Lecture 3: Design II

Asghar Aryanfar∗†

† American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Lebanon 1107

February 4, 2021

Ch. 4: Deflection and Stiffness

F = kδ

Tension/ compression:
E : Elastic modulus
∗
Corresponding author, Email: [email protected]

Figure 1: Stiffness(es)

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 (a) Tension/compression (b) Torsion (c) Angle definition/Shear

Figure 2: Deflections


σ = Eε






F σ FL



σ = → δ = εL = L =

 A E EA
δ



ε =



L
FL
δ=
AE
equivalent stiffness:

AE
k=
L

Torsion:
G : Shear modulus

τ = Gγ







 Tr Lγ Lτ TL
τ = →θ= = =





J r Gr GJ
δ = rθ = Lγ



TL
θ=
GJ
equivalent stiffness:

GJ
k=
L

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 Figure 3: Bending

Bending:

1 M
κ= =
R EI
if the beam has (x, y) locations such that: y = f (x) therefore:

d2 y
dx 2 d2 y
κ=  !2  32
≈ 2
dy  dx
1 +
dx
finally:

d2 y M
=
dx2 EI
Example 1:
What is the maximum deflection ymax of the beam for a bar with uniform load
of w :

X
Fy = 0

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 (a) Example 1 (b) Example 2

wL
R1 = R2 =
2

wL wx2
M (x) = x−
2 2

d2 y wx2 
 
1 wL
=  x−
dx2 EI 2 2
taking integral:

wL 2 wx3 
 
dy 1
=  x − + C1
dx EI 4 6
another integral:

wL 3 wx4 
 
1
y=  x − + C1 x + C2
EI 12 24
Boundary conditions:

y(0) = 0

0 = C2 → C2 = 0

4
 y(L) = 0

1 wL4 wL3
0= + C1 L → C1 = −
EI 24 24EI
ultimately:

1  wL 3 wx4  wL3
 

y= x − − x
EI 12 24 24EI
w  L3 x 4
 
x
= − + Lx3 − 
12EI 2 2

dy L
for maximum deflection: =0→x=
dx 2
therefore:

L −5 wL4
y( ) =
2 384 EI
Example 2:
Find the maximum deflection ymax =? in the cantilever beam shown:

X
Fy = 0

R1 = F

X
MA = 0

M1 = F L

M (x) = F x − F L
= F (x − L)

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 d2 y 1
= F (x − L)
dx2 EI
integrate once:

x2
 
dy F
=  − Lx + C1
dx EI 2
integrate one more time:

x3 L 2 
 
F
y=  − x + C1 x + C2
EI 6 2
boundary conditions:

y(0) = 0





 
dy






 =0
 dx 


x=0

y 0 (0) = C1 = 0

y(0) = C2 = 0

finally:

x3 L 2 
 
F
y=  − x
EI 6 2

F L3
ymax = y(L) = −
3EI
Practice: Example 4-7.
Superposition:

In elastic regime, if few forces act on the system the final effect is the sum of
individual effects.

y1 = y2 + y3

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 Figure 4: Superposition

Example 3:
Example 4-6: Find the deflection y(x) in the span of the beam specified:

X
MA = 0

wa2 wa2
R2 l = → R2 =
2 2l

wa2
→ R1 = wa −
2l !
a
= wa 1 −
2l

a wx2 w
!
M (x) = wa 1 − x− + < x − a >2
2l 2 2

d2 y wx2 w
 
1  a
!

2
= wa 1 − x − + < x − a >2 
dx EI 2l 2 2
integrate once:

a x2 wx3 w
 
dy 1 
!
= wa 1 − − + < x − a >3  + C1
dx EI 2l 2 6 6
one more integral:

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 Figure 5: Example 3

a x3 wx4
 
1  w
!
y(x) = wa 1 − − + < x − a >4  + C1 x + C2
EI 2l 6 24 24

Boundary conditions:

y(0) = y(L) = 0

y(0) = C2 = 0

a L3 wL4
 
1  w
!
y(L) = wa 1 − − + (L − a)4  + C1 L = 0
EI 2l 6 24 24

a L2 wL3
 
−1  w
!
C1 = wa 1 − − + (L − a)4 
EI 2l 6 24 24L

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 (a) Example 1 (b) Example 1 (cont’d)

a x3 wx4
 
1  w
!
y(x) = wa 1 − − + < x − a >4 
EI 2l 6 24 24
! 2
wL3
 
1  a L w 4
− wa 1 − − + (L − a) x
EI 2l 6 24 24L
(L − a)4 
  
w  a
!
3 2 4 3 4
   
= 4a 1 − x −L x − x −L x + <x−a> −
 x
24EI 2l L

Indeterminate Problems:
Example 1: Find the reactions on the both walls?

X
Fx = 0

A+B =F

δ1 = δ2

or

δB = 0

Fa BL
δ1 = = δ2 =
AE AE

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 a
⇒B= F
L

A=F −B
a
=F− F
L!
a
= 1− F
L

Example 2:
Find the reactions and deflection in the middle for the beam shown:

X
Fy = 0

X
Mo = 0

take CW positive:

Oy − F + By = 0



−M + F L2 − By L = 0


o

until here 2 Eqns and 3 unknowns.

F L3 3F L2 L −11F L3
y(L) = − − =
24EI 8EI 2 48EI
The second beam:

By L3
y(L) =
3EI
and the reality is that:

y(L) = 0

11F L3 By L3
y1 (L) + y2 (L) = − + =0
48EI 3EI
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 Figure 6: Example 2

11
→ By = F
16

5
→ Oy = F
16

F L 11
→ Mo = − FL
2 16
−3
= FL
16

Practice: find the deflection.

• Hovsep Touloujian

• Maurice Waked

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