KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT

[DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SAND SIEVING MACHINE]

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Bachelor’s Degree in Mechanical Engineering

Anish Poudel (22107)

Lekhnath Gyawali (22100)

Suman Bhattarai (22090)

Suman Pathak (22106)

January,2021
 AUTHORIZATION

I hereby declare that we are the author of the project/thesis.

I authorize the Kathmandu University to lend this thesis to other institutions or
individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize the Kathmandu
University to reproduce the thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in
part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly
research.

Anish Poudel

Lekhnath Gyawali

Suman Bhattarai

Suman Pathak
2021-01-26
 PROJECT/ DISSERTATION EVALUATION

Design and Fabrication of Sand Sieving Machine

by

Anish Poudel, Lekhnath Gyawali, Suman Bhattarai, Suman Pathak

This is to certify that I have examined the above Project report and have found that it
is complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by
the project supervisor have been made.

_________________________________________
Dr. Krishna Prasad Shrestha
Project Supervisor

_________________________________________
Mr. Chiranjeevi Mahat
Project Coordinator

January,2021
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank everyone who has helped us conducting this project. I
would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our project supervisor Dr.
Krishna Prasad Shrestha, who has supervised us throughout the project. His help,
suggestions, support and encouragement, helped us to a lot of background study and
design of the project. We would also like to thank our project coordinator Mr.
Chiranjeevi Mahat for assisting throughout the project.
And we would like to thank those people who gave their helping hands directly or
indirectly for this project.

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
LIST OF FIGURES 4
LIST OF TABLES 5
ABSTRACT 6
BACKGROUND 7
Introduction.................................................................................................................7
1.1 Objectives.........................................................................................................7
1.1.1 Primary objectives 7
1.1.2 Secondary objectives 7
1.2 Significance......................................................................................................8
1.3 Limitations.......................................................................................................8

LITERATURE REVIEW 9
1.1 Literature Review.............................................................................................9
1.2 Objective tree for designing sieving machine.[1]..........................................12
1.3 Idea Generation and Conceptual Development..............................................13
1.3.1 Concept 1 13
1.3.2 Concept 2 14
1.3.3 Concept 3 15
1.3.4 Concept 4 16
1.4 Why this?........................................................................................................17
1.5 Materials Used................................................................................................17
1.5.1 Sieving Machine Components 17
1.5.1.1 Motor 17
1.5.1.2 Pulley 17
1.5.1.3 Bearing 17
1.5.1.4 Sieve net 18
1.5.1.5 Framing 18
1.5.1.6 Screws 18
METHODOLOGY 19
2.1 Study Design..................................................................................................19

2
 2.2 Components design and materials selection...................................................20
2.3 Preliminary Calculations................................................................................21
2.3.1 Torque calculation 21
2.3.2 Machine Efficiency 21
2.3.3 Manpower Efficiency 22
2.3.4 Maximum Diameter 22
2.3.5 RPM 22
2.3.6 Power Calculation 22
2.3.7 Torsional force in shaft 23
2.3.8 Belt length 23
2.3.9 Angle of Twist 23
2.4 Method of construction..................................................................................24
2.5 Flowchart of the timeline...............................................................................26
2.6 Research Design Flowchart............................................................................27
2.7 Gantt Chart.....................................................................................................28

BUDGET ESTIMATION 29
CONCLUSION 30
REFERENCES 31
APPENDIX 32

3
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1:Traditional Sieving Method[3].........................................................................9

Figure 2:Hand Operated Rotatory Sieve[4]....................................................................9
Figure 3:Machine operated sieve[5].............................................................................10
Figure 4:Horizontal Sieve[6]........................................................................................12
Figure 5:Rotatory hand operated sieve[7].....................................................................13
Figure 6: Hand operated vertical sieve[8]....................................................................14
Figure 7:Machine operated sieve..................................................................................15
Figure 8:Side View Of 3D design of machine..............................................................19
Figure 9:Step 1..............................................................................................................23
Figure 10:Step 2............................................................................................................23
Figure 11:Step 3............................................................................................................24
Figure 12:Step 4............................................................................................................24
Figure 13:Step 5(Final Product)....................................................................................24

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1:Gantt Chart.......................................................................................................28

Table 2:Budget Estimation...........................................................................................29

4
 ABSTRACT

Sand sieving machine has the function to sieve sand and stone that mixed together.
The sand and the stone cannot process further if they mix. Thus, this machine will help
operator work which was doing sieve with no machine mechanism. With machine
mechanism driven by motor power will reduce the time to sieve. The objective of this
paper is hopefully can make the best concept design in terms of production costs and
production capacity. The stages of evaluation design begin with literature review,
objective tree for designing the machine, idea generation, concept making and
evaluation, design and study, calculation and Gantt chart. In evaluating the product,
one or several of the best concepts are chosen to further developed into products,
based on selection criteria. The results of this design obtained the best concept of sand
sieving machine in terms of efficiency, energy, and flexibility. From this paper, it can
be concluded that the design of this sand sieve will environmentally friendly and bring
many benefits, is positive and very good to continue.

5
 BACKGROUND

Introduction
Sand is a basic element of every constructional work, sands need to be separated from
unwanted particles, stones and other large particles before it is put to use as it usually
comes in mixture. Similarly, different size of sand is used in different stages of
construction i.e., size of sand for construction work is slightly coarse whereas that
used for plaster work is fine. Therefore, sands need to be screened properly for various
stages of construction.so the sand sieving machine can be used to screen sand properly
as they are comfortable and easy to use.
As we know the traditional way of separation of sand is using hand operated
rectangular sieve. Besides this, there are many designs such as rotatory sand screening
machine, vibratory sand screening machine, sand screening cum washing machine etc.
[1]

1.1 Objectives

1.1.1 Primary objectives

● To design and fabricate rotatory sand sieving machine which separates sand from
mixture.
● To replace traditional method of using hand as it is time consuming.

1.1.2 Secondary objectives

● To learn chain sprocket mechanism.

● To develop interpersonal skills and to be familiar with the tools and process used in
mechanical workshop.
● To learn how to arrange time and budget.

6
1.2 Significance
● The project involves design of the mechanical part of machine using advance
software like CAD and Solid works and the system using this mechanical part then
fabrication is carried out based on selected design.
● This rotatory sand sieving machine can separate a sand of selective size particle
only. based on the required sand particle size, the sieve can be changed.

1.3 Limitations
● For the finer sand repeated screening process is required which is tedious.
● Refining more amount will consume time as it can very less load.

7
 LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Literature Review

From years sand has been the most important thing in human community. Most
sediments, including sand, are made up of the fragments that result when rock is
broken down by wind and rain (weathering). Generally, they start as larger fragments
(gravel), which are broken down as rivers carry them down stream; the finer the
particle, the further it has traveled. In other words, large bits of gravel are plentiful on
the banks close to the head of a river. As you travel downstream, gravel becomes finer
into cobble, pebble, granule, and eventually turning into sand, and finally flowing into
the ocean, where these sediments deposit.
Most sediments, once formed in the ocean, subduct to the Earth’s interior (mantle)
from trench with a subducting tectonic plate. However, some pieces tear loose from
the whole, and accreted to the hanging wall continental plate, once again becoming
part a continent. Geological structures formed in this way are called accretionary
bodies (prisms). Accretionary bodies are characteristic to the subduction zone like
Japan, which make up a large part of the Japanese islands.
As the sand is basic element of every construction work and usually available in
mixture (gravel), many ideas have been developing to separate the sand from mixture.
The figure 1 below shows the process been use by people before to sieve and collect
the sand they wanted. This process sieves the sand into it size depending on the size of
the net been used. This smooth sand or the product usually use as main material in
construction to build building or house. Smooth sand is required to achieve better
quality product example in making sand casting or making any product based on sand.
[2]

8
 Figure 1:Traditional Sieving Method[3]

Figure 2 show modified sieving method. It uses handle to rotate and make the process
sieving more efficient mainly use in small, manufactured process such as in lab.
Nowadays it has been upgrade using motor to replace the human power which is
shown by figure 3.
Since this machine is important in our daily life it has been upgrade one by one and
been marked almost all over the world.

Figure 2:Hand Operated Rotatory Sieve[4]

9
Figure 3:Machine operated sieve[5]

10
1.2 Objective tree for designing sieving machine.[1]

Designing of Sieving Machine

◦ C ◦ Sho ◦ Can ◦ Eas

a uld be ily
n constr rep

◦ S ◦ C ◦ C ◦ S
i h o i
m e m m
p a m p

◦ E
◦ Sel ◦ G
a
ect I
s
ion s
of

11
1.3 Idea Generation and Conceptual Development
Taking in consideration the advancement in technology and industrialization the need
of more efficient and portable sand sieve is the must have at the present. A simple
sand sieve process came into use from the very past starting from the separation using
a mesh strainer to the
After studying the objective tree for designing of sieving machine, following concepts
are considered.

1.3.1 Concept 1

For the first concept, a simple hand operated reciprocating sand sieve was taken into
account. A simple machine with mesh strainer was the very first sieving process and is
also in use now in many parts of the world. Also, the vertical reciprocating sand sieve
is the nice improvisation. It operates with the reciprocating motion created by moving
the mesh back and forth

Figure 4:Horizontal Sieve[6]

12
 1.3.2 Concept 2

After, the introduction of vertical reciprocating sieve, the machine became easier and
more efficient by adding a rotatory mechanism to create the relative motion which
helps in separation.

Figure 5:Rotatory hand operated sieve[7]

13
 1.3.3 Concept 3

As hand operated horizontal rotatory mechanism was working well, to make the
machine more efficient and for the maximum result hopper, collector and slider was
introduced along with the little change in position of sieve net.

Figure 6: Hand operated vertical sieve[8]

14
 1.3.4 Concept 4

With the introduction of automation in the machinery field, automation in every

machinery field have become mandatory. Considering, the need and make the machine
more efficient and easily operable we have attached DC motor in our sand sieve
machine to operate our machine. Our motor rotates the shaft at about 60RPM and
sieve net producing the relative motion between them so that finer sand passes through
the net and remaining particle slides in collector.

Figure 7:Machine operated sieve

1.4 Why this?

We have decided to select the concept 4 because of the following reasons.
● Material Availability
● Cost Effective
● Simple Mechanism with effective output

15
16
1.5 Materials Used

1.5.1 Sieving Machine Components

The main components of the sand sieving machine are

● Motor
● Pulley
● Bearing
● Sieve net
● Framing

1.5.1.1 Motor
DC motors are used for many years to machinery although newer AC motors are being
developed to fit this need as well. DC motors and drives have wide ranges for constant
torque speed. They are simplistic in design and some DC drives can easily be
retrofitted for existing DC motors. These also come in smaller sizes but with larger
horsepower ratings. We are using motor of power 335 W and 200 RPM is used to
operate the machine

1.5.1.2 Pulley
Two pulleys of variable dimensions are used. The smaller one is attached to the motor
and the larger one to the shaft holding the screening net and both are connected with
belt drive which transmits the motion from motor to the drive.

1.5.1.3 Bearing
Two ball bearings are used in the machine holding the shaft and rotating the screening
net. Each bearing is of 3 cm in diameter.

1.5.1.4 Sieve net

For screening process different methods is practice from the very past, almost every
procedure includes mesh or net of small holes (varying diameter as how fine the sand

17
is required).

1.5.1.5 Framing
Frame provides structural integrity and stability of a machine. Frame have required
efficiency to hold all the loads of machine parts. Mild steel is used for the framework
of our machine.

1.5.1.6 Screws
Screws are moreover a fastener made of metal and characterized by a helical ridge.it is
the most important part of almost every mechanical device with its main objective to
hold different parts together.

18
 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Study Design

Sieving is a physical mechanism of particle removal, where a particle is denied access
through a pore or passageway that is smaller than the particle itself. The fine mesh
strainer, also known as the sift/sieve, is a device for separating wanted elements from
unwanted material or for characterizing the particle size distribution of a sample,
typically using a woven screen such as a mesh or net or metal.
In this process, rotatory motion produced by DC motor is transmitted to shaft fitted
with sieve net using belt drive. Shaft is fitted to framework with the help of bearing.
The homogeneous mixture of sand and pebbles are fed from the slider which falls on
the sieve net fixed on the rotating shaft. Then due to relative motion between particles
and rotating sieve, the particles smaller are passed through the net and remaining
particles falls on the other side

Feeding of
Starting of the sand through
Motor Drive the slider

19
 Power Transmission
2.2 Components design and materials selection
to Shaft using Belt
DriveSolid works which
The design of each components was done using software called
offer complete tools needed for engineering design, the three-dimensional model of
each components was designed at first and then all the parts were assembled to bring
out the outlook of final product. The time dedicated for this project was utilized for the
modelling and analysis. The brief explanationRelative motionand
of design between rotatingof the
3D model
sieve and sand particles
components are shown and discussed in this section. The detailed two-dimensional
helps fine particles to pass
through the net
drawing with measurement is also shown in the appendix.

Collection of
different particles Separation of
in respective Fine and Coarse
Collector Sand

Figure 8:Side View Of 3D design of machine

20
2.3 Preliminary Calculations
The preliminary calculations as per the initial design is discussed here. The calculation
can be changed as per the change in design is required. The mathematical relation or
formula are written in the form of equation, using these equations many calculations
can be done varying the data altered during the change in initial design.

2.3.1 Torque calculation

To calculate the power generated by the motor to operate the machine torque is
calculated,
Diameter = 60 cm
No. of revolution (N)= 1150 rpm
Power= ½ hp=375 W
Force (F)= m ×r×ω2
Where m be the total mass of rotation chamber
For m= 15 kg,
ω=2× π× (1150/60) =120.366 rad/sec
Torque (given by motor) =power/ω
= 375/120.366
= 3.115 Nm

2.3.2 Machine Efficiency

Power of motor =375W.

Power for one hour =375Whr.
=0.375KWhr.
Unit consumption for one hour=0.375 unit.
Let us suppose we use it 5 hours a day on average, then
Unit consumption for one month=0.375 ×5×30

21
 =56.25 unit
Approximate price of 1-unit electricity costs about Rs 10/unit, so
Total expense for 1month=10×56.25=Rs.

2.3.3 Manpower Efficiency

Similarly, For the manpower cost to the very same work,[9]

One-hour labor cost of a worker =Rs.80
Working 5 hour a day for 1 month it will take around
=Rs.80×5×30
=Rs.12000

2.3.4 Maximum Diameter

Maximum diameter that can be sieved by our machine is 2mm.

2.3.5 RPM

Motor pulley diameter(outer)= 5 cm

Machine pulley diameter(outer)= 16 cm
Speed ratio= 5/16 = 0.3125
So ,200 rpm motor speed is equivalent to (200×0.3215) = 62.5 rpm machine speed

2.3.6 Power Calculation

P=Force × velocity
Force= Weight = Mass × Acceleration due to gravity.

g is approximately 10 m/s2 ~ 9.81 m/s2

So, P = 100kg×10m/s2× velocity
Let velocity = 0.5 m/s
P=490 W

22
So, we need nearly ½ hp of motor
Average diameter of circular net = 50 cm=0.5 m
Circumference= 2×π ×0.5=3.14 m
Time for screening of mass in 1 revolution= π×0.5=1.57 sec

23
 2.3.7 Torsional force in shaft

Maximum tensile stress of a mild steel =525 MPa

Maximum shear stress of mild steel (τ ¿ = 525/1.73 = 300 MPa
Diameter of shaft(D) = 3 cm = 0.03 m
π
Torque transmitted by circular shaft = × τ × D 3 = 1589.625 Nm
16

2.3.8 Belt length

Diameter of small pulley(d1) =5 cm

Diameter of large pulley(d2) = 18 cm
Distance between center of two pulleys(x)=40 cm
2
π ( d 1−d 2 )
Length of pulley= ( d 1+ d 2 ) +2 x+ = 117 cm
2 4x

2.3.9 Angle of Twist

Diameter of shaft(D) = 3 cm = 0.03 m

Length(L)=148cm
=1.48m
π π
Polar Moment(J)= × D 4 = ×0.03 4=7.95 ×10−8
32 32
Modulus of Rigidity (G)= 80 Gpa
Maximum Torque(T)= 1589.625 Nm
Now,
Angle of Twist (φ)= TL/JG
= 1589.6 * 1.48/7.95*10-8*80*109
= 0.37 rad
So,
0.37 rad = 180/π*0.37
= 21

24
25
2.4 Method of construction
Although we have skipped the fabrication part of the machine considering the
situation, here are few steps of to be done construction which might be slightly
different with the requirements and problems faced.
● Firstly, to provide structural integrity to the machine, framework using hollow mild
steel bars is made using TIG welding process,

Figure 9:Step 1

● Then screening net is attached around the shaft with the help of L-angled support,

Figure 10:Step 2

26
● Bearing and shaft along with the screening net is attached parallel to framework.

Figure 11:Step 3

● Motor (which is also fixed in the frame) and shaft are linked for power transmission
using belt drive mechanism.

Figure 12:Step 4

● Finally, the construction is toped up by adding input, output slider. Sliding collector
and protecting net

Figure 13:Step 5(Final Product)

27
2.5 Flowchart of the timeline

28
2.6 Research Design Flowchart

Settings for
Measurement of
research study
analysis
Timline

Precise purpose
Probable objections
statement of
for research
research design

Techniques to be
Types of
implemented for
research
collecting details
methodology
for research

Method applied
for analysing
collecting details

29
2.7 Gantt Chart
Table 1:Gantt Chart

Fortnight 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
Literature
review
Consultation
with
Supervisor
Proposal
submission
Product design

Market study

Material
Selection

CAD Design

Analysis and
improvement

Report
Submission

Work
completed
Work
remaining

30
 BUDGET ESTIMATION

The purpose of this project was to make an affordable sand sieve. The components
were selected and optimized within the lower budget limit. The components, their
specifications and materials with unit costs are listed in the following table.
Table 2:Budget Estimation

S.N Name of parts Specifications Rate per piece Quan Total

tity price

1. Metal shaft D3 cm L135cm 200 1 200

2. Sheet metal 250mm×250mm 200 - 200
3. Electric motor 220V/300RPM 3500 1 3500
4. Bearing UC 204 400 2 800
5. Belt L117cm 500 1 500
6. Pulley 250 2 500
7. Net 1mm×1mm 110/m 1.5 165
8. Paint 500 1ltr 500
9. Miscellaneous 500
10. Total 6865

The table above shows that the sand sieve is made cheaper. The overall purchased part
of this sieve is relatively cheaper than the factory-made. The price of the parts can be
different with the countries and location as a result of which many people can take
advantage of this sieve with lower operational and maintenance cost.

31
 CONCLUSION

Concluding the project up to now after research four different types of sieving
machine was conceptualized to select the best considering every factor to make it
more efficient, portable and easily operable. Then the required materials were selected
by market study although the fabrication process was undoable due to condition
occurred we continued the design process in Solid works and some preliminary
calculations. This report also includes to do method of construction and research
design flowchart and the Gantt chart.
According to calculations and assumptions, this type of sieving machine will be
efficient and easily operable, which can help society to learn new way of sieving sand.

32
 REFERENCES

[1] P. S. Krishna, P. Pradeep, B. Bivek, and P. S. Bim, “Mathematical modeling,

simulation and analysis of rice grain movement for design and fabrication of
low-cost winnowing machine,” J. Mech. Eng. Res., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–14, Jan.
2017, doi: 10.5897/jmer2016.0403.
[2] MOHD EFFI B MOHJEE, “DESIGN AND FABRICATE SIEVE MACHINE,”
2008.
[3] “Traditional method of sand sieving.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.ekshiksha.org.in/chapter/77/images_of_Separation_of_substances
VI/8.png. [Accessed: 10-Mar-2020].
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-16C8-480C-9062-6D1F5BD922ED-large.jpg. [Accessed: 11-Mar-2020].
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tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn
%3AANd9GcSmQUAkNMwLUnH7XptSKEsUCV2oBXHzspQPEaoBlbXIJf9
iiTuJ. [Accessed: 11-Mar-2020].
[6] “Hand operated siever.” [Online]. Available:
https://shop.r10s.jp/minatodenk/cabinet/00640999/img55537538.jpg.
[Accessed: 11-Mar-2020].
[7] “Rotatory garden sieve.” [Online]. Available: https://cdn.manomano.com/bmc-
rotary-garden-soil-sieve-L-3178967-7022744_2.jpg. [Accessed: 11-Mar-2020].
[8] “Hand operated sive with net,hooper,slider and collector.” [Online]. Available:
https://shop.r10s.jp/minatodenk/cabinet/00467453/sc-1_120525-01.jpg.
[Accessed: 11-Mar-2020].
[9] S. K. Subramaniam;, Siti Huziamah Binti;, Yusmarinta Yusop;, and
A.Hamidon, “Machine efficiency and man power utilization on production
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anpowerutilizationonproduction_lines?

33
 fbclid=IwAR2RFUx7RIxwEGhJlZDS717CGQ0b94PPMiJTj8YM0E-
03kGnFAmQ9b3Hlxg. [Accessed: 27-Jan-2021].

APPENDIX

Projections

34
35
1.Motor

36
2.Vertical Pulley

37
a.Small Pulley(i)

38
b.Large Pulley(ii)

39
3.Hex bolt

40
4.Hex nut

41
5.Protecting Net

42
6.Output Slider support

43
7.Motor Support

44
8.Input slider

45
9.Screening Net

46
10.Bearing

47
11.Frame

48