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Discrete Mathematics Assignment 4

The document discusses solutions to discrete mathematics assignment problems. It includes: 1) A proof that the set of positive integers crossed with itself (Z+ × Z+) is countable by defining an injection from it to the positive integers. 2) A proof of the handshaking theorem and corollaries relating the number of edges and minimum/maximum degrees of vertices. 3) The maximum number of edges in a bipartite graph with 6 vertices is 9. 4) The degree sequence of a graph's complementary graph is the reverse of the original graph with each degree subtracted from n-1, where n is the number of vertices.

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Prujit Marni
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119 views4 pages

Discrete Mathematics Assignment 4

The document discusses solutions to discrete mathematics assignment problems. It includes: 1) A proof that the set of positive integers crossed with itself (Z+ × Z+) is countable by defining an injection from it to the positive integers. 2) A proof of the handshaking theorem and corollaries relating the number of edges and minimum/maximum degrees of vertices. 3) The maximum number of edges in a bipartite graph with 6 vertices is 9. 4) The degree sequence of a graph's complementary graph is the reverse of the original graph with each degree subtracted from n-1, where n is the number of vertices.

Uploaded by

Prujit Marni
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Discrete Mathematics Assignment 4

November 2020

GROUP 17

1. Solution:

To prove: Z+ × Z+ is countable.

Let us define the function f as:

f : Z+ × Z+ → Z+ ,f( m,n) = ( m+n−1)2( m+n−2) +m

Let us first evaluate the formula for a few pairs;


( 1+1−1) ( 1+1−2)
f( 1,1) = 2 +1 = 20 +1 = 1
( 1+2−1) ( 1+2−2)
f( 1,2) = 2 +1 = 22 +1 = 2
( 2+1−1) ( 2+1−2)
f( 2,1) = 2 +2 = 22 +2 = 3
( 1+3−1) ( 1+3−2)
f( 1,3) = 2 +1 = 26 +1 = 4
( 2+2−1) ( 2+2−2)
f( 2,2) = 2 +2 = 26 +2 = 5
( 3+1−1) ( 3+1−2)
f( 3,1) = 2 +3 = 26 +3 = 6

We then note that f( m,n) represents the position of ( m,n) in the path with
( 1,1) in 1st position, ( 1,2) in 2nd position, ( 2,1) in 3rd position, etc.

f one-to-one
Let us assume that ( a,b) ∈ Z+ × Z+ and ( m,n) ∈ Z+ × Z+ such that a and
b have the same depiction.

f( a,b) = f( m,n)

1
By the definition of the function f, the image of f then represents the same
element in the path. However, each value is unique along the path and thus
the corresponding values need to be in the same location.

( a,b) = ( m,n)

We then note that f( a,b) = f( m,n) implies ( a,b) = ( m,n) for all
( a,b) ∈ Z+ × Z+ and for all ( m,n) ∈ Z+ × Z+ . By the definition of
one-to-one, f is then one-to-one.

f onto
Let c ∈ Z+ .
Let ( a,b) be the c ordered pair in the path.
By the definition of f:

f( a,b) = c
We then note that for every c ∈ Z+ ,there exists an element ( a,b) ∈ Z+ × Z+
such that f( a,b) = c. By the definition of onto, f is then onto.

Countable
We showed that f is onto and one-to-one, which implies that f is a one-to-one
correspondence between Z+ and Z+ × Z+ . This also means that Z+ × Z+
is countable as Z+ is countable.

4. Solution:

Handshaking theorem: An undirected graph with vertices V and m edges


has the property : X
2m = deg( v)
v=V

2e
( a) Prove: v ≥m

By the definition of handshaking theorem, the sum of the degrees is twice


the number of edges.
v
X
2e = deg( i)
i=1

We know that m is the minimum degree, thus the degree of each vertex is
larger than or equal to m.

2
v
X v
X
2e = deg( i) ≥ m = mv
i=1 i=1

We have then obtained the inequality 2e ≥ mv.


Divide each side of the inequality by v:
2e
v ≥m

2e
( b) Prove: v ≤m

By the definition of handshaking theorem, the sum of the degrees is twice


the number of edges.
v
X
2e = deg( i)
i=1

We know that M is the maximum degree, thus the degree of each vertex is
smaller than or equal to M.
v
X v
X
2e = deg( i) ≤ M = Mv
i=1 i=1

We have then obtained the inequality 2e ≤ M v.


Divide each side of the inequality by v:
2e
v ≤M

5. Solution:

Maximum number of edges in a bipartite graph on 6 vertices is 9.

Maximum number of edges in a bipartite graph on 6 vertices is 36.

v2
Maximum number of edges in a bipartite graph with v vertices = 4

3
6. Solution:

The degree sequence of a graph is the sequence of the degrees of the vertices
of the graph in non–increasing order.
The complementary graph G of a simple graph G has the same vertices of
G and two vertices are adjacent in G if and only if they are not adjacent in
G.
If G is a simple graph of n vertices, then
G ∪ G = Kn , the complete graph of n vertices.
The degree of every vertex of Kn is n-1.

Suppose G is a simple graph and is the degree sequence of G. then, because


G ∪ G = Kn and degree of every vertex Kn is n-1, the degree of a vertex in
G is ( n-1) -x, when every the degree of the vertex in G is x.
Hence, the degree sequence of G is
( n-1) - dn , ( n-1) - dn−1 ,............., ( n-1) - d2 , ( n-1) - d1

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