Roll no (18-ELE-03)

Assignment no 2
Peripheral wires used in computers:
Definition:
A peripheral is a piece of computer hardware that is added to a computer in order
to expand its abilities. The term peripheral is used to describe those devices that
are optional in nature, as opposed to hardware that is either demanded or always
required in principle. There are all different kinds of peripherals you can add your
computer. The main distinction among peripherals is the way they are connected
to your computer. They can be connected internally or externally.

Peripheral wires

An output device provides output from the computer, such as a computer

monitor, projector, printer, headphones, and computer speaker. An input/output
device performs both input and output functions, such as a computer data
storage device (including a disk drive, USB flash drive, memory card, and tape
drive).

Types of peripheral wires:

There are many types of peripheral wires some are as follows:

 PATA cables
 SATA cables
 SSD hard disk
 VGA
 DVI
 HDMI
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PATA cables:
Parallel ATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment or PATA) is a
standard for connecting hard drives into computer systems. As its name implies,
PATA is based on parallel signaling technology, unlike serial ATA (SATA)
devices that use serial signaling technology. Parallel ATA dates back to the
1980s. Integrated Drive Electronics ( IDE ) drives operate according to this
standard.

Composition:

The connections for PATA devices were originally made using 40-conductor
ribbon cables. These were later supplanted by 80-conductor cables in which
every other conductor is grounded, minimizing mutual capacitance (and
consequent crosstalk ) between conductor s. The maximum workable cable
length is 46 centimetre (about 18 inches). This means that PATA cables are
only practical for use with internal drives.

PATA cables

External parallel ATA devices:

PATA to USB Adapter: It is mounted on the rear of a DVD-RW optical drive
inside an external case. Due to a short cable length specification and shielding
issues it is extremely uncommon to find external PATA devices that directly use
PATA for connection to a computer. A device connected externally needs
additional cable length to form a U-shaped bend so that the external device may
be placed alongside, or on top of the computer case, and the standard cable
length is too short to permit this. For ease of reach from motherboard to device,
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the connectors tend to be positioned towards the front edge of motherboards, for
connection to devices protruding from the front of the computer case. This
front-edge position makes extension out the back to an external device even
more difficult. Ribbon cables are poorly shielded, and the standard relies upon
the cabling to be installed inside a shielded computer case to meet RF emissions
limits. External hard disk drives or optical disk drives that have an internal
PATA interface, use some other interface technology to bridge the distance
between the external device and the computer. USB is the most common
external interface, followed by fire wire. A bridge chip inside the external
devices converts from the USB interface to PATA, and typically only supports a
single external device without cable select or master/slave.

USB adapter
Physical Description of PATA Cables & Connectors:
PATA cables are flat cables with 40-pin connectors (in a 20x2 matrix) on either
side of the cable. One end of the PATA cable plugs into a port on the
motherboard, usually labeled IDE, and the other into the back of a storage
device like a hard drive. Some cables have an additional PATA connector
midway through the cable for connecting yet another device like a PATA hard
drive or an optical disk drive. PATA cables come in 40-wire or 80-wire designs.
Newer PATA storage devices require the use of the more capable 80-wire
PATA cable to meet certain speed requirements. Both types of PATA cables
have 40-pins and look nearly identical, so telling them apart can be difficult.
Usually though, the connectors on an 80-wire PATA cable will be black, gray,
and blue while the connectors on a 40-wire cable will only be black.

PATA connector
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SATA cables:
A serial advanced technology attachment (serial ATA, SATA or S-ATA) is a
computer bus interface used to connect host bus adapters with mass storage
devices like optical drives and hard drives. This interface is commonly used to
connect hard disk drives to a host system such as a computer motherboard.

History:
SATA is an update to the parallel signaling (parallel ATA or PATA) standard
of the 1980s used for enhanced integrated drive electronics (EIDE) and the
earlier integral Serial ATA was introduced in 2005. In 2010, it was updated to
use a data cable with seven conductors made up of three grounds and four active
two-pair data lines with wafer connectors.

Advantages:
 SATA offers several advantages over ATA and PATA. The most improved
features are hot swapping and faster data transfer rates. Hot swapping is the
ability to replace computer system components without having to shut down the
system. Older systems had to be shut down before replacing or installing system
modules. SATA's 6 Gbps data transfer rate is also a lot faster than those of ATA
and PATA. The standard interface for SATA is the advanced host controller
interface (AHCI), which includes innovative features such as hot swapping and
native command queuing. If the motherboard or chipset does not support AHCI,
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SATA also allows native command queuing (NCQ). This technology is

intended to increase performance by letting the hard disc drive augment the
order in which read/write commands are implemented. NCQ enables several
commands to be rescheduled and permits the host to send more commands to
the hard disk drive while searching data for another command. NCQ also allows
the drive to transfer data using direct memory access operations without
interference from the CPU.

SATA topology: host (H), multiplier (M), and device (D) SATA uses a point-to-
point architecture. The physical connection between a controller and a storage
device is not shared among other controllers and storage devices. SATA
defines multipliers, which allows a single SATA controller port to drive up to
fifteen storage devices. The multiplier performs the function of a hub; the
controller and each storage device is connected to the hub. [66] This is
conceptually similar to SAS expanders. Modern PC systems have SATA
controllers built into the motherboard, typically featuring two to eight ports.
Additional ports can be installed through add-in SATA host adapters (available
in variety of bus-interfaces: USB, PCI, PCIE).

SSD hard disk:

A solid state drive (SSD) is an electronic storage drive built on solid state
architecture. SSDs are built with NAND and NOR flash memory to store non-
volatile data and dynamic random access memory (DRAM). A SSD and
magnetic hard disk drive (HDD) share a similar purpose. A SSD is also known
as a solid state disk (SSD) or electronic disk drive.SSD incorporates the storage
technique implemented in microchip-based flash memory, where data is
electronically stored on flash memory chips. An SSD is an entirely electronic
storage device, and its physical assembly contains no mechanical objects.
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Structure:
A SSD has two key components:

 Flash memory: Contains storage memory.

 Controller: An embedded microprocessor that processes functions, like
error correction, data retrieval and encryption.
 Manages access to input/output (I/O) and read/write (R/W) operations
between the SSD and host computer.

Working:

 Solid state is industry shorthand for an integrated circuit, and that’s the
key difference between an SSD and a HDD: there are no moving parts
inside an SSD. Rather than using disks, motors and read/write heads,
SSDs use flash memory instead — that is, computer chips that retain their
information even when the power is turned off.
 SSDs work in principle the same way the storage on your smart phone or
tablet works. But the SSDs you find in today’s Macs and PCs work faster
than the storage in your mobile device.
 The mechanical nature of HDDs limits their overall performance. Hard
drive makers work tirelessly to improve data transfer speeds and reduce
latency and idle time, but there’s a finite amount they can do. SSDs
provide a huge performance advantage over hard drives — they’re faster
to start up, faster to shut down, and faster to transfer data.

Memory:

A Range of SSD Form Factors:

SSDs can be made smaller and use less power than hard drives. They also don’t
make noise, and can be more reliable because they’re not mechanical. As a
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result, computers designed to use SSDs can be smaller, thinner, lighter and last
much longer on a single battery charge than computers that use hard drives .
Produce SSD mechanisms that are designed to be plug-and-play drop-in
replacements for 2.5-inch and 3.5-inch hard disk drives because there are
millions of existing computers (and many new computers still made with hard
drives) that can benefit from the change. They’re equipped with the same SATA
interface and power connector you might find on a hard drive.

Mostly used SSD types:

A wide range of SSD form factors are now available. Memory Sticks, once
limited to 128MB maximum, now come in versions as large as 2 TB. They are
used primarily in mobile devices where size and density are primary factor,
such as cameras, phones, drones, and so forth. Other high density form factors
are designed for data centre applications, such as Intel’s 32 TB P4500.
Resembling a standard 12-inch ruler, the Intel SSD DC P4500 has a 32 terabyte
capacity. Stacking 64 extremely thin layers of 3D NAND, the P4500 is
currently the world’s densest solid state drive. The price is not yet available, but
given that the DC P4500 SSD requires only one-tenth the power and just one-
twentieth the space of traditional hard disk storage, once the price comes out of
the stratosphere you can be sure that there will be a market for it.