Integration 1

Module 4
 SUB-TOPIC 1
Plane Figures and Systems
of Linear Equations
• Describe the properties of angles, circles, ellipse,
polygons, triangles, quadrilaterals, square, and
rectangles, rhomboid and rhombus.

• Solve problems in geometry

• Branch of mathematics which
deals with the properties of
shapes & spaces.

• Word origin:
• “GEO” meaning earth
• “METRIA” meaning measurement
 Type Measurement (degrees)
Null or Zero Angle 0
Acute 0 to 90
Right 90
Obtuse 90 to 180
Straight 180
Reflex 180 to 360
Full angle or perigon 360
A A
B B

A+B = 90
ADJACENT ANGLES COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES
 A B A B

A+B = 180 A+B = 360

SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES EXPLEMENTARY ANGLES
 A
B B
A
A B

A=B
VERTICAL ANGLES COTERMINAL ANGLES
• A plane figure with three or
more angles. It has as many
angles as sides. The sides of
polygon are straight lines.

• Word origin:
• “POLY” meaning many
• “GONIA” meaning angles
CONVEX CONCAVE
 𝒏
𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒔 = (𝒏 − 𝟑
𝟐

𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 = (𝒏 − 𝟐
 𝜽𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎(𝒏 − 𝟐

𝜽 𝜶 𝜶𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎
 NAME SIDES
Triangle 3
Square 4
Pentagon 5
Hexagon 6
Heptagon 7
Octagon 8
Nonagon 9
Decagon 10
Given a regular heptagon, determine the sum of all interior
angles.

a. 540° c. 900°
b. 720° d. 1080°
Given a regular heptagon, determine the sum of all interior angles.

For a heptagon,
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝑛 = 7
The equation for sum of interior angles,

𝜃𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 = 180(𝑛 − 2

= 180 7 − 2
= 180 5

𝜃𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 = 9000
Given a regular heptagon, determine the number of
diagonals.

a. 11 c. 13
b. 12 d. 14
Given a regular heptagon, determine the number of diagonals.

For a heptagon,
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝑛 = 7
The equation for number of diagonals,
𝑛
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 = 𝑛−3
2
7
= 7−3
2
7
= 4
2
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 = 14
How many sides are there if a polygon has 90 diagonals?

a. 13 c. 15
b. 14 d. 16
How many sides are there if a polygon has 90 diagonals?
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 = 90 By inspection,
The equation for number of diagonals, 𝑎 = 0.5 𝑏 = −1.5 𝑐 = −90
𝑛 Substituting the values to the quadratic formula,
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 = 𝑛−3
2 𝑛 = 15 𝑜𝑟 − 12
𝑛
90 = 𝑛−3 Getting only the positive value,
2
𝑛 = 15
90 = 0.5𝑛2 − 1.5𝑛
The number of sides is 15
0.5𝑛2 − 1.5𝑛 − 90 = 0
Using the quadratic formula,

−𝑏 ± 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑛=
2𝑎
The general form is,
𝑎𝑛2 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐 = 0
 RHOMBUS

PARALLELOGRAM
SQUARE

RECTANGLE
 𝒃𝟐

𝒂 𝒉
𝒉

𝜽 𝒃 𝒃𝟏

𝒃𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒃𝒉 = 𝒂𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒉
𝟐
 𝒂

𝒎𝒂𝟐 + 𝒏𝒃𝟐 𝑨𝟏
𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆, 𝑳 =
𝒉
𝒎+𝒏

𝒎 = 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟐
𝒏 = 𝑨𝟏
𝒃
 𝟏
𝜽 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 sin 𝜽
𝒅𝟏 𝟐
𝒅𝟐
 𝒃
𝑨= (𝒔 − 𝒂 (𝒔 − 𝒃 (𝒔 − 𝒄 (𝒔 − 𝒅
𝒂
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄+𝒅
𝑹 𝒔=
𝒄 𝟐
𝒅
𝒂𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅 = 𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
 𝑨 = 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅
𝑨 = 𝒓𝒔
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄+𝒅
𝒔=
𝟐
 𝑺
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝑺 𝑺 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒏𝒔 cot
𝟒 𝒏

𝑺 𝑺 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝒏𝒔
𝑺
 𝟐
𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝑹
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒏𝒓 tan
𝒏

𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝑺 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟐𝒏𝒓 tan
𝒏
 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝑹
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒏𝒓 sin
𝟐 𝒏

𝑺 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟐𝒏𝒓 sin
𝒏
If the sides of a parallelogram and an included angle are 6,
10 and 100 degrees respectively, find the length of the
shorter diagonal.

a. 12.52 c. 10.73
b. 13.45 d. 9.33
If the sides of a parallelogram and an included angle are 6, 10 and 100 degrees respectively,
find the length of the shorter diagonal.
For a parallelogram,
𝑛=4
The total interior angle is,
1000 θ
𝜃𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 = 180(𝑛 − 2 d
6
= 180 4 − 2 = 180 2

θ 1000
𝜃𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 = 3600
10
2𝜃 + 2 1000 = 3600
𝜃 = 800
Using cosine law,
𝑑 2 = 62 + 102 − 2 6 10 cos 800
𝑑 = 10.73
Find the area of a regular
decagon with side length of
3 cm.

a. 68.25 c. 70.25
b. 69.25 d. 71.25
Find the area of a regular decagon with side length of 3 cm.

𝑠=3
For a decagon,
𝑛 = 10
The formula for area of a regular polygon,

1 180
𝐴 = 𝑛𝑠 2 cot
4 𝑛

1 1
𝐴= 10 32
4 180
tan 10

1
𝐴 = 22.5
0.3249

𝐴 = 69.25 𝑐𝑚2
Find the area (in square cm) of a quadrilateral having sides
AB = 10 cm, BC = 5 cm, CD = 14.14 cm, and DA = 15 cm,
if the sum of the opposite angles is equal to 225 degrees.

a. 100 c. 120
b. 50 d. 79
Find the area (in square cm) of a quadrilateral having sides AB = 10 cm, BC = 5 cm, CD =
14.14 cm, and DA = 15 cm, if the sum of the opposite angles is equal to 225 degrees.
𝐴= 𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 𝑠 − 𝑐 𝑠 − 𝑑 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 cos 2 𝜃

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑠=
2
𝒂=𝟓
5 + 10 + 14.14 + 15
𝑠= = 22.07
2 𝜽
0 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒
225 = 𝜃 + 𝜃 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟎
𝜃 = 112.50
𝜽
𝒅 = 𝟏𝟓
22.07 − 5 22.07 − 10 22.07 − 14.14 22.07 − 15
𝐴=
− 5 10 14.14 15 cos 2 112.50

𝐴 = 100 𝑐𝑚2
A regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle whose diameter is
20 m. Find the area of the 6 segments of the circle formed
by the sides of the hexagon (in square meters)

a. 55.55 c. 34.25
b. 54.35 d. 65.67
A regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle whose diameter is 20 m. Find the area of the 6
segments of the circle formed by the sides of the hexagon (in square meters)

𝑑 20
The radius is, 𝑟= = = 10 𝑚
2 2

For a hexagon, 𝑛=6

The formula for a regular polygon inscribed in a circle is,
The area of the remaining segments,
1 2 360
𝐴ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛 = 𝑛𝑟 sin 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔 = 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 − 𝐴ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛
2 𝑛
= 314.16 − 259.81
1 2 sin
360 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔 = 54.35 𝑚2
𝐴ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛 = 6 10
2 10

𝐴ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛 = 259.81 𝑚2
The are of the circle is,
𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 10 2

𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 314.16 𝑚2
Find the radius of a circle circumscribing
a regular nonagon of whose perimeter
is 405 cm.

a. 65.79 c. 56.44
b. 78.99 d. 64.56
Find the radius of a circle circumscribing a regular nonagon of
whose perimeter is 405 cm.
The problem states that the nonagon is circumscribed,
For a nonagon, 𝑛=9
The formula for the perimeter of a circumscribed regular polygon,

180
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2𝑛𝑟 sin
𝑛

180
405 = 2 9 𝑟 sin
9

405 = 18𝑟 sin 200

405
𝑟=
18(sin 200
𝑟 = 65.79 𝑐𝑚
TANGENT

CHORD

DIAMETER

RADIUS

SECANT
 𝟐
𝝅 𝟐
𝑹 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓 = 𝒅
𝜽 𝟒
𝑪 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 = 𝝅𝒅
 𝟏
𝑹 𝑨𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝒓𝒔
𝜽 𝟐

𝒔 = 𝒓𝜽
 𝑹 𝑨𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑨𝒔 − 𝑨𝒕
𝜽
𝑨𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑨𝒕 = 𝑨𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆
The perimeter of the arc of a sector is 9 units and its radius
is 3 units. What is the area of the sector in square units?

a. 14 c. 13.5
b. 12 d. 19.5
The perimeter of the arc of a sector is 9 units and its radius is 3 units. What is the area of the
sector in square units?

From the given,

𝑠=9
𝑟=3
The area of a sector is,

1
𝐴= 𝑟𝑠
2
1
𝐴= 3 9
2
𝐴 = 13.5 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
A regular pentagram is inscribed inside a circle with
diameter of 10 cm. What is the area inside the circle not
covered by the pentagram?

a. 25.1 c. 33.3
b. 50.5 d. 16.7
 A regular pentagram is inscribed inside a circle with diameter of 10 cm. What is the area
inside the circle not covered by the pentagram?
A pentagram is 5-pointed star.
First, find the interior angle of the pentagon inside a pentagram, But 𝑎 + 𝑐 is the radius of the circle,

𝜃𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 180(𝑛 − 2 180(5 − 2 𝑎+𝑐 =𝑟

𝜃𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 = = = = 1080
𝑛 𝑛 5 𝐴𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 𝑏𝑟 𝐸𝑞. 1
Considering triangle ABC, Consider triangle OXB,
∠𝐴 = 1800 − 1080 = 720 𝑐
tan 540 =
𝐴𝑋 = 𝑋𝐵 = 𝑏 𝑏
Consider triangle CXA:
1
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎 2𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏
2 𝑎
tan 720 =
Considering triangle ABO, 𝑏
c a c+a r
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛540 + tan 720 = + = =
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝑂 = 𝑐 2𝑏 = 𝑐𝑏 b b b b
2
𝑟
The total area of 1 kite (bounded by red lines) is, 𝑏= 𝐸𝑞. 2
tan 540 + tan 720
𝐴𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝑂 = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑏
= 𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑐
 A regular pentagram is inscribed inside a circle with diameter of 10 cm. What is the area
inside the circle not covered by the pentagram?
Substitute Eq. 2 to Eq. 1,
The area of the circle is,
𝑟
𝐴𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 𝑟
tan 540 + tan 720 2
10
𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋
𝑟2 2
𝐴𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒 =
tan 540 + tan 720
𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 78.54 𝑐𝑚2
The total area of the pentagram is,
The area not covered by the pentagram,
5𝑟 2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 − 𝐴𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
𝐴𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 5𝐴𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒 =
tan 540 + tan 720
= 78.54 − 28.06
10 2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 50.5cm2
5 2
𝐴𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 =
tan 540 + tan 720

𝐴𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 28.06 𝑐𝑚2

What is the area of the semi-ellipse if its major axis is 10
cm and minor axis is 8 cm?

a. 80π c. 20π
b. 40π d. 10π
What is the area of the semi-ellipse if its major axis is 10 cm and minor axis is 8 cm?

The length of major axis is 10,

2𝑎 = 10
𝑎=5
The length of minor axis is 8,
2𝑏 = 8
𝑏=4
The area of an ellipse is,
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏 = 𝜋 5 4
𝐴 = 20𝜋
Since we want the area of semi-ellipse,

𝐴 20𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 = =
2 2
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 = 10𝜋
 SUB-TOPIC 2
Prisms, Pyramids, Cylinders
and Cones
• To know the theorems of polyhedrons, platonic
solids, cube, rectangular parallelepiped, prisms,
cylinders, cones, and pyramids.

• Solve problems in geometry

• Branch of mathematics which
deals with the properties of
shapes & spaces.

• Word origin:
• “GEO” meaning earth
• “METRIA” meaning measurement
• Enclosed by flat figures with straight edges or
solids whose faces are plane polygons.
• Keywords: faces, edges, vertices.

• Word origin:
• “POLY” meaning many
• “EDRON” meaning faces
Credit: Engr. Emil Tan
 𝑬𝑼𝑳𝑬𝑹′ 𝑺 𝑭𝑶𝑹𝑴𝑼𝑳𝑨:

𝑭−𝑬+𝑽=𝟐
SURFACE
POLYHEDRON FACES VERTICES VOLUME SHAPE
AREA
2 3
TETRA- 4 4 𝑆 Triangle 3𝑆 2
12
HEXA- 6 8 𝑆3 Square 6𝑆 2

2 3
OCTA- 8 6 𝑆 Triangle 2 3 𝑆2
3
DODECA- 12 20 7.66 𝑆 3 Pentagon 20.65 𝑆 2

ICOSA 20 12 2.18 𝑆 3 Triangle 5 3 𝑆2

𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉 𝑳𝑺𝑨 = 𝑷𝒉 𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉 𝑳𝑺𝑨 = 𝑷𝒉
Where 𝑩 = 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝑷 = 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
 𝑺
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝑺 𝑺 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒏𝒔 cot
𝟒 𝒏

𝑺 𝑺 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝒏𝒔
𝑺
Credit: Engr. Emil Tan
Credit: Engr. Emil Tan
A regular polyhedron has 6 vertices and 12 edges. What is
the length of each edge if the surface area is 8sqrt(3) cm2?

a. 1.26 c. 2.67
b. 2.00 d. 3.14
A regular polyhedron has 6 vertices and 12 edges. What is the length of each edge if the
surface area is 8sqrt(3) cm2?
Based from the given, From the given,
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 𝑉 = 6 𝑆. 𝐴 = 8 3 𝑐𝑚2
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸 = 12 8 3 = 2 3𝑆 2
Using Euler’s Formula, 𝐹−𝐸+𝑉 = 2 4 = 𝑆2
𝐹 − 12 + 6 = 2
4=𝑆
𝐹 = 2 + 12 − 6 = 8
±2 = 𝑆
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 𝐹 = 8
Taking the positive value,
Therefore, the regular polyhedron is an octahedron.
𝑆 = 2 𝑐𝑚
The surface area for octahedron is,
𝑆. 𝐴 = 2 3𝑆 2
Where 𝑆 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒
The bases of a right prism are octagons with each side
equal to 6 cm. The bases are 12 cm apart. What is the
volume of the right prism?

a. 2068 c. 2806
b. 2608 d. 2086
The bases of a right prism are octagons with each side equal to 6 cm. The bases are 12 cm
apart. What is the volume of the right prism?

The volume for a right prism is,

𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
Where 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
Substituting B to the formula of volume of prism,
In this case, B is the area of the octagon.
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
The area of a polygon is,
𝑉 = 173.82 12
1 2 180 𝑉 = 2086 𝑐𝑚3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑛𝑠 cot
4 𝑛

1 2 cot
180 72
= 8 6 =
4 8 180
tan
8
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 173.82 𝑐𝑚 2

𝐵 = 173.82 𝑐𝑚2
A right prism has a square base and a lateral edge which
measures 10 cm. Find the volume of the solid if the lateral
area is 120 cm2.

a. 80 c. 100
b. 90 d. 110
A right prism has a square base and a lateral edge which measures 10 cm. Find the volume of
the solid if the lateral area is 120 cm2.

From the given,

ℎ = 10 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 120 𝑐𝑚2 The volume of a right prism is,
The formula for lateral surface area is, 𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝑃ℎ Since the base is square, 𝐵 = 𝑠2
120 = 𝑃 10 𝑉 = 𝑠2ℎ
𝑃 = 12 𝑐𝑚 𝑉 = 32 10
The perimeter of square is the sum of all equal sides, 𝑉 = 9 10
𝑃 = 4𝑠 𝑉 = 90 𝑐𝑚3
12 = 4𝑠
3=𝑠
Each side measures 3 cm
The right section of a prism is in the form of a regular
hexagon in which the apothem measures 5 cm. If the
lateral area is 240 sqrt(3) cm2, what is the length of one
lateral edge of the prism?

a. 10 c. 12
b. 11 d. 13
 The right section of a prism is in the form of a regular hexagon in which the apothem
measures 5 cm. If the lateral area is 240 sqrt(3) cm2, what is the length of one lateral edge of
the prism?
Apothem is the line connecting from the center of the polygon to a From the given,
point perpendicular to a side of polygon. 𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 240 3𝑐𝑚2
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝑃ℎ
First, get the central angle θ
The perimeter of polygon is, 𝑃 = 𝑛𝑠
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝑛𝑠ℎ
3600 3600
𝜃= = = 600 240 3 = 6 5.78 ℎ
𝑛 6
12 = ℎ
The angle 𝛼 is,
θ
𝛼+𝛼+𝜃 = 1800 Therefore, the length of lateral edge is 12 cm
5
2𝛼 = 1800 − 600 α
α
𝛼 = 600 x x

5 5
tan 𝛼 = → 𝑥= = 2.89 𝑐𝑚
𝑥 tan 600
The length of each side is,
𝑠 = 2𝑥 = 2 2.89 = 5.78 𝑐𝑚
A cube has an edge equal to the diagonal of
another cube. Find the ratio of their total surface
areas.

a. 2 c. 4
b. 3 d. 5
 A cube has an edge equal to the diagonal of another cube. Find the ratio of their
total surface areas.
The total surface area for cube is, The length of each edge of the second
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐵(𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 cube is,
D
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝑠 2 6 𝑠2 = 𝑠 3

𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 6𝑠 2 Its total surface area is, s

If the edge of the first cube is 𝑠, its total surface area is 𝑇𝑆𝐴1 = 6𝑠 2 𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 6𝑠22 d
2 a C
The length of the edge of the second cube is equal to the diagonal of 𝑇𝑆𝐴2 = 6 𝑠 3 s
the first cube, A s B
𝑠2 = 𝑑 𝑇𝑆𝐴2 = 6 𝑠 2 3
Consider triangle ABC, 𝑇𝑆𝐴2 = 18𝑠 2
𝑎2 = 𝑠 2 + 𝑠 2
𝑎2 = 2𝑠 2 The ratio of their total surface areas,
Consider triangle ACD,
𝑑 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑠 2 𝑇𝑆𝐴2 18𝑠 2
= =3
𝑑 2 = 2𝑠 2 + 𝑠 2 𝑇𝑆𝐴1 6𝑠 2
𝑑 2 = 3𝑠 2
𝑑 = 3𝑠 2
𝑑=𝑠 3
The diagonal of a cube is 𝑠 3
A cube has a total surface area of 150 in2. Find the
measure of the cube’s edge.

a. 4 c. 6
b. 5 d. 7
A cube has a total surface area of 150 in2. Find the measure of the cube’s edge.

The total surface area for cube is,

𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐵(𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝑠 2 6
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 6𝑠 2
Substituting the given total surface area,
150 = 6𝑠 2
25 = 𝑠 2

25 = 𝑠
±5 = 𝑠
Since there are no negative dimensions,
𝑠=5
A cube has a total surface area of 150 in2. Find the
measure of the cube’s diagonal.

a. 4 3 c. 6 3
b. 5 3 d. 7 3
A cube has a total surface area of 150 in2. Find the measure of the cube’s diagonal.

Consider triangle ABC,

The total surface area for cube is, 𝑎2 = 𝑠 2 + 𝑠 2
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐵(𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎2 = 2𝑠 2 D
Consider triangle ACD,
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝑠 2 6 𝑑 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑠 2
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 6𝑠 2 𝑑 2 = 2𝑠 2 + 𝑠 2 s
𝑑 2 = 3𝑠 2 d
Substituting the given total surface area,
𝑑 = 3𝑠 2 a C
2
150 = 6𝑠 𝑑=𝑠 3 s
The diagonal of a cube is 𝑠 3 A s B
25 = 𝑠2

25 = 𝑠 𝑑=5 3
±5 = 𝑠
Since there are no negative dimensions,
𝑠=5
The lateral area of a right cylindrical tank is 48π m2
and its volume is 72π m3. Find the altitude of the
tank.

a. 7 c. 9
b. 8 d. 10
 The lateral area of a right cylindrical tank is 48π m2 and its volume is 72π m3. Find
the altitude of the tank.
The lateral area for a cylinder is, 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝑃ℎ 72𝜋 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

The perimeter of a circle is also the circumference, 72𝜋 = 𝜋 𝑟 𝑟ℎ 𝐸𝑞. 2

𝑃 = 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 Substitute Eq. 1 to Eq. 2

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 72𝜋 = 𝜋𝑟(24

48𝜋 72𝜋
48𝜋 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ → 𝑟ℎ = =𝑟
2𝜋 24𝜋

𝑟ℎ = 24 𝐸𝑞. 1 𝑟=3

The volume for a cylinder is, Substitute 𝑟 = 3 to Eq. 1

𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ 𝑟ℎ = 24

The area 𝐵 of the base is the area of circle, 3 ℎ = 24

𝐵 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ=8
A cylinder with a volume of 576π m3 is circumscribed about
a square prism which has one side of the base that
measures 8 m. What is the altitude of the cylinder?

a. 16 c. 18
b. 17 d. 19
 A cylinder with a volume of 576π m3 is circumscribed about a square prism which has one
side of the base that measures 8 m. What is the altitude of the cylinder?

The illustration shows the base of the figure.

The diameter of the circle is equivalent to the diagonal of the square.
𝑑=𝑠 2=8 2
𝜋
576𝜋 = 64 2 ℎ 8
The volume of a cylinder is, 4
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ 8 8
576𝜋(4
ℎ=
The area B of the circle base is, 𝜋(64 (2
8
𝑑
2
𝜋 2 2304
𝐵 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 = 𝑑 ℎ=
2 4 128
ℎ = 18 𝑚
𝜋
𝑉 = 𝑑 2ℎ
4
𝜋 2
576𝜋 = 8 2 ℎ
4
A regular triangular pyramid has an altitude of 9 m and a
volume of 46.8 m3. Find the length of the base edges.

a. 5 c. 7
b. 6 d. 8
 A regular triangular pyramid has an altitude of 9 m and a volume of 46.8 m3. Find the length of
the base edges.

Since the pyramid is regular, its base is an equilateral triangle.

The formula for volume of a pyramid is,

1
𝑉= 𝐵ℎ
3 𝑠 2 = 36.027 600
The area 𝐵 of the triangular base, s s
𝑠 = 36.027
1 1 𝑠=6
𝐵= 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃 = 𝑠 2 sin 𝜃
2 2 600 600

1 1 2 s
𝑉= 𝑠 sin 𝜃 ℎ
3 2

1 1
46.8 = 𝑠 2 sin 600 9
3 2

3
46.8 = (sin 600 𝑠 2
2
A regular triangular pyramid has an altitude of 9 m and a
volume of 46.8 m3. Find the length of the lateral edges.

a. 9.64 c. 9.66
b. 9.65 d. 9.67
 A regular triangular pyramid has an altitude of 9 m and a volume of 46.8 m3. Find the length of
the lateral edges.
Consider triangle ABC D
Since the pyramid is regular, its base is an equilateral triangle.
The formula for volume of a pyramid is, 𝑠 6
cos 300 = 2 → cos 300 = 2
1 𝑥 𝑥
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
3
𝑥=2 3 y
The area 𝐵 of the triangular base,
Consider triangle ABD 600
1 1 s
𝑦2 = 𝑥2 + ℎ2 s
𝐵 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃 = 𝑠 2 sin 𝜃 B
2 2 x
2
𝑦2 = 2 3 + 92
1 1 2 300 600
𝑉= 𝑠 sin 𝜃 ℎ 𝑦 2 = 93 A
3 2 s/2 C s/2
𝑦 = 93
1 1
46.8 = 𝑠 2 sin 600 9 𝑦 = 9.64 𝑚
3 2

𝑠=6𝑚
A regular triangular pyramid has an altitude of 9 m and a
volume of 46.8 m3. Find the length of the slant height.

a. 9.165 c. 9.365
b. 9.265 d. 9.465
 A regular triangular pyramid has an altitude of 9 m and a volume of 46.8 m3. Find the length of
the slant height.
Consider triangle ABC D
Since the pyramid is regular, its base is an equilateral triangle.
The formula for volume of a pyramid is, 𝑥 𝑥
tan 300 = 𝑠 → tan 300 =
6
1 2 l
𝑉= 𝐵ℎ 2
3
𝑥= 3
The area 𝐵 of the triangular base,
Consider triangle CBD 600
1 1 C x s
𝐵= 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃 = 𝑠 2 sin 𝜃 𝑙 2 = 𝑥 2 + ℎ2
2 2 s/2 B
2 300
𝑙2 = 3 + 92
1 1 2 600
𝑉= 𝑠 sin 𝜃 ℎ 𝑙2 = 84 A s
3 2
𝑙 = 84
1 1
46.8 = 𝑠 2 sin 600 9 𝑙 = 9.165 𝑚
3 2

𝑠=6𝑚
A right circular cone has an altitude of 25 cm and a base
diameter of 20 cm. Find the lateral area of the cone.

a. 845 c. 847
b. 846 d. 848
A right circular cone has an altitude of 25 cm and a base diameter of 20 cm. Find the lateral
area of the cone.
The radius is half the diameter,

20
𝑟= = 10 𝑐𝑚 B
2
The lateral area of the cone is,
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
𝑙
Consider triangle ABC, 25
𝑙 2 = 𝑟 2 + ℎ2
𝑙2 = 102 + 252
A C
𝑙2 = 725 10

𝑙 = 725

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋 10 725
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 846 𝑐𝑚2
A right circular cone has an altitude of 25 cm and a base
diameter of 20 cm. Find the volume of the cone.

a. 2168 c. 2816
b. 2618 d. 2681
A right circular cone has an altitude of 25 cm and a base diameter of 20 cm. Find the volume
of the cone.
The radius is half the diameter,

20
𝑟= = 10 𝑐𝑚
2
The volume of a cone is,

1
𝑉= 𝐵ℎ
3
The area of the base is,
𝐵 = 𝜋𝑟 2

1 2
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3
1 2
𝑉= 𝜋 10 25
3
𝑉 = 2618 𝑐𝑚3
 SUB-TOPIC 3
Spheres, Prismatoids and
Solids of Revolutions
• To know the theorems of spheres, zones and
prismatoids

• To know the theorems in solving solids of

revolutions

• Solve problems in geometry

Credit: Engr. Emil Tan
Credit: Engr. Emil Tan
Credit: Engr. Emil Tan
For two bases: 𝑍 = 𝜋 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑅ℎ

Where h is the distance between two bases Credit: Engr. Emil Tan
Credit: Engr. Emil Tan
• First Theorem • Second Theorem
• The surface area (S) of a surface • The volume (V) of a solid of
of revolution generated by the revolution generated by the
revolution of a curve about an revolution of a surface about an
external axis is equal to the external axis is equal to the
product of the arc length (s) of the product of the area of the surface
generating curve and the distance (A) and the distance (d) travelled
(d) travelled by its geometric by the surface’s geometric
centroid (𝑥) centroid (𝑥)

𝑺 = 𝟐𝝅𝒔𝒙 𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅𝑨𝒙
Below are the locations of the centers of gravity or centroids of common plane figures

Plane Figure Vertical Location Horizontal Location

Rectangle Midpoint of height Midpoint of base
Equilateral/Isosceles Triangle 1/3 of height from the base Midpoint of Base
Right Triangle 1/3 of height from the base 1/3 of base from the right angle
Scalene Triangle Intersection of the medians
Circle Center Center
Semi-Circle 4r/(3π) from the diameter Midpoint of the diameter
Quarter-Circle 4r/(3π) from the base 4r/(3π) from the base normal
A sphere has a radius of 2 m. Find the surface area of the
sphere.

a. 4π c. 16π
b. 8π d. 32π
A sphere has a radius of 2 m. Find the surface area of the sphere.

Based from the given,

𝑟=2
The surface area of the sphere,
𝑆𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑆𝐴 = 4𝜋 2 2

𝑆𝐴 = 16𝜋
A sphere has a radius of 9 m. Find the volume of the
sphere.

a. 968π c. 972π
b. 970π d. 974π
A sphere has a radius of 9 m. Find the volume of the sphere.

Based from the given,

𝑟=9
The volume of the sphere,

4 3
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟
3
4 3
𝑉= 𝜋 9
3
𝑉 = 972𝜋
A salad bow is in the form of a spherical segment with two
bases. The upper base is a great circle of radius 5”. The
altitude of the bowl is 2”. Find its volume capacity.

a. 148.70 in2 c. 108.74 in2

b. 170.48 in2 d. 187.40 in2
A salad bow is in the form of a spherical segment with two bases. The upper base is a great
circle of radius 5”. The altitude of the bowl is 2”. Find its volume capacity.
Based from the given,
𝑟=5 and ℎ=2
𝑟 2 = ℎ2 + 𝑥 2
52 = 22 + 𝑥 2
21 = 𝑥 2
𝑥 = 21
The volume of a spherical segment with two bases is,

𝜋ℎ
𝑉= 3𝑎2 + 3𝑏2 + ℎ2
6

𝜋(2 2
𝑉= 3 5 2 +3 21 + 22 r
6 h
𝜋 x
𝑉= 142
3
𝑉 = 148.70 𝑖𝑛2
The corners of a cubical box just touch the closed spherical
shell that encloses it. The volume of the box is 27,000 cc.
What volume inside the shell is not occupied by the box?

a. 23124.36 cc c. 35,619.33 cc
b. 46458.87 cc d. 50,146.87 cc
 The corners of a cubical box just touch the closed spherical shell that encloses it. The
volume of the box is 27,000 cc. What volume inside the shell is not occupied by the box?
The volume of cube is,
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑠 3
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑠 3 = 27000 The volume of sphere is,
𝑉𝑐 = 30 D
Consider triangle ABC, 4
𝑉𝑠 = 𝜋𝑟 3
𝑎2 = 𝑠 2 + 𝑠 2 3
𝑎2 = 2𝑠 2 s
4 3
Consider triangle ACD, 𝑉𝑠 = 𝜋 15 3 d
𝑑 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑠 2 3
a C
𝑑 2 = 2𝑠 2 + 𝑠 2 𝑉𝑠 = 73458.87 cc
𝑑 2 = 3𝑠 2 s
The volume remaining is, A s B
𝑑 = 3𝑠 2
𝑑=𝑠 3 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑐
The diagonal of a cube is 𝑠 3 𝑉 = 73458.87 − 27000
𝑑 = 30 3
𝑉 = 46458.87 𝑐𝑐
The diagonal of the cube is also the diameter of the sphere,

𝑑 30 3
𝑟= = = 15 3
2 2
If the volume of the sphere is increased by 20%, how many
percent will its surface area increase?

a. 20% c. 12.92%
b. 10% d. 16.36%
 If the volume of the sphere is increased by 20%, how many percent will its surface area
increase?
2
The volume of sphere is, 𝑆𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 4𝜋 𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑤
3 2
4 𝑆𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 4𝜋 𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔 1.2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
2 2/3
Since the volume is increased by 20%, 𝑆𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 4𝜋 𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔 1.2

𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 1.2𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔 But since,

2
4 4 3 𝑆𝐴𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔 = 4𝜋 𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔
𝜋 𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑤 3 = 1.2 𝜋 𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔
3 3 2/3
𝑆𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑆𝐴𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔 1.2
3 3
𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 1.2 𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔 𝑆𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 1.1292 𝑆𝐴𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔
The increase is,
3
𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔 1.2
%𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 100% × 1.1292 − 1
The surface area of sphere is,
%𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 12.92%
𝑆𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
A sphere having a diameter of 30 cm is cut into 2 segments. The
altitude of the first segment is 6 cm. What is the ratio of the area of
the second segment to that of the first?

a. 2 c. 3
b. 1.5 d. 4
A sphere having a diameter of 30 cm is cut into 2 segments. The altitude of the first segment
is 6 cm. What is the ratio of the area of the second segment to that of the first?
From the given,
𝑑 = 30 𝑐𝑚

𝑑 30
𝑟= = = 15 𝑐𝑚
2 2
ℎ1
The formula for surface area of sphere with 1 base,
𝑍 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
ℎ1 = 6 𝑐𝑚
ℎ2
ℎ2 = 𝑑 − ℎ1 = 30 − 6 = 24 𝑐𝑚
The ratio of surface area is,

𝑍2 2𝜋𝑟ℎ2 ℎ2 24
= = =
𝑍1 2𝜋𝑟ℎ1 ℎ1 6

𝑍2
=4
𝑍1
Find the radius of the spherical wedge whose volume is 12 m3 with
a central angle of 1.8 radians.

a. 2.36 m c. 2.52 m
b. 2.73 m d. 2.15 m
Find the radius of the spherical wedge whose volume is 12 m3 with a central angle of 1.8
radians.
The formula for volume of spherical wedge,

𝜋𝑅 3 𝜃𝑑𝑒𝑔
𝑉=
2700
Converting the given angle to degrees,

1800
𝜃𝑑𝑒𝑔 = 1.8 𝑟𝑎𝑑 ×
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜃𝑑𝑒𝑔 = 103.130

𝜋𝑅 3 (103.130
12 =
2700

3 12 270 0
𝑅=
𝜋(103.130

𝑅 = 2.15 𝑚
If a solid steel ball is immersed in an 8 cm diameter cylinder, it
displaces water to a depth of 2.25 cm. The radius of the ball is:

a. 3 cm c. 9 cm
b. 6 cm d. 12 cm
If a solid steel ball is immersed in an 8 cm diameter cylinder, it displaces water to a depth of
2.25 cm. The radius of the ball is:
The volume of water displaced follows the shape of its container, which
is a cylinder,
𝑉𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 2ℎ

2
8
𝑉𝑤−𝑑 =𝜋 2.25
2

𝑉𝑤−𝑑 = 36𝜋
The volume of water displaced is equivalent to the volume of the ball,
𝑉𝑤−𝑑 = 𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

4 3
36𝜋 = 𝜋𝑟
3

36𝜋 3
= 𝑟3
4𝜋
27 = 𝑟 3
3
𝑟= 27 = 3
How many cubic inches of lumber does a stick contain if it is 4 in.
by 4 in. at one end, 2 in. by 2 in. at the other end, and 16 ft. long?

a. 1297 in3 c. 1927 in3

b. 1792 in3 d. 2179 in3
How many cubic inches of lumber does a stick contain if it is 4 in. by 4 in. at one end, 2 in. by
2 in. at the other end, and 16 ft. long?
Let 𝐴1 = 𝑙1 × 𝑤1 = 4𝑖𝑛 × 4𝑖𝑛 = 16 𝑖𝑛2
𝐴2 = 𝑙2 × 𝑤2 = 2𝑖𝑛 × 2𝑖𝑛 = 4 𝑖𝑛2
ℎ = 16 𝑓𝑡 = 192 𝑖𝑛
Get the dimensions of the middle area between 𝐴1 and 𝐴2

𝑙1 + 𝑙2 4 + 2
𝑙𝑚 = = =3
2 2
𝑤1 + 𝑤2 4 + 2
𝑤𝑚 = = =3
2 2
𝐴𝑚 = 𝑙𝑚 × 𝑤𝑚 = 3 × 3 = 9 𝑖𝑛2
The formula for volume of prismatoid,

ℎ
𝑉= 𝐴 + 𝐴2 + 4𝐴𝑚
6 1
192
𝑉= 16 + 4 + 4 9
6
𝑉 = 1792 𝑖𝑛3
An excavation is 12 ft. deep and has trapezoidal sides (faces). The
upper base is horizontal rectangle 400 ft. by 180 ft., and the lower
base is a horizontal rectangle 350 ft. by 150 ft. How many cubic
feet of earth were removed in digging the excavation?

a. 440 700ft3 c. 744 000 ft3

b. 740 400 ft3 d. 474 000 ft3
An excavation is 12 ft. deep and has trapezoidal sides (faces). The upper base is horizontal
rectangle 400 ft. by 180 ft., and the lower base is a horizontal rectangle 350 ft. by 150 ft. How
many cubic feet of earth were removed in digging the excavation?

Let 𝐴1 = 𝑙1 × 𝑤1 = 400𝑓𝑡 × 180𝑓𝑡 = 72000 𝑓𝑡 2

𝐴2 = 𝑙2 × 𝑤2 = 350𝑓𝑡 × 150𝑓𝑡 = 52500 𝑓𝑡 2
ℎ = 12 𝑓𝑡
Get the dimensions of the middle area between 𝐴1 and 𝐴2
12
𝑙1 + 𝑙2 400 + 350 𝑉= 72000 + 52500 + 4 61875
𝑙𝑚 = = = 375 𝑓𝑡 6
2 2
𝑉 = 744 000 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑤1 + 𝑤2 180 + 150
𝑤𝑚 = = = 165 𝑓𝑡
2 2
𝐴𝑚 = 𝑙𝑚 × 𝑤𝑚 = 375 × 165 = 61875 𝑓𝑡 2
The formula for volume of prismatoid,

ℎ
𝑉= 𝐴 + 𝐴2 + 4𝐴𝑚
6 1
Find the volume generated by revolving the area bounded by the
ellipse y2/9 + x2/4 = 1 about the line x = 3.

a. 347.23 c. 378.43
b. 355.31 d. 389.51
 Find the volume generated by revolving the area bounded by the ellipse x2/9 + y2/4 = 1 about
the line x = 3.
The general form for ellipse is,

𝑥−ℎ 2 𝑦−𝑘 2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
By inspection,
b
𝐶 ℎ, 𝑘 → 𝐶 0, 0 a a
𝑉 = 2𝜋 6𝜋 3 (0,0)
𝑎2 = 9 → 𝑎= 9=3 b
𝑉 = 355.31
𝑏2 = 4 → 𝑏= 4=2
Since we are looking for volume, we can use Pappus’s second 𝑥

theorem, 𝑥=3

𝑉 = 2𝜋𝐴𝑥
𝑥=a=3
The area of ellipse is,
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏 = 𝜋 3 2 = 6𝜋
The area in the second quadrant of the circle x2 +y2 =36 is revolved
about the line y + 10 = 0. What is the volume generated?

a. 2218.6 c. 2233.4
b. 2228.8 d. 2208.5
 The area in the second quadrant of the circle x2 +y2 =36 is revolved about the line y + 10 = 0.
What is the volume generated?
The general form for circle is,
𝑥−ℎ 2 + 𝑦−𝑘 2 =1
The area for quarter circle is,
By inspection,
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋(62
𝐶 ℎ, 𝑘 → 𝐶 0, 0 𝐴= =
4 4
𝑟 2 = 36 → 𝑟 = 36 = 6 𝑥𝑐
𝐴 = 9𝜋
(0,0) 𝑥
Since we are looking for volume, we can use Pappus’s second
theorem, 𝑉 = 2𝜋𝐴𝑥
𝑦 = −10
𝑉 = 2𝜋𝐴𝑥 𝑉 = 2𝜋 9𝜋 12.55
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑐 + 10 𝑉 = 2228.8
The centroid for quarter circle is,

4𝑟 4(6
𝑥𝑐 = = = 2.55
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 = 10 + 2.55 = 12.55
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