1889.] Mineralogy and Petrograpshy.

I55

of the teeth designated. In these the external crescents are

more compressed and less conical than the two species above
described, resembling more nearly those of the L. evansii.
The posterior has a weak vertical rib; the anterior a strong
one. The external singular cusps are thoroughly fused with
the external crescents, forming their anterior horns. The an-
terior horns of the internal crescents are a little more produced
than the posterior. No external or posterior cingulum; a
much interrupted anterior cingulum, which is continued round
the internal base of the anterior crescent, which is further con-
tinued on the anterior side of the internal base of the posterior
crescent. Enamel finely wrinkled. Diameters; anteroposter-
ior I4 mm.; transverse, at base, I5 mm.
Oreodontidce,an inferior first premolar.
Elotherium mortoni Leidy; 1. c.
Remarks.
The continued scarcity of Oreodontidae is matter of surprise.
Their place is supplied so far, by an increased number of
Tragulidae (four species). The presence of a genus of Lamb-
dotheriida~e Haplacodon, increases the impression of anti-
quity of the fauna produced by the presence of a Creodont
(Hemipsalodon.)

MINERALOGY AND PETROGRAPHY.1

PETROGRAPHICAL NEWS.-Interbedded with the Tertiary

schists of the western Cordilleras in Peru and Bolivia, are
andesites, which are divided by Rudolph2 into a western area of
pyroxene-andesites, an eastern area of horn blende-andesites
and a middle area of a variety intermediate between these two.
The structure of each class varies from those types in which
there is a devitrified glassy groundmass, to those in which the
groundmassis microcrystalline. The plagioclase is andesin that
has suffered alteration in the center because of the more basic
character of this portion. The pyroxene-andesitts contain aug-
ite twinned parallel to P;, and also an orthorombic pyroxene
with a cleavage parallel to oxPZ and a parting parallel to oP.
Both augites have in some cases undergone alteration into
bastite. By an increase in the amount of hornblende the
1 Edited by Dr. W. S. Bayley, Colby University, Waterville, Maine.
2 Miner. u. Petrog. Mitth. ix. p. 269.
I56 The American Naturalist. [March,

pyroxene variety passes over into the typical hornblende-

andesite through stages in which hornblende and pyroxene
are both present, the amount of the one increasing with dim-
inution in the amount of the other. The hornblende is often
surrounded by an opacitic rim in which are frequently numer-
ous little crystals of augite. Tridymite is both an original and
a secondary constituent in all varieties of the andesites, with the
exception of the dacites in the extreme eastern portion of the
area studied, where the silica is in the form of opal and porphy-
ritic quartzes. The biotite present in many specimens contains
apatite and rutile inclusions regularly arranged, the former
with their long axes perpendicular and parallel to thec axis of the
mica, and the latter cutting each other at angles of 6oQ. The
author describes the course of a silicification process which
has taken place in some of the rocks, and also the eutaxitic
structure noted in many of them.-Of the Andes mountains
in Colombia four distinct ranges are recognized, viz: the
Western, Central, Eastern and Coast Cordilleras. The struc-
ture and the rocks of the Central and Eastern ranges have
recently been studied by Hettner and Linck.1 In the former
granite, gneiss, crystalline schists, diabase, darites, andesites
and clay slates occur. The crystalline schists and the slates
are regarded as Archaean. In the Eastern range none of the
younger rocks were found, except a tuff composed of andesite
material. Among the older rocks found in this area may
be mentioned a quartzite and a felsophyre.-In a beauti-
fully illustrated paper on the rocks between the Province of
Minas Garaes and Sao Paulo, in Brazil, Machado2 describes the
gneisses and the sedimentary rocks of the region,-nepheline-.
syenite, quartz-augite-diorite and olivine-diabase. The last
mentioned rock occurs in dykeform and presents no unusual fea-
tures. The diorite forms a stock in the gneiss. It contains in ad-
dition to its essential constituents also hypersthene and scapolite.
The most interesting portion of the paper is that devoted to
the nepheline-syenites. These are pre-Devonian and form
the plateau of Povos de Caldas. Three types are distinguished
- a coarsely granular, a fine grained and a dense and porphy-
ritic type. They all contain the same components, viz:
orthoclase, nepheline, aegerine, biotite, sodalite and cancrinite
(as a decomposition product of nepheline), and grade over into
one another. Wollastonite, lovenite and epidote also occur
in some specimens as accessory constituents. Darker fine
1 Zeits. d. deutsch. geol. Gesell. XL. i888. p. 205.
2 Miner. n. Perog. Mitth. I.P. P38.
i889]. Mineralogy and Petrography. I57

grained varieties of the rock often appear as if included in

lighter colored coarser grained kinds, the color of the two rocks
depending upon the percentages of augite in them. The dense
varietiesoften show a fluidal structure in the arrangement of little
microlites of augite, and sometimes possess these in dendritic
groups. Rutile is noted as an alteration product of sphene,
and several unknown minerals are briefly described.-In an Eng-
lish summary at the end of his book' Reusch gives a description
of the remarkable geological region of Norway where erup-
tive, sedimentary, vein and dyke rocks have had developed in
them by the action of great pressure, a schistisity which was
attended by chemical change in the original constituents of
he rock masses. Through processes carefully described the
author shows that granite may originate from clastic rocks and
afterwards be intruded as an eruptive into other eruptive and
clastic rocks in the form of dykes. Gneiss veins are said to be
common in the region, and schistose gabbro, diabases and
other basic rocks occur in great quantity. The book contains
three colored maps and two hundred-and-five wood-cuts of
geological sections and sketches of thin section of rocks. From
his observations, Reusch draws some important conclusions
which will probably explain many of the difficulties
met with in solving the problems of the origin of crystalline
schists.-A hornblende-peridotite2 from a hill at the south
foot of Kilimandjaro in E. Africa is an allotriomorphic granu-
lar aggregate of grass-green hornblende, salmon colored hyper-
sthene and colorless olivine. The hornblende and olivine
include rows of opaque rod-like bodies. The hypersthene is
pleochroic as follows: a=salmon-red; b = pale yellow; c = sea-
green. Pleonast and magnetite are among the other constitu-
ents.-A few small isolated patches of a green rock occurring
just north of Aberdaron in North Wales, and colored as
serpentine on the survey maps of Wales are regarded by
Elsden3 as serpentinized diabases. Unaltered diabase's, horn-
blende-gabbros, and porphyrites from the same region are also
briefly described by the author.-Mr, Wethered4 has discovered
well outlined quartz crystals in the insoluble residues of the
Carboniferous limestones at Clifton, England, that have result-
ed by the enlargement of fragmental quartz grains by the
deposition of silica derived from organic sources.-In the
Bommeloen og Karmoen med. omgivelser geologisk beskrevne. Kristiania.
i888.
2 Hatch: Geol. Magazine, May, i888. p. 257.
3 Geol. Magazine, i888. p. 303
4Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. May, i888. p. i86.
I58 The American Naturalist. [March,

course of a paper on the Huronian rocks from Sudbury,

Canada, Bonney' describes altered feldspar fragments in a
conglomerate, that have given rise to flakes of mica and
interlocking grains of quartz. He points out that the same
change on a larger scale might produce a gneiss-a result
which has already been indicated by Van Hise.2-A rock
composed entirely of a mosaic of hornblende and biotite is
mentioned by Horton3 as having been collected at Dosky
Sound, New Zealand.-Jade has been found by Von Fellen-
berg4 on the contact between limestone and serpentine on the
Pizzo Lunghino, near the Maloja Pass in the Alps.

MINERALOGICAL NEWS.-In a Bulletin of the New York

State Museum5 F. L. Nason describes some fine crystals of
brown tourmaline from Newcomb, Essex Co., N. Y. of pyroxene
from Ticonderoga in the same county, and of some calcites col-
lected by the late Prof. E. Emmons at Rossie, St. Lawrence
Co. The brown tourmalines occur in Laurentian limestone,
and present in general the features of the well-known Gouver-
neur mineral. They are associated with graphite, apatite,
sphene, wernerite, quartz, zircon, muscovite, albite, tremolite,
pyroxene and pyrite. Some of the crystals are of large size
and others are so flawless as to have yielded fine gem material.
A characteristic grouping is that-jn which a number of paral-
lel growths are terminated at one end by a form common to
the entire group, while at the other end each individual has an
independent termination. Some of the spheres exhale a feted
odor when struck, and many of them include rutile needles with
a distinct crystalline form. Dipyr crystals of large size are
glassy or transparent and enclose crystals of sphene and
opaque acicular inclusions arranged with their long axis paral-
lel to the c axis of the dipyr. The calcite crystals from Rossie
are remarkable for the fact that they are all twins. The most
common twinning plane isOP. Twins parallel to oo P are also
quite frequent. Often trillings occur in which two of the crys-
tals are twinned according to one law, and are twinned with
reference to the third crystal in accordance with the second
law. One set of rhombohedral faces is smooth and glistening
while the second set is rough. The pyroxenes are from a vein
1ib. Feb. i888. P. 32.
2
Amer. Jour. Sci. xxxi. p. 453. AMERICAN NATURALIST, Aug. i886. p. 723.
e Quart.Jour. Geol. Soc. Nov. I888. P. 745.
4Neues Jahrbkffir. Min., etc., i889. I. p. I03.
5NO.4. Aug. i888. Albany.
1889.] Mineralogy and Petrography. 159

of calcite in gneiss, which vein has been worked for graphite.

These pyroxenes are sometimes eighteen inches in length and
thirty-six inches in circumference, and exhibit a parting paral-
lel to oP. The pyroxenes are thought to be older than the
calcite but younger than the quartz with which they are associ-
ated.-Interesting parallel growths of andalusite and sillimanite
are described and figured by Lacroix' from Ceylon and from a
metamorphic rock from Morlaix, Finistere, France. In the
former instance the two minerals are intergrown with their c
axes parallel, and in addition two other series of sillimanite
crystals cross the principal one at angles of 90Q and 450. The
same author finds that bamlite, monrolite, bucholzi/e, xenolite and
wdrthite are either merely peculiar forms of sillimanite or im-
pure varieties of this mineral.-Two barium feldspars from the
manganese mines of S6jgrufran, Grythyttan, Sweden have been
analyzed by Iglestr6m.2 The first is a red mineral and the
second is white and transparent. Both are insoluble in acids.
Their analyses yielded:
SiO2 A1203 FeO MnOBaO MgO CaO Na2O K20
Redfeldspar6I.90 I5.80 5.00 9.58 I .30 .40 6.02
Whitefeldspar 54.I5 29.60 1.26 I .5 2 I.00 12.47
According to Des Cloizeaux the white mineral has the op-
tical properties of albite.-The same mineralogist records the
analysis of a clear straw yellow pyrrhoarsenite3 from the same
mine. Its composition corresponds to the formula io (Ca.
Mg. Mn.)3 (AsO4)2 + Ca2 Sb2O1,and is:
A0205 Sb2O5 CaO Mno MgO
53.23 6.54 20.2I I0.82 9.20
Gonnard' mentions the rare mineral torbernite as occurring
in quartz veins cutting granite in the neighborhood of, Char-
bonnieres les Varennes, Puy-de-Dome, France. Here are
found also fine pseudomorphs of quartz after calcite, the forma-
tion of which is explained as having taken place in three stages.
i), by the coating of the calcite crystals by silica; 2), by solution
of the calcite, and 3), the filling of the molds left with silicious
material mixed with a little clay. Druses of smoky quartz
crystals found in the same veins are thought to owe their color
to bituminous matter which floated on the surface of the silice-
ous waters that yielded the quartz and colored those last formed
(the druse crystals).
'Bull d. 1. Soc. Franz. d. Min. i888. XI. p. I50.
'Ib. XI. p. 26.
3Neues Jahrb. f. Min., etc. i889. I p. 48.
4Bul. d. 1. Soc. Frank. d. Min. i888. xi. p. 265.
i 6o The American Naturalist. [March,

Rare Minerals.-The interesting zeolite beaumontite which

has heretofore been known only at Baltimore has lately been
discovered by Schmidt' in the vacuoles of a pitchstone from
Sweden (Mien See.) The mineral has the same habit as the
Baltimore- crystals. Its double refraction is weak and its opti-
cal angle large. The plane of its optical axes is normal to
ooP& and parallel to the edge which this plane makes with oP.
Schmidt can see no reason for regarding the mineral as any-
thing more than a variety of heulandite. -Mr. Hanks2 has given
us an account of the occurrence of the rare mineral Hanksite
from the vicinity of Borax Lake, San Bernardino Co., Cal.
The best crystals have been obtained from a stratum of clay
and sand underlying a two foot thick surface-layer of salt and
thenardite, and from a second stratum of the same materials at
seventy feet below the surface. These crystals are bounded
by the planes oP, oo P. P, and 2P. When the basal plane is
largely developed the crystals become hexagonal plates or col-
umns. They vary in size from half an inch or less to three
inches in diameter. Hanksite is known to occur also in the
borax fields of Death Valley, Inyo Co., Cal., and at several lo-
calities in Nevada.-Recent investigations on the bertrandite
from a pegmatite vein at Pisek, Bohemia, yield Scharizer3 re-
sults differing slightly from those of Bertrand and Des Cloi-
zeaux, who thought the mineral orthorhombic. Scharizer's
measurements show it to be monoclinic with B=go0 28' 34"
and a: b: c=I.7793: I: I.07505.

NEW BOOKS.-In the " FIRST REPORT OF PROGRESS OF

THE GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL SURVEY OF
TEXAS,"4 State Geologist Dumble gives a resume of the rocks
and minerals of economic importance existing within the
boundaries of the State. Natural gas, petroleum, salt and coal
are known to occur in large quantity within the boundaries of
Texas, but the limits of the formations containing them have
not yet been carefully mapped.-" A COURSE OF MINERAL-
OGY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE,"5 is a little pamphlet of sixteen
pages which accompanies a collection of twenty-five common
minerals. It is intended to aid young people in the determi-
nation of the most common minerals by teaching them to ob-
serve for themselves their most prominent characteristics. The
IZeits. f. Kryst. xv. p. 573.
2Amer. Jour. Sci. i889. Jan. p. 63.
8Zeits.f. Kryst. xiv. p. I7.
4Austin. State Printing Office. i889.
'By G. Guttenberg,Erie, Pa.
1889.] Botany. i6i

book and the collection comprise the first portion of a course

in mineralogy which has been arranged for the use of the
Agassiz associations throughout the country. The price of
the pamphlet and the twenty-five minerals which it describes
is one dollar.-The principal formal and optical characteristics
of the more important rock-forming minerals have been
arranged by Rosenbusch1 in sets of tables covering about
twenty-five pages. The tables are of great convenience to
students who are far enough advanced in the study of petro-
graphy to understand the significance of the terms used in
them.

BOTANY.2
NOTES ON NEBRASKA LICHENS.-Our knowledge of the
Lichen Flora of Nebraska is as yet very meager being con-
fined principally to the work of Hayden and Hall during the
Government Geological Surveys. Our knowledge, such as it is
however, shows that our Lichen Flora has many interesting as
well as instructive characteristics. There is a general dearth
of the large eastern forms throughout the greater part of the
state. There are, however, along the Missouri river and its
tributaries, many forms that are found in the eastern states.
The Flora of this region serves as a connecting link between
the timber forms of the East and the prairie forms of the West.
The prairie region has an abundance of earth forms such as
Endocarpon, and many Buellias and Biatoras.
Many semi-mountain and mountain forms occur in the
western and northwestern parts of the state. Beginning with
the eastern border of the state and going west a gradual tran-
sition from timber forms to earth forms, is observable; and
from these to the forms usually found in higher altitudes as
Umbilicaria, Omphalaria, and similar forms.-T. A. Williams.
AS TO THE CITATIONOF AUTHORITIES.-That the effects
of individual eccentricity when given room for free develop-
ment are always striking, is well shown by the diversity of
methods used by botanists in giving authorities for scientific
names. In the good old days when but one name, that of
the author of the combination, was cited, there was, at least,
uniformity and hence some certainty. But the later method
1 Hiilfstabellen zur Mikroskopischen Mineralbestimmung in Gesteinen. Stutt-
oqart- 1888.
2 This department edited by Dr. C. E. Bessey, Lincoln, Neb.