3.5.3 Practice
3.5.3 Practice
7DEOHRI&RPPRQ7UDQVIRUPDWLRQV
7KHUHDUHPDQ\W\SHVRIDVVRFLDWLRQVWKDW\RXPD\HQFRXQWHU7KLVWDEOHOLVWVWKHPRVW
FRPPRQDQGVXPPDUL]HVWKHZD\HDFKLVWUDQVIRUPHG:DUQLQJ7KLVLVE\QRPHDQVD
FRPSOHWHOLVWRIHYHU\SRVVLEOHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ
$SSHDUDQFHRI3ORW
3RVVLEOH$VVRFLDWLRQ 7\SHRI7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ
([SRQHQWLDO
7DNHWKHORJQDWXUDORU
*HQHUDODOJHEUDHTXDWLRQ EDVHRIWKHGHSHQGHQW
\ = D × H[ \YDULDEOH
7DNHWKHORJRIWKH
/RJDULWKPLF LQGHSHQGHQW[YDULDEOH
*HQHUDODOJHEUDHTXDWLRQ
\ = OQ [
7DNHWKHVTXDUHURRWRIWKH
4XDGUDWLF
GHSHQGHQW\YDULDEOH
*HQHUDODOJHEUDHTXDWLRQ
\ = D[ + E[ + F
7DNHWKHORJRIERWK
3RZHU
YDULDEOHV
*HQHUDODOJHEUDHTXDWLRQ
\ = D × [E
3DUWLWLRQGDWDZKHUHWKH
&RPSOH[ SORWFKDQJHV7UHDWHDFK
0RUHWKDQRQHW\SHRIFXUYH SDUWDVDVHSDUDWH
SXWWRJHWKHU(TXDWLRQVIRU DVVRFLDWLRQ
GLIIHUHQWVHFWLRQVPD\YDU\
1RWHWKDWWKHVHWKUHHDVVRFLDWLRQVKDYHJUDSKVWKDWDUHYHU\VLPLODU7KHFRQWH[WRI\RXU
GDWDPD\JLYH\RXDKLQWDERXWWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQWRWU\ILUVW<RXPD\QHHGWRWU\PRUH
WKDQRQHWRILQGWKHEHVWWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ
AP Statistics
Practice: Transformations to Achieve Linearity
*HQHUDO3URFHGXUHIRU7UDQVIRUPLQJ'DWD
<RXPXVWDOZD\VVWDUWE\ORRNLQJDWDVFDWWHUSORWRI\RXURULJLQDOGDWDDQGH[DPLQLQJWKH
SDWWHUQ$UHWKHUHRXWOLHUVRULQIOXHQWLDOSRLQWV":KDWLVWKHVKDSHRIWKHFXUYH"7KHVKDSH
LVDJXLGHWRFKRRVLQJDOLNHO\WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ,IWKHSRLQWVVHHPWROLHLQDVWUDLJKWOLQH\RX
PD\QRWQHHGWRWUDQVIRUPWKHGDWDDWDOO\RXPD\KDYHDOLQHDUUHODWLRQVKLS
,IWKHH[SODQDWRU\YDULDEOHLQYROYHVWLPHSDUWLFXODUO\LQ\HDUV\RXPD\ZDQWWRFKDQJHWKH
YDULDEOHWRDIRUPHDVLHUWRZRUNZLWK)RUH[DPSOHLI\RXZHUHVWXG\LQJWKH86
SRSXODWLRQGXULQJWKH¶VORRNLQJIRUWKHHIIHFWRIWKH&LYLO:DU\RXPLJKWSLFNWR
EH³]HUR´7KHQILJXUH\RXUH[SODQDWRU\YDULDEOHLQWHUPVRI\HDUVHODSVHGVLQFH
EHFRPHV
5HPHPEHUWR%DFN7UDQVIRUP:KHQ\RX3UHGLFW\9DOXHV
5HPHPEHUWKDWZKHWKHU\RXZRUNZLWK\RXUFDOFXODWRURUDVSUHDGVKHHW\RX
OOKDYHUHVXOWV
Ö $QGHLWKHUYDULDEOH
H[SUHVVHGVLPSO\LQ[DQG\7KHFRUUHFWYDULDEOHIRUSUHGLFWLRQLV \
PD\DFWXDOO\EHWUDQVIRUPHGOQH[SRQHQWLDOVTXDUHVTXDUHURRWDQGVRRQ
7KLQJVWR$YRLG
,I\RXUWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLQYROYHVWDNLQJDORJDULWKPUHPHPEHUWKDWORJDULWKPVDUHXQGHILQHG
IRU]HURDQGQHJDWLYHQXPEHUV
4XHVWLRQVWKURXJKZRUNZLWKWKHOHQJWKRIWKHVLGHUHDO\HDUYVGLVWDQFHIURPWKHVXQ
7KHWDEOHRIGDWDLVVKRZQEHORZ
3ODQHW 'LVWDQFHIURP6XQ <HDUVDVD OQ'LVW OQ<HDU
LQPLOOLRQVRI IUDFWLRQRI(DUWK
PLOHV \HDUV
0HUFXU\
9HQXV
(DUWK
0DUV
-XSLWHU
6DWXUQ
8UDQXV
1HSWXQH
3OXWR
Enter the original data in L1 and L2 (that is, the Distance from the Sun and Years). Make
L3 = ln(L1) and L4 = ln(L2). Verify that this matches the columns given above. Don’t
worry about the small discrepancies you may find due to rounding and the number of decimal
places shown on your calculator. If your results differ from the values above, double-check your
original entries!
AP Statistics
Practice: Transformations to Achieve Linearity
)LQDOO\VXPPDUL]HLQSODLQ(QJOLVKZKDW\RX
YHGRQHLQTXHVWLRQV
SRLQWV
7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQV\RX
UHVWXG\LQJLVWRILQGDVLPSOHPRGHOWRGHVFULEH
WKHUHODWLRQVKLSLQDGDWDVHW7KHPRGHOFDQEHXVHGWRSUHGLFWDUHVSRQVHYDOXHFDOOHG
LQWHUSRODWLRQIRUYDOXHVZLWKLQWKHUDQJHRIWKHGDWDVHWDQGH[WUDSRODWLRQIRUYDOXHV
RXWVLGHWKHUDQJHRIWKHGDWDVHW5HFDOOWKDWH[WUDSRODWLRQLVXVXDOO\QRWDYDOLGZD\WR
SUHGLFW\YDOXHV
$ZHOONQRZQIHDWXUHRIRXUVRODUV\VWHPLVWKHDVWHURLGEHOWEHWZHHQ0DUVDQG
-XSLWHU2QHWKHRU\DERXWWKHDVWHURLGEHOWLVWKDWLW
VPDGHRISULPRUGLDO
PDWHULDOWKDWZDVSUHYHQWHGIURPIRUPLQJDQRWKHUSODQHWE\WKHJUDYLWDWLRQDO
SXOORI-XSLWHUZKHQWKHVRODUV\VWHPZDVIRUPHG2QHRIWKHODUJHVWDVWHURLGV
LV*DVSUD,WVGLVWDQFHIURPWKH6XQLVPLOOLRQPLOHV8VH\RXUOLQHDU
UHJUHVVLRQHTXDWLRQWRLQWHUSRODWHWKHOHQJWKRILWVVLGHUHDO\HDUSRLQW
5HPHPEHUWKDW\RXQHHGWRWDNHWKHQDWXUDOORJRI'LVWDQFHEHIRUH\RXSOXJLWLQDQG
WKDW\RXUILUVWUHVXOWZLOOEHWKHQDWXUDOORJRI<HDU6KRZ\RXUZRUN
)LQDOO\FDOFXODWHWKHOHQJWKRIWKH\HDUIRU*DVSUDIURPWKHSRZHUIXQFWLRQ
\RXGHYHORSHGLQ4XHVWLRQ6KRZDOO\RXUZRUNSRLQW
1RWH7KHRUHWLFDOO\WKHDQVZHUVIURPDQGVKRXOGEHWKHVDPHEXWWKH\
OOSUREDEO\
FRPHRXWGLIIHUHQWO\GXHWRURXQGLQJEHWZHHQVWHSV7KHPRUHGLJLWV\RXFDUU\
WKURXJKRXWWKHFDOFXODWLRQVWKHFORVHUWKHWZRDQVZHUVZLOOEH
AP Statistics
Practice: Transformations to Achieve Linearity
4XHVWLRQVWKURXJKLQYROYHWKHIROORZLQJGDWDVHW
,QFUHDVHLQ/LIH([SHFWDQF\LQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV
GXULQJWKHWK&HQWXU\
([SHFWHG ([SHFWHG
<HDU /LIH6SDQ <HDU /LIH6SDQ
6RXUFH1DWLRQDO&HQWHUIRU+HDOWK6WDWLVWLFVSXEOLVKHG
LQWKH:RUOG$OPDQDF
0DNHDVFDWWHUSORWRIWKHXQWUDQVIRUPHGGDWDDQGWHOOZKLFKNLQGRI
UHODWLRQVKLSWKHSRLQWVVHHPWRIROORZ$OVRQDPHWKHEHVWW\SHRI
WUDQVIRUPDWLRQQHHGHGWR³VWUDLJKWHQ´WKHSORWSRLQWV
1RWH3DUWRIWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVKRXOGLQYROYHVXEWUDFWLQJIURPWKH\HDUVR
\RX
UHZRUNLQJZLWKPRUHPDQDJHDEOHQXPEHUV
1RZWU\VRPHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVWRJHWWKHGDWDDVFORVHWROLQHDUDVSRVVLEOH
8VH\RXUFDOFXODWRUWRWUDQVIRUPWKHGDWDDQGWU\VFDWWHUSORWVRIWKHGLIIHUHQW
WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV7KHQILQGWKHUHJUHVVLRQOLQHUDQGUSRLQWV
7HOOZKLFKWUDQVIRUPDWLRQZRUNHGWKHEHVWDQGEDFNLWXSE\VKRZLQJ
• $VFDWWHUSORWRIWKHWUDQVIRUPHGGDWDZLWKWKHOHDVWVTXDUHVUHJUHVVLRQHTXDWLRQDQG
OLQHUDQGUVTXDUHG
• $SORWRIWKHRULJLQDOGDWDZLWKWKHUHJUHVVLRQHTXDWLRQFRQYHUWHGWRDQRQOLQHDU
HTXDWLRQVLPLODUWRZKDW\RXGLGIRUTXHVWLRQ
<RX
OOJHWDFKDQFHWRGRDUHVLGXDOSORWLQWKHQH[WTXHVWLRQ
+HUHDUHVRPHKLQWV
• /RRNDWWKHFXUYHDQGWKLQNDERXWZKDWNLQGRIUHODWLRQVKLSHTXDWLRQFRXOGKDYH
PDGHVXFKDFXUYHWKLVLVZKDW\RXDOUHDG\GLGLQTXHVWLRQ
• 7KHQWU\WKHNLQGRIWUDQVIRUPDWLRQWKDWVKRXOGZRUNIRUWKDWNLQGRIFXUYH6HHWKH
6XPPDU\RI&RPPRQ7UDQVIRUPDWLRQVDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKLVGRFXPHQW,I\RXUILUVW
JXHVVGRHVQ
WZRUNWU\RWKHUV
• 0RUHWKDQRQHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQZLOO\LHOGDJRRGPRGHOFKRRVHWKHRQHZLWKWKH
VWURQJHVWYDOXHRIU
• ,I\RXUWUDQVIRUPDWLRQWKHRQHWKDWVHHPVWRZRUNWKHEHVWGRHVQ
WPDWFK\RXU
DQVZHUIRUTXHVWLRQ\RXPD\ZDQWWRUHYLVH\RXUDQVZHUIRUTXHVWLRQ
AP Statistics
Practice: Transformations to Achieve Linearity
7\SHRIWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ
/LQHDUUHJUHVVLRQHTXDWLRQIRUWUDQVIRUPHGGDWD
UDQGU
6FDWWHUSORWRIWKHWUDQVIRUPHGGDWDZLWKWKHOHDVWVTXDUHVUHJUHVVLRQHTXDWLRQ
DQGOLQHUDQGU
3ORWRIWKHRULJLQDOGDWDZLWKWKHUHJUHVVLRQHTXDWLRQFRQYHUWHGWRDQRQOLQHDU
HTXDWLRQVLPLODUWRZKDW\RXGLGIRUTXHVWLRQ
8VLQJWKHWUDQVIRUPHGGDWDDQGWKHUHJUHVVLRQHTXDWLRQIRULWFUHDWHDSORWRI
UHVLGXDOVYV[YDOXHV6NHWFKWKHSORWDQGLQWHUSUHWLWSRLQWV
7KHGDWDEHORZUHSUHVHQWV0HGLFDUHH[SHQGLWXUHVIURPWRLQELOOLRQVRI
GROODUVSRLQWV
<HDU 0HGLFDUH
([SHQGLWXUHV
ELOOLRQVRIGROODUV
)RUWKLVGDWDVHWXVH\RXUTI-83/TI-84 to:
$ &UHDWHDVFDWWHUSORWRIWKHGDWD
% $VVXPHWKDWWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRIWKLVGDWDLVH[SRQHQWLDO7UDQVIRUPWKHGDWD
ILQGWKHUHJUHVVLRQHTXDWLRQUDQGU%DVHGRQO\RQWKHYDOXHRIUZRXOG\RX
FRQVLGHUWKLVDJRRGPRGHOIRUH[WUDSRODWLQJLQFUHDVHVLQ0HGLFDUHVSHQGLQJ"
& &UHDWHDUHVLGXDOSORWRIWKHWUDQVIRUPHGGDWD'RHVWKHUHVLGXDOSORWFKDQJH
\RXUPLQGDERXWWKHXVHIXOQHVVRIWKLVPRGHOWRH[WUDSRODWHLQFUHDVHVLQ
0HGLFDUHVSHQGLQJ"1RWH5HPHPEHUWKDWPDQ\WUHQGVGRQ
WKDYHDSHUIHFW
PDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOWRSUHGLFWWKHPEHFDXVHWKHUHDUHWRRPDQ\FRPSOLFDWLQJIDFWRUVWR
\LHOGDFRQVLVWHQWFXUYH6RPHWLPHVLQFDVHVOLNHWKHVHDURXJKPRGHOZLOOZRUNDVD
URXJKHVWLPDWRUZKHQXVHGZLWKDSSURSULDWHFDXWLRQ