism (Addison-Wesley).
5-A S Mahajan and A A Rangwala; ―Electricity and Magnetism‖ (Tata
McGraw-Hill).
6-A M Portis; ―Electromagnetic Fields‖.
7-Pugh and Pugh; ―Principles of Electricity and Magnetism‖ (Addison-Welsley).
8-Panofsky and Phillips; ―Classical Electricity and Magnetism‖ (India Book House).
9-S S Atwood; ―Electricity and Magnetism‖ (Dover).
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PART III - ELEMENTS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS, ATOMIC
AND MOLECULAR SPECTRA
UNIT-I
Matter Waves
Inadequacies of classical mechanics, Photoelectric phenomenon, Compton
effect, wave particle duality, de- Broglie matter waves and their experimental
verification, Heisenberg‘s Uncertainty principle, Complementary principle,
Principle of superposition, Motion of wave packets.
UNIT –II
UNIT – III
Atomic spectra
Spectra of hydrogen, deuteron and alkali atoms, spectral terms, doublet fine
structure, screening constants for alkali spectra for s, p. d, and f states, selection
rules. Singlet and triplet fine structure in alkaline earth spectra, L-S and J-J
couplings. Weak spectra: continuous X-ray spectrum and its dependence on
voltage, Duane and Haunt‘s law. Characteristics X-rays, Moseley‘s law, doublet
structure and screening parameters in X-ray spectra, X-ray absorption spectra.
UNIT –IV
Molecular spectra
Discrete set of electronic energies of molecules, quantisation of vibrational and
rotational energies, determination of internuclear distance, pure rotation and
rotation-vibration spectra, Dissociation limit for the ground and other electronic
states, transition rules for pure vibration and electronic vibration spectra.
Text and Reference Books
1-H S Mani and G K Mehta; ―Introduction to Modern Physics‖ (Affiliated
East-West Press 1989).
2-A Beiser, ―Perspectives of Modern Physics‖.
3-H E White; ―Introduction to Atomic Physics‖.
4-Barrow; ―Introduction to Molecular Physics‖.
5-R P Feymann, R B Leighton and M Sands; ―The Feyrnann Lectures on
Physics, Vol. III (B I Publications. Bombay. Delhi, Calcutta, Madras).
6-T A Littlefield and N Thorley; ―Atomic and Nuclear Physics‖ (Engineering
Language Book Society).
7-Eisenberg and Resnik; ―Quantum Physics of Atoms, ‗Molecules, Solids,
Nuclei and Particles‖ (John Wiley).
8-D P Khandelwal: ―Optics and Atomic Physics‖, (Himalaya Publishing
House,Bombay, 1988).
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PRACTICALS
Every institution may add any experiment of the standard in the subject.
Physical optics
1. Study of interference of light (biprism or wedge film).
2. Study of F-P etalon fringes.
3. Study of diffraction at a straight edge or a single slit.
4. Use of diffraction grating and its resolving limit.
5. Resolving limit of a telescope system.
6. Polarization of light by reflection.
7. Study of optical rotation for any system.
Electrostatics
1. Characteristics of a ballistic galvanometer.
2. Setting up and using an electroscope or
electrometer. Moving charges and magnetostatics
1. Use of a vibration magnetometer to study a field.
2. Study of field due to a current.
3. Measurement of low resistance by Carey-Foster bridge or otherwise.
4. Measurement of inductance using impedance at different frequencies.
5. Measurement of capacitance using impedance at different frequencies.
6. Study of decay of currents in LR and RC circuits.
7. Response curve for LCR circuit and resonance frequency and
quality factor. Varying fields and electromagnetic theory
1. Sensitivity of a cathode-ray oscilloscope.
2. Characteristic of a choke.
3. Measurement of inductance.
4. Study of Lorentz force.
5. Study of discrete and continuous LC
transmission lines. Atomic Physics
1. Study of spectra of hydrogen and deuterium (Rydberg constant and
ratio of masses of electron to proton).
2. Absorption spectrum of iodine vapour.
3. Study of alkali or alkaline earth spectra using a concave grating.
4. Study of Zeeman Effect for determination of Lande g-factor.
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JANNAYAK CHANDRASHEKHAR UNIVERSITY, BALLIA
Three Years Degree Course Syllabus for
PHYSICS
Max. Marks
PAPER I RELATIVITY AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS 65
PAPER II SOLID STATE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS 70
PAPER III SOLID STATE ELECTRONICS 65
PRACTICAL TWO PRACTICALS* : 50 Marks each 100
TOTAL 300
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PAPER I - RELATIVITY AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS
UNIT-I
Relativity
Reference systems, inertial frames, Galilean invariance and conservation
laws, propagation of light, Michelson-Morley experiment; search for ether.
UNIT -II
Statistical physics
The statistical basis of thermodynamics: Probability and thermodynamic
probability, principle of equal a prior probabilities, probability distribution and its
narrowing with increase in number of particles. . The expressions for average
properties. Constraints; accessible and inaccessible states, distribution of
particles with a given total energy into a discrete set of energy states.
UNIT – III
Some universal laws: The ji- space representation, division of i- space into
energy sheets and into phase cells of arbitrary size, applications to one-
dimensional harmonic oscillator and free particles. Equilibrium before two
systems in thermal contact, bridge with macroscopic physics. Probability and
entropy, Boltzmann entropy relation. Statistical interpretation of second law
of thermodynamics. Boltzmann canonical distribution law and its
applications; rigorous form of equipartition of energy.
UNIT –IV
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PAPER II- SOLID STATE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
UNIT-I
Crystal Structure
Lattice translation vectors and lattice, Symmetry operations, Basis and
Crystal structure, Primitive Lattice cell, Two-dimensional lattice types,
systems, Number of lattices, Point groups and plane groups, Three
dimensional lattice types, Systems, Number of Lattices, Points groups and
space groups. Index system for crystal planes Miller indices, Simple crystal
structures, NaCI, hcp, diamond, Cubic ZnS; and hexagonal , Occurrence of
Nonideal crysal structures, random stacking of polyprism, glasses.
Crystal Diffraction and Reciprocal Lattice
Incident beam, Bragg law, Experimental diffraction method, Laue method,
Rotating crystal method, Powder method, Derivation of scattered ‗wave
amplitude, Fourier analysis, Reciprocal lattice vectors, Diffraction conditions,
Ewald method, Brillion zones, Reciprocal lattice to sc, bcc and face lattices ,
Fourier analysis of the basis and atomic form factor.
UNIT -II
Crystal Bindings
Crystal of inert gases, Van der Walls-London interaction, repulsive
interaction, Equilibrium lattice constants, Cohesive energy, compressibility
and bulk modulus, ionic crystal, Madelung energy, evaluation of Madelung
constant, Covalent crystals, Hydrogen-bonded crystals, Atomic radii.
Lattice Vibrations
Lattice Heat capacity, Einstein model, Vibrations of monatomic lattice, derivation of
dispersion relation, First brillouin zone, group velocity, continuum limit, Force
constants, Lattice with two atoms per primitive cell, derivation of dispersion relation,
Acoustic and optical modes, Phonon momentum. Free electron theory, Fermi
energy, density of states, Heat capacity of electron gas, Paramagnetic susceptibility
of conduction electrons, Hall effect in metals. Origin of band theory, Qualitative idea
of Bloch theorem, Kronig-Penney model, Number of orbitals in a band, conductor,
Semi-conductor and insulators, Effective mass, Concept of holes.
UNIT - III
Nuclear Physics
1. General Properties of Nucleus:
Brief survey of general Properties of the Nucleus, Mass defect and
binding energy, charges, Size, Spin and Magnetic moment,
Bainbridge mass spectrograph.
2. Nuclear Forces:
Saturation phenomena and Exchange forces, Deutron ground state properties.
3. Nuclear Models:
Liquid drop model and Bethe Weiszacker mass formula, Single
particle shell model (only the level scheme in the context of
reproduction of magic numbers).
4 Natural Radioactivity:
Fundamental laws of radioactivity, Soddy-Faj an‘s displacement law and
law of radioactive disintegration, Basic ideas about α, β and ϒ decay.
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UNIT-IV
1. Nuclear Reactions:
Nuclear reactions and their conservation laws, Cross section of nuclear
reactions, Theory of fission (Qualitative), Nuclear reactors and Nuclear fusion.
2. Accelerators and detectors:
Vande Graff, Cyclotron and Synchrotron, Interaction of charged
particles and gamma rays with matter (qualitative), GM counter,
Scintillation counter and neutron detectors.
3. Elementary Particles:
Basic classification based on rest mass, Spin and half life, particle
interactions (gravitational, Electromagnetic, week and strong Interactions).
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PAPER III - SOLID STATE ELECTRONICS
UNIT-I
Diffusion of minority carriers in semiconductor, work function in metals and
semiconductors Junctions between metal and semiconductors,
Semiconductor and semiconductor, p.n. Junction, Depletion layer, Junction
Potential Width of depletion layer, Field and Capacitance of depletion layer,
Forward A.C. and D.C. resistance of junction, Reverse Breakdown.
Zener and Avalanche diodes, Tunnel diodes, Point contact diode, their
importance at High frequencies, LED photodiodes, Effect of temperature on
Junction diode, Thermistors.
UNIT -II
Transistor parameters, base width modulation, transit time and life-time of
minority carriers, Base- Emitter resistance Collector conductance, Base
spreading resistance, Diffusion capacitance, Reverse feedback ratio,
Equivalent circuit for transistors, Basic model, hybrid model and Y parameter
equivalent circuit, Input and output impedances.
UNIT III
Current and Voltage gain, Biasing formulae for transistors, Base bias, emitter bias and
mixed type bias and mixed type biasing for small and large signal operation. Transistor
circuit application at law frequencies, their AC and DC equivalent for three different
modes of operation, Large signal operation of transistors, Transistor Power amplifiers,
Class A and B operation, Maximum power output Effect of temperature, heat sinks,
thermal resistance Distortion in amplifiers, cascading of stages, Frequency response,
Negative and positive feedback in transistor amplifiers.
UNIT -IV
Field effect transistors(JFET &MOSFET) and their characteristics, biasing of
FET and use in amplifiers ,UJT,SCR(Silicon controlled rectifiers and their uses .
Basic Idea about integrated circuits, photodiodes, phototransistors, Solar Cells.
PRACTICAL
NOTE:
This is a suggested list. Every institution may add any experiment of same
standard in the same subject area.
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Statistical Physics
1. Data from n-option systems of several relative weights to be
examined and interpreted.
2. Plotting F-D distribution in the neighborhood of Fermi energy for
different temperature values.
3. Solar wind as a thermal expansion of solar corona at one million Kelvin.
4. Study of dilute gas for experimental verification of Maxwell-Boltzmann
statistics.
5. Number of microscopic states of perfect gas (Gibbs-paradox).
Section A: One compulsory question with four parts. One part (numerical or
short answer type) from each unit.
Section B: Two questions (long answer or numerical type) from each unit but
only one question from each unit is to be attempted.
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