REPORT WRITING

 Report Writing-

Report writing: is an essential skill for researchers;

#the report requires:

1. clarity of language,
2. a logical presentation of facts,
3. use of easily understood tables and charts,
4. and an orderly arrangement of the report as a whole.

# Title Fly

Report title : states the purpose of the report . consist of a challenging statement or question,

#Title and Cover Page -Title or cover page: this includes the followings:

1-report title

2-student's name,

3-the module name,

4-the supervisor's name,

5-the institution,

6-the academic year, etc.

#Letter of Transmittal-

*A transmittal or cover letter accompanies a larger item, usually a document. The transmittal letter
provides the recipient with a specific context in which to place the larger document and simultaneously
gives the sender a permanent record of having sent the material.

* Transmittal letters are usually brief. The first paragraph describes what is being sent and the purpose
for sending it. A longer transmittal letter may summarize key elements of the proposal in one or two
sentences and provide the recipient with other useful information.

* End transmittal letters with a one-sentence paragraph that establishes goodwill by thanking or
complimenting the recipient.

#Acknowledgements-

This is a short paragraph thanking any person or organization which gave help in collecting data or
preparing the report, including local institutional help and funding agencies. It is good practice to thank
those who supported technically or financially in the design and implementation of the study.
Acknowledgements are usually placed right after the title page or at the end of the report, before the
references.

#Table of contents-

(if the report is longer than 10 pages)

1. It is an essential List of headings given to each section of the report, together with its page
number.
2. Begin numbering the pages at the introduction.
3. Anything before the introduction is given a Roman numeral.
4. It provides the reader a quick overview of the major sections of report, with page references.
5. Tables, Charts and Figures will carry page numbers too.

#Abstract / Executive Summary-

1. It is a summary of the report, in which few sentence for the main section are included.
2. It follows the title page;
3. it is formatted as one paragraph.
4. Use complete sentences; be concise, but not telegraphic.
5. It should not be just a list of the headings.
6. It helps the reader to make a decision, but not to substitute reading the whole article.

*Abstract contains-

1- Very brief description of the problem (WHAT has been studied)

2- brief description of the quality of the literature.

3- the main objectives (WHY this study was needed)

4- the place of study (WHERE)

5- the type of study and methods used; subjects, apparatus and procedure used (HOW)

6- major findings and conclusions

7- the major recommendations.

• It is about 250 words.

#Chapter 1: Introduction

##Background of the Study

 is extremely important brief description of the research question, topic, focus and the method
of its investigation.
 It should contain some relevant background data related to the problem, and then the
statement of the problem should follow.
  It should contain a paragraph on what researcher hoped to achieve with the results of the study.

**It serves to justify the study,

*it is first opportunity to highlight importance of the work.

*Introduction establishes the need for research within the current knowledge of the discipline, clarifying
how this work will contribute to knowledge in the field.

*some relevant Background data about the country (environmental / administrative/ economic/ social),
the health status of the population and health service data, related to problem under study. Link
between the past and present.

**Aims of the project,

*5-Brief description of the methodology: This discusses why the particular approach taken in the
research has been chosen.

*It moves from general information providing background about the research field to specific
information about the research itself.

*Although review the literature in a separate chapter still, present them in the introduction.

#Statement of the Research Problem

 Statement of the problem clearly identified in nature and scope in the first paragraph or the
gaps in the previous research, the unresolved conflicts in the field that still require investigation,
new developments that are required by the current state of knowledge in your field.

#Objectives

 The general and specific objectives should be included as stated in the proposal.
 If necessary, adjust them slightly, but not to change their basic nature.
 They determine the methodology and how to structure the reporting of the findings.
 If some of the objectives are not met, this should be stated in the methodology section and in
the discussion of the findings.

#Rationale of the Study

 It define that how this research can help future researchers.

 How it can help further researches.
 How it can be secondary data for others.
 How it can help the society.

#Scope of the Study

 Advantages researcher has got at the time of doing the whole research.
 At the time of collecting data, gather information, analyze data and findings.
#Limitation of the Study

 Barriers have faced at the time of doing the research.

 Limitations have arisen at the time of collecting data and doing research.

#Chapter 2: Literature review

 What others have written about the topic.

 It should lead towards the research question.
 Review should be concerned with putting this study in the context of other work, and drawing
out aspects which this research should intend to explore further.
 Make sure that the necessary bibliographic and reference details are noted when first reading
the books especially page numbers for direct quotations.

#Chapter 3: Methodology

 It should be described in detail, to researcher to replicate it.

 It should include description of:
1- Study population, Study area
2-the study type
3-major study variables on which data was collected e
4-sampling method / sample size
5-data-collection techniques used, how the data was whom collected and by
6-procedures used for data analysis,

This section answers three fundamental questions: What is done? Why? How it is done?

 Sample, Sample Size : Ex: customers, students, professional, entrepreneurs, sales persons.
 Sampling method
 Data Collections: Primary and Secondary sources.
 Data Analysis: Different types of Analyses those are used to have the get the result.
 Research type: Quantitative or Qualitative.

# Chapter 4: Description

 Description about all the aspects and factors that researcher want to describe, include in the
report that how is everything going in the industry, section, department, organization, sector,
nation etc.
 No I, me, myself, we, ourselves, you yourself in whole report.
 Write - this research, this report, it, the reader.
 Most of the time explain by has, have, has been, have been.

#Chapter 5: Findings and Analyses

 Findings and Analyses can be separated in two parts.

 The systematic presentation of the findings in relation to the research objectives is the crucial
part of the report.
  Tables and figures should be titled, captioned and with foot notes.
 Major findings are essential and useful. If there is a reasonable number of interesting minor
findings, provide a footnote saying that information on these is available from the author.

# Tables, charts, & graphs are better for presenting findings than text.

 Do not construct tables unless there is reasonable amount of data to be presented.

 Be consistent in how to present the data and the labels.
 Text to briefly summarize a complex chart, table, or graph, can be used, but do not present the
same information various formats.
 If there is any sort of a trend, use a graph.

#If only numbers sit there, use a table.

 Charts & graphs should clarify & not complicate,

 they make the report more interesting and grab attention.
 But, they must be well-designed and informative.

#Chapter 6: Results and Discussions

*Results:

 Results are two types: major findings and minor findings;

 Result section is data oriented and does NOT include interpretation

#Discussion:

 Discuss the results in the context of previous research, and comment on the degree to
which current results match them.
 The findings can be discussed by objective or by cluster of related variables, which should
lead to conclusions possible recommendations for further research on the basis of the
evidence; to refine the findings.

#Briefly comment on deficiencies and relate those to suggestions for further research.

 Outline relation of the results to previously published work

 Identify problems encountered [how would be done better next time).

# The discussion may include findings from other related studies that support or contradict result;
whether there was general agreement, diverse opinion, no agreement, and no real findings in the
literature.

 It is important to discuss the limitations of study if didn't discuss before. In research better to
discuss later.
 Care should be taken not to introduce new findings, 1.6 findings that were not mentioned in the
result section.

#Chapter 7: Conclusion and Recommendation

*Conclusion
*This should sum up the main points of the report.

*It should follow logically from the discussion findings. *State them as clearly as possible.

*The conclusion should substantiate the points made in the report.

*Note that it is not the place to introduce new material.

#Summarize what have been achieved in terms of the research and its implications,

Critically evaluate the research:

A-what are its strengths and what are its weaknesses? B-What to do differently?

C-What have been learnt about the topic, about doing research?

 Recommendations:
 Should follow logically from the discussion of the findings. They are suggestions for
improvements or future actions, based on the conclusions that are drawn earlier.
 They may be summarized according to the groups O towards which they are directed.

# Chapter 8: Bibliography/ References

 It is the list all the publications either cited in the report or referred to during its composition.
 The references in the report can be numbered in the sequence in which they appear in the
report and then listed in this order in the list of references.

*Another possibility is using Harvard system of listing in brackets the author's name(s) in the report
followed by the date of the publication and page number.

Newey, L.R. and Zahra, S.A., 2009. "The evolving firm: How dynamic and operating capabilities interact
to enable entrepreneurship". British Journal of Management, v-20(2), pp. 3.

Shepherd, D.A., 2009. Grief recovery from the loss of a family business: A multi-and meso-level theory.
Journal of Business Venturing, v.24(1), pp.81-97.

 In the list of references, the publications are then arranged in alphabetical order by the principal
author's last name.

#Appendices:

 This contains material, referred to in the report, but could interrupt the flow, if it was included
in the main body of the report. It contains Information that would be useful to special categories
of readers but is not of interest to the average reader. Le. it contains any additional information
needed to enable professionals following the research procedures and data analysis. Number
each appendix clearly.

#Tables referred to in the text but not included in order to keep the report short;

 lists of hospitals, districts, villages etc. that participated in the study;

 Questionnaires or checklists used for data collection.
 A copy of 'ethics protocol'
#########################################