Amw MCQ

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE SYSTEMS AND ANTENNAS
Microwave frequency bands, Physical concept of radiation, Near- and far-field regions, Fields
and Power Radiated by an Antenna, Antenna Pattern Characteristics, Antenna Gain and
Efficiency, Aperture Efficiency and Effective Area, Antenna Noise Temperature and G/T,
Impedance matching, Friis transmission equation, Link budget and link margin, Noise
Characterization of a microwave receiver.
1. An Antenna converts
a. photons to electrons
b. electrons to photons
c. photons to neutrons
d. It does not convert anything

2. An Antenna acts as interface between
a. mobile tower stations
b. radio station and a mobile tower
c. freespace and a guiding device
d. None of the above
3. The basic radiation equation says

a. I L = Q V A
b. L = V A
c. I = Q V A
d. Q V = L A I
4. The most basic requirements of transmitting antennas are:
a. High efficiency
b. Low side lobes
c. Large signal to noise ratio
5. Ideally, the number of point sources an antenna can resolve is numerically equal to:
a. Gain of the antenna
b. Directivity
c. Beam efficiency
d. Beam area
6. Microwave frequency band is in the range of
a. greater than 50 GHz
b. 1 to 12 GHz
c. 10 to 50 MHz
d. less than 50 MHz
7. Functions of an antenna include
a. transducer
b. impedance matching device
c. temperature sensor
d. transducer , impedance matching device , temperature sensor
8. The definition of Isotropic radiation is to
a. radiate in a particular direction
b. radiate equally in all directions
c. radiate at half the wavelength

9. By definition , the self impedance of an antenna is basically
a. Its input impedance during the removal of all other antennas
b. Its impedance by taking into consideration the consequences of other antennas
c. Both a and b
10. In radio communication link, what is the shape/nature of waves generated by transmitting
antenna?
a. Spherical
b. Plane
c. Triangular
d. Square
11. Field pattern can be defined as
a. Plot of magnitude of electric or magnetic field as a function angular space
b. Plot of gain as a function of angular space
c. Plot of polarization as a function of angular space
d. It does not convey anything

12. Radiation pattern consists of the following lobes
a. main lobe , minor lobe , side lobe and back lobe
b. main lobe , minor lobe and side lobe
c. only main lobe and minor lobe
d. only main lobe and back lobe.
13. Beam solid angle is the three dimensional angle formed by

a. Major and minor lobes
b. main lobe , minor lobe , side lobe and back lobe
c. Side lobe through which all power is radiated.
d. Major lobe through which all power is radiated.
14. If an antenna has a gain of 3 dB, it increases the output of the transmitter by
a. 10,000 times
b. 1000 times
c. 100 times
d. 9 times
15. What determines antenna polarization?
a. The frequency of the radiated wave
b. The direction of the radiated wave

c. The direction of the magnetic field vector
d. The direction of the electric field vector
16. Which of the following relation is correct
a. directive gain = Radiation intensity in particular direction / Avg radiated power
b. directive gain = Radiation intensity in particular direction / (4*pi)
c. power gain = 2 * efficiency * directive gain
d. transmitted power = radiated power
17. By the definition of directivity of the antenna , it is denoted as the
a. equal to directive gain

b. same as power gain
c. intensity of the radiation
d. Maximum directive gain
18. Aperture efficiency is the ratio of
a. Effective aperture / Physical aperture
b. length of the antenna / Physical aperture

c. Effective aperture / power gain
d. Effective aperture / poynting aperture
19. What is the gain of isotropic antenna?
a. 10
b. 1
c. 100
d. 0
20. Which waveform plays a crucial role in determining the radiation pattern of the dipole/wire
antennas?
a. current
b. voltage
c. frequency
d. phase
21. The correct equation for effective area is
a. transmitted power by poynting vector

b. power received / poynting vector of incident wave
c. received power / transmitter power
d. None of the above.
22. Antenna noise temperature is the
a. inherent property of the antenna
b. physical temperature of the antenna

c.temperature of the surrounding space coupled to the antenna via radiation
resistance
23. The purpose of impedance matching is to

a. maximise the power transfer to the antenna
b. minimise the power transfer
c. maximise signal reflection from the load.
d. maximise the gain of the antenna
24. What is the nature of radiation pattern of an isotropic antenna?
a. spherical
b. elliptical
c. circle
d. hyperbolic
25. If an antenna radiates over half a sphere, directivity of the antenna is:
a. 4
b. 2
c. 3
d. 1
26. Friis equation states that
a. Pr/Pt = GtGr * (λ/4�r)
b. Pr/Pt = GtGr * (λ/4�r)2
c. Pr/Pt = GtGr * (λ/8�r)2

d. Pr/Pt = GtGr * (λ/2�r)2
27. Link budget is the term that accounts for the

a. directivity of the transmitter antenna
b. gain of the transmitter antenna
c. power received at the receiver
28. Link margin relates which following two parameters

a. minimum expected power at receiving antenna to the the received power at which the
receiver will stop working
b. minimum expected power at receiving antenna to the maximun power at receiving
antenna.
c. maximum expected power at receiving antenna to the minimum power at receiving
antenna.
d. minimum expected power at receiving antenna to the efficiency of the receiving

antenna
29. The directivity of an antenna in terms of the aperture efficiency and operating wavelength is
given by:
a. 4πAe/λ
b. 4πAe/λ4
c. 4πAe/λ2
30. Near field region of the antenna is defined by the condition

a. less than 2D2/λ
b. greater than 2D2/λ
c. equal to 2D2/λ
d. not equal to 2D2/λ
Answer Key :
Q.NO ANSWER Q.NO ANSWER Q.NO ANSWER

1 b 11 a 21 b
2 c 12 a 22 c
3 a 13 d 23 a
4 a 14 b 24 a
5 b 15 d 25 b
6 b 16 a 26 b
7 d 17 d 27 c
8 b 18 a 28 a
9 a 19 b 29 c
10 a 20 a 30 a
UNIT - II: RADIATION MECHANISMS AND DESIGN ASPECTS

Radiation Mechanisms of Linear wire and Loop antennas, Aperture antennas, Reflector
antennas, Microstrip antennas and Frequency independent antennas, Design considerations
and applications.
1. The real part of antenna impedance consists of

a. rrad only
b. rrad and rloss
c. rloss only
d. zero ohms of resistance
2. The radiation pattern of a loop antenna is

a. circular
b. multi-directional
c. that of a monopole
d. cardioids
3. Antenna for direction finding is

a. rhombic antenna
b. loop antenna
c. dipole
d. helical antenna
4. The F/D ratio of reflector antenna is known as

a. Aperture number
b. Focal length
c. Flare angle
5. The technique that is not used to enhance the bandwidth of the microstrip antenna is
a. to use thick and high dielectric substrate
b. to cut holes/slots that increases the resistance
c. to add reactive components to reduce VSWR
d. to increase the size of the patch
6. Narrow bandwidth of patch antenna is useful particularly in

a. Wireless communication
b. Government security
c. Medical applications
d. Satellite communication
7. Increasing height of the substrate results in

a. Increase of efficiency and bandwidth
b. Only high bandwidth
c. Only high efficiency
d. Good radiation
8. End fire radiation of a microstrip antenna can be obtained by

a. Selecting suitable substrate
b. Selecting suitable mode of excitation
c. Selecting patch
d. Impedance of the co axial cable that is used as feed line
9. Microstrip antennas provides better performance, if dielectric constant of substrate ranges

From
a. 1.0 to 10.0
b. 2.2 to 8
c. 2.2 to 12.5
d. 12.5 to 13.5
10. The effective dielectric constant of substrate material lies between 1.0 and r and it is
Constant
a. at high frequency
b. at low frequency
c. at all frequencies
d. at any desired frequency
11. The following feed technique that offers larger bandwidth is

a. Coaxial feed
b. Aperture coupled feed
c. Proximity coupled feed
d. Micro strip line feed
12. The common microwave link antenna is

a. dipole
b. log-periodic
c. rhombic
d. parabolic dish
13. Reflector antennas are suitable for

a. mobile application
b. radar and mobile application
c. satellite communication
d. all the above
14. Reflectors are mainly used with antennas to

a. increase power gain
b. alter the radiation pattern
c. double the side lobes
d. increase the radiation resistance
15. The reflector that produces a diverging radiation pattern from the antenna is
a. two plane reflectors kept at 180 degrees to each other
b. a reflector as in the case of a Yagi-Uda antenna
c. an elliptical reflector
d. parabolic reflector
16. The reflector converts the oncoming waves onto it to a ____________ wave front
a. plane wavefront
b. spherical wavefront
c. parabolic wavefront
d. complex wavefront
17. The parabolic reflector produces a very strong and concentrated beam along
a. the broad side of the parabolic reflector
b. the parabolic axis
c. the parabolic axis in the opposite direction (180 degrees)
d. the tangent to the parabolic reflector
18. In the parabolic reflector antennas, the minor lobes constitute the rays
a. reflecting from the parabolic reflector
b. directly coming from the radiator kept at the focus without getting reflected from
the parabolic reflector
c. reflecting from the parabolic reflector but diverging away from the axis
d. reflecting from the parabolic reflector but along the axis
19. In a parabolic reflector, the radiator is partially shielded in order to

a. increase side lobes
b. increase gain
c. reduce the side lobe
d. increase bandwidth
20. When the field across the aperture of the parabola is of same phase, the beam generated
a. is Omni directional
b. is sharply unidirectional
c. has main beam with two minor side lobes
d. is bifurcated into two major beams
21. If the incident wave from a reflector antenna reflected back towards its source and has
vertex angle 90, then the antenna is known as
a. Retro-reflector
b. CP reflector
c. Double reflector
d. Parallel reflector
22. The F/D ratio of reflector antenna is known as

a. aperture number
b. focal length
c. flare angle
d. none of the above
23. The bandwidth limits of LPDA is calculated by the frequencies at which longest and
shortest dipole are at
a. full wave resonant
b. half wave resonant
c. quarter wave resonant
24. LPDAs have been used in many applications because of their

a. High directivity
b. Higher bandwidth
c. High directivity and wide band width
d. None of these
25. The directivity of LPDA can be improved further

a. by adjusting the relative spacing of the directors
b. by adding parasitic elements in the cells
c. both a) and b.
d. by adjusting the relative spacing of the current element and the reflector
26. Log-periodic antenna is

a. Narrowband
b. Wideband
c. frequency independent
d. frequency dependent
27. For frequency independent antennas, the bandwidth is

a. zero
b. infinite
c. finite
d. moderate
28. Broad-band antenna is

a. log-periodic
b. dipole
c. Yagi-Uda
d. horn
29. The unit of del (∆) is

a. does not exist
b. meter
c. 1/meter
d. Db
30. Which type of wire antenna are also known as dipoles?
a. Helical
b. Loop
c. Linear
d. All of the above
Answer Key:

1 b 11 c 21 a
2 d 12 d 22 a
3 b 13 d 23 b
4 a 14 b 24 c
5 d 15 c 25 c
6 b 16 a 26 c
7 a 17 b 27 b
8 b 18 b 28 a
9 c 19 c 29 c
10 a 20 b 30 c
UNIT - III: ANTENNA ARRAYS AND APPLICATIONS

Two-element array, Array factor, Pattern multiplication, uniformly spaced arrays with uniform
and non-uniform excitation amplitudes, Smart antennas.
1. How do the elements of an active region behave?

a. Inductive
b. Capacitive
c. Resistive
d. Reactive
2. If the length of elements of an array is greater than λ/2, which will be the operating
region of an array?
a. Transmission line region
b. Reflective region
c. Active region
d. Resonance region
3. What kind of beamwidth is produced by Chebyshev arrays for given side lobe level?
a. Widest
b. Narrowest
c. Narrower
d. Wider
4. If the elements of a binomial array are separated by λ/4, how many shape patterns are
generated with no minor lobes?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 16
5. If a linear uniform array consists of 9 isotropic elements separated by λ/4, what would be
the directivity of a broadside array in dB?
a. 6.53 dB
b. 7.99 dB
c. 8.55 dB
d. 9.02 dB
6. Identify condition of an ordinary endfire array.

a. α < βd
b. α > βd
c. α = ±βd
d. α ≠ ±βd
7. In broadside array, all the elements in the array should have similar _______excitation
along with similar amplitude excitation for maximum radiation.
a. Phase
b. Frequency
c. Current
d. Voltage
8. What is the nature of radiation pattern of an isotropic antenna?

a. Spherical
b. Dough-nut
c. Elliptical
d. Hyperbolic
9. In which kind of array configuration, the element locations must deviate or adjust to
some nonplanar surface like an aircraft or missile.
a. Linear
b. Planar
c. Conformal
d. Co planar
10. Find the term that is not applicable for Yagi-Uda array.
a. Good bandwidth
b. High gain
c. Folded dipole
d. Parasitic elements
11. The angle where the transmitted power has dropped by from the maximum power in the
direction at which the antenna array is directing.
a. Bandwidth
b. Polarization
c. Beamwidth
d. Directivity
12. An antenna is formed of four array antenna, each of which has a gain of _____ if the total
gain of these antenna arrays is 30 dB.
a. 12 dB
b. 13 dB
c. 14 dB
d. 15 dB
13. The major lobes of the directive pattern are those in which the radiation is _______.
a. Minimum
b. Maximum
c. Same
d. Average
14. Is one which the principal direction of the radiation is perpendicular to the axis of array?
a. Broadside array
b. End-fire array
c. Phased array
d. Array antenna
15. Front-to-back ratio is the ratio of the forward power and the ________.
a. Maximum power
b. Optimum power
c. Minimum power
d. Backward power
16. When two points are separated at the distance of half wave length and fed with uniform
currents in same phase, the array act as a,
a. End fire array
b. Broadside array
c. Collinear array
d. Parasitic array
17. Directivity higher than that obtained with uniform phase.

a. Super gain
b. High gain
c. Medium gain
d. Low gain
18. When two points are separated at the distance of half wave length and fed with uniform
currents in opposite phase, the array act as a,
a. End fire array
b. Broadside array
c. Collinear array
d. Parasitic array
19. If the individual antennas of the array are spaced equally along a straight line. Then find
the array.
a. Linear
b. Non linear
c. Linear cum non linear
d. Linear or non linear
20. Define linear array is a system.

a. Equal and unequal
b. Either equal or unequal
c. Unequally
d. Equally
21. Which array is also called as Hansen-Woodyard array?

a. Broad side
b. End-fire
c. Increased End-Fire
d. Binomial
22. In increased end-fire array the radiation is along________.

a. X-direction
b. Y-direction
c. Z-direction
d. Both X and Y direction
23. The directivity of an antenna can be increased by adding more elements, as a large
number of elements.
a. Improves the radiation efficiency
b. Increases the effective area of the antenna
c. Results in better impedance matching
d. Allows more power to be radiated by the antenna
24. Find the direction of half power points for a uniform point sources array
a. 90 & 270 degree
b. 30 & 60 degree
c. 60 & 120 degree
d. 0 & 180 degree
25. The directivity of N element linear array in broadside array is inversely propotional to
a. Inter element spacing
b. Number of elements
c. Wavelength
d. Array length
26. Define smart antenna.

a. Single antenna
b. Multiple antennas
c. Directional antenna
d. Adaptive array antennas
27. Identify smart antenna functions.

a. Beam steering
b. Isolation
c. Noise reduction
d. Immune
28. How to achieve antenna beam forming?

a. Altering the phase of the signals
b. Altering the amplitude of the signals
c. Altering the phase and amplitude of the signals
d. Altering the phase or amplitude of the signals
29. Evaluate beam pattern can be dynamically altered by the beam steering.
a. Changing the signal phase in real time without changing the antenna elements
b. Changing the signal amplitude in real time without changing the antenna elements
c. Changing the signal amplitude and phase in real time without changing the
antenna elements
d. Changing the signal amplitude or phase in real time without changing the antenna
elements
30. Which is not an adaptive beam forming approach?

a. Minimum mean-square-error approach
b. Least mean square approach
c. Minimum variance approach
d. Binomial approach
Answer Key :
1 c 11 c 21 c
2 b 12 c 22 a
3 b 13 b 23 b
4 c 14 a 24 c
5 a 15 d 25 c
6 c 16 b 26 d
7 a 17 a 27 a
8 a 18 a 28 c
9 c 19 a 29 a
10 b 20 d 30 d
UNIT - IV: PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MICROWAVE DEVICES

Microwave Passive components: Directional Coupler, Power Divider, Magic Tee, attenuator,
resonator, Principles of Microwave Semiconductor Devices: Gunn Diodes, IMPATT diodes,
Schottky Barrier diodes, PIN diodes, Microwave tubes: Klystron, TWT, Magnetron.
1. Find the microwave frequency range.

a. 100 MHz
b. 1 GHz
c. 10 GHz
d. 100 GHz
2. How to characterize directional couplers for waveguides?

a. Insertion loss
b. Radiation
c. Interference
d. Gain
3. Infer the abbreviation for TWT.

a. Transverse Wave Transmission
b. Transverse Wave Tube
c. Traveling Wave Tube
d. Traveling Wave Transmission
4. Note the function of an isolator is a device that

a. isolates frequencies in a waveguide
b. allows a signal to pass in one direction only
c. separates signals among various ports
d. prevents microwaves from leaking out of a waveguide
5. A “circulator” is a microwave passive device that

a. rotates signal polarity in a waveguide
b. allows a signal to pass in one direction only
c. separates signals among various ports
d. prevents microwaves from being “trapped” in a waveguide
6. Full form of IMPATT is

a. impact avalanche and transit time
b. induced mobility at transmission time
c. implied power at transmission terminal
d. improved major port allowable transfer tuner
7. Identify the device commonly used in microwave ovens.

a. TWT
b. klystron
c. magnetron
d. YIG
8. Which device is used in satellite communications?
a. TWT
b. klystron
c. magnetron
d. YIG
9. What is the application of klystron?

a. VLF transmitter
b. LF transmitter
c. HF transmitter
d. UHF transmitter
10. A Gunn diode oscillates because of its negative ______________.

a. Capacitance
b. Inductance
c. Resistance
d. Reactance
11. Power dividers and couplers are ______ microwave components used for power division or
power combining.
a. Passive
b. Active
c. Linear
d. Non linear
12. T- junction is an example for:

a. 1 port network
b. 2 port network
c. 3 port network
d. 4 port network
13. If a device is passive and contains no anisotropic elements, then the device is called.
a. Reciprocal
b. Non reciprocal
c. Lossless
d. Lossy
14. Define isolation of a directional coupler.
a. Power delivered to the uncoupled port

b. Power delivered to the coupled port
c. Power delivered to the second port
d. Power delivered to the first port
15. The output power measured at the 2 ports of the T junction:

a. Is a constant
b. Variable
c. Is not real power
d. Is a real power
16. Conclude major shortcoming of the lossless T-junction power divider.

a. Not matched at all the ports
b. Low power output
c. Complex construction
d. High insertion loss
17. Assess the analysis of Wilkinson coupler.

a. Eigen mode analysis
b. Even-odd mode analysis
c. Symmetry analysis
d. S matrix approach
18. In order to obtain the resonant frequency of a rectangular waveguide, the closed cavity has
to satisfy:
a. Gaussian equation
b. Lorentz force equation
c. Helmholtz equation
d. Ampere’s law
19. Show the number of semiconductor layers in PIN diode.

a. Three
b. Two
c. Four
d. One
20. Analyze the resistance of the PIN diode with positive bias voltage.
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains constant
d. Increases and decreases
21. When PIN diode is used as a switch, the expression for insertion loss of the switch is given
by
a. 10 log (Po/PL)
b. 10 log (PL/Po)
c. 10 log (PL× Po)
d. 10 log (PL - Po)
22. Why GaAs is used in the fabrication of Gunn diodes?

a. GaAs is cost effective
b. It less temperature sensitive
c. It has low conduction band electrons
d. Less forbidden energy gap
23. Find the mode of operation in which the Gunn diode is not stable?
a. Gunn oscillation mode
b. limited space charge accumulation mode
c. stable amplification mode
d. bias circuit oscillation mode
24. When a reverse bias voltage exceeding the breakdown voltage is applied to an IMPATT
diode, it results in:
a. high forward current
b. avalanche multiplication
c. break down of depletion region
d. high reverse saturation current
25. Formulate the resonant frequency of an IMPATT diode.

a. Vd/l
b. Vd/2πl
c. Vdd/4πl
d. Vd/2l
26. Generalise the microwave tubes are grouped into two categories depending on type of,
a. Electron beam field interaction
b. Amplification method
c. Power gain achieved
d. Construction methods
27. Select the type beam amplifier of klystron tube used in a klystron amplifier.
a. Zig-zag beam
b. Linear beam
c. Crossed field
d. Parallel field
28. Schottky barrier diode is a sophisticated version of the point contact __________.
a. Germanium diode
b. InP diode
c. Silicon crystal diode
d. GaAs diode
29. Schotky diodes are also known as,

a. minority carrier diode
b. hot carrier diode
c. majority carrier diode
d. electrode carrier diode
30. Define magic Tee.

a. E plane Tee
b. H plane Tee
c. E or H plane Tee
d. E plane plus H plane Tee
Answer Key :

1 b 11 a 21 a
2 a 12 c 22 d
3 c 13 a 23 a
4 b 14 a 24 b
5 c 15 b 25 d
6 a 16 a 26 a
7 c 17 b 27 b
8 a 18 c 28 c
9 d 19 a 29 b
10 c 20 b 30 d
UNIT - V: MICROWAVE DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Impedance transformation, Impedance Matching, Microwave Filter Design, RF and Microwave

Amplifier Design, Microwave Power amplifier Design, Low Noise Amplifier Design,
Microwave Mixer Design, Microwave Oscillator Design
1. Shunt stubs are preferred for:
a. Strip and microstrip lines
b. Coplanar waveguides
c. Circular Waveguides
d. Circulators
2. The major advantage of single stub tuning over other impedance matching techniques is:
a. Lumped elements are avoided
b. It can be fabricated as a part of transmission line media
c. It involves two adjustable parameters
d. All of the mentioned
3. The major disadvantage of single stub tuning is:
a. it requires a variable length of line between the load and the stub
b. it involves 2 variable parameters
c. complex calculation
4. The simplest method of reducing the forbidden range of impedances is:
a. increase the distances between the stubs
b. reduce the distance between the stubs
c. increase the length of the stubs
d. reduce the length of the stubs
5. HEMT used in the microwave circuit is a
a. Detector
b. Low Noise Amplifier
c. Source
d. High power Amplifier
6. For low noise amplifier, the output to be matched complex conjugate to achieve
a. Maximum Gain
b. Minimum Gain
c. Maximum Efficiency
7. On receiving side, signal is sensed by
a. Power amplifier
b. Low Noise Amplifier
c. Local Oscillator
d. Band Pass filter
8. Distributed Amplifier offers very high
a. Gain
b. Bandwidth
c. Attenuation
d. All the above
9. Gain of power amplifiers __________ with increase in operating frequency.
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Increases exponentially
d. Decreases exponentially
10. For achieving steady state oscillation, the condition to be satisfied in terms of reflection
coefficients is:
a. Гin=ГL
b. Гin=-ГL
c. Гin=1/ГL

11. Maximum power transfer from the input matching port to the transistor will occur when:
a. Гin=Г*S
b. Гin=ГS
c. Гin=ГS. ejω
d. None of the mentioned
12. The condition for maximum power transfer from the transistor to the output matching
network will occur when
a. Гout=ГL*
b. Гout=ГL
c. Гout=1/ ГL
d. Гout=1/ ГL*2
13. Unconditionally stable devices can always be ____________ for maximum gain.
a. Lossless matched
b. Conjugate matched
c. Forward biased
d. Driven with high current
14. ___________ condition, if met then the transistor can be impedance matched for any
load.
a. Conditional stability
b. Unconditional stability
c. Infinite gain
d. Infinite input impedance
15. A network is said to be conditionally stable if:
a. │ Гin│<1, │Гout│<1.
b. │Гin│>1, │Гout│>1
c. │Гin│>1, │Гout│<1
d. │Гin│<1, │Гout│>1
16. Practical limitations of the output of a power amplifier come from
a. Limitations of applied DC voltage across the device.
b. Limitation of current through device.
c. Thermal dissipation inside the device
d. All the above
17. A parametric amplifier uses
a. Nonlinear reactance
b. Nonlinear resistance
c. either a. or b.
d. neither a. or b.
18. Important factors to be considered for power amplifier design are
a. Efficiency
b. Gain
c. Thermal effect
d. All the above
19. ______________ are used in the final stages of radar and radio transmitters to increase
the radiated power level.
a. Power Amplifiers
b. Oscillators
c. Attenuator
d. Power Amplifiers
20. Microwave resonators are used in
a. microwave oscillators
b. microwave narrow band amplifier
c. microwave frequency metres
d. All the above
21. In high frequency circuits impedance matching can be done by
1. open circuited stubs 2. short circuited stubs
3. transformer
Which of the above are correct?
a. 1, 2 and 3
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 1 and 3 only
d. 2 and 3 only
22. A disadvantage of microstrip line as the connections of compared to strip line is that
former
a. do not lend themselves to printed circuit
b. are more likely to radiate
c. are bulky
d. are more expensive and complex
23. Any device with negative impedance as its characteristic property can be called:
a. Energy Source
b. Energy Sink
c. Oscillator

24. In transistor oscillators, FET and BJT are used. Instability is achieved by:
a. Giving the negative feedback
b. Giving the positive feedback
c. Using the tank circuit
25. If the input impedance of a diode used in the microwave oscillator is 45-j23 Ω, then the
load impedance is to achieve stable oscillation is
a. 45-j23 Ω
b. -45+j23 Ω
c. 50 Ω
d. 23-j45 Ω
26. In conventional amplifiers, a flat gain response is achieved at the cost of reduced gain. But
this drawback can be overcome by using:
a. Distributed Amplifier
b. Balanced Amplifier
c. Differential Amplifier
27. A Mixer is a device that performs
a. Frequency Translation
b. Frequency conversion
c. Frequency Shift
28.__________ is defined as the ratio of power available from the two port network to the power
available from the source.
a. Transducer Power Gain

b. Available Power Gain
c. Power Gain
29. Transducer power gain of a two port network is dependent on :
a. ZS and ZL
b. ZS
c. ZL
d. Independent of both the impedances
30. When both input and output of an amplifier are matched to zero reflection (in contrast to
conjugate matching), the transducer power gain is:
a. │S21│2
b. │S22│2
c. │S12│2
d. |S11│2
Answer Key
Q.No Answer Q.No Answer Q.No Answer
1. a 11. a 21. a
2. d 12. a 22. b
3. b 13. b 23. a
4. b 14. b 24. b
5. b 15. a 25. b
6. a 16. d 26. b
7. a 17. a 27. b
8. b 18. d 28. b
9. B 19. D 29. A
10. D 20. D 30. A

Microwave Engineering Questions and
Answers – Antenna Basics
This set of Microwave Engineering Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses
on “Antenna Basics”.
1. The basic requirements of transmitting antennas are:

a) High efficiency
b) Low side lobes
c) Large signal to noise ratio
d) Lone of the
mentioned View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The basic requirements of a transmitting antenna are high gain and efficiency
while requirements of receiving antennas are low side lobes and large signal to noise to ratio.
2. is a device that converts electrons to photons or vice-versa.

a) Antenna
b) Electron gun
c) Photon amplifier
d) Microwave
tube View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Antenna is a device that converts electrons into photons or vice versa. A
transmitting antenna converts electrons into photons while a receiving antenna converts
photons into electrons.
3. The basic equation of radiation that is applied to any antenna irrespective of the type of
the antenna is:
a) iL= Qv
b) iQ = Lv
c) i/L=Q/v
d) None of the
mentioned View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Basic equation of radiation is given by iL=Qv. i is the time change in current, l is
the length of the current element, q is the charge v is the acceleration of the charge.
4. When the separation between two lines that carry the TEM wave approaches λ the wave
tends to be radiated.
a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When the separation between two lines that chary the TEM wave approaches λ the
wave tends to be radiated so that the opened – out line act as an antenna which lunches a free
space wave.
5. The number of patterns radiation pattern required to specify the characteristic are :
a) Three
b) Four
c) Two
d) Five
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The three patterns required are, θ component of the electric field as the function of
the angles as θ and φ, the φ component of the electric field as the function of the angles θ and φ,
the phase of these fields as a functions of the angle φ and θ .
6. The beam width of the antenna pattern measured at half power points is called:
a) Half power beam width
b) Full null beam width
c) Beam width
d) None of the
Answer: a
Explanation: The beam width of an antenna measure at half of the maximum power received by
an antenna or the 3 dB beam width of the antenna is termed as half null beam width.
7. An antenna has a field pattern of E (θ) = cos2 θ, θ varies between 0 and 900. Half power
beam width of the antenna is:
a) 330
b) 660
c) 12000
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Half power beam width of the antenna is obtained by equating the field pattern of
the antenna to 0.707 (half power point) and finding θ. 2θ gives the value of beam width. Solving
the given problem in the same flow, half power beam width of the antenna is 66 0.
8. An antenna has a field pattern E (θ) =cos θ. cos 2θ. The first null beam width of the antenna
is: a) 450
b) 900
c) 1800
d) 1200
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Half power beam width of the antenna is obtained by equating the field pattern of
the antenna to 0.707 (half power point) and finding θ. 2θ gives the value of beam width. Twice
the half power beam width gives the first null beam width. With the same steps applied, the half
power beam width of the antenna is 450. First null beam width is 90 0.
9. The solid area through which all the power radiated by the antenna is:
a) Beam area
b) Effective area
c) Aperture area
d) Beam efficiency
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The beam area is the solid angle through which all of the power radiated by the
antenna would stream if P (θ, φ) maintained its maximum value over beam area and zero
elsewhere. This value is approximately equal to the angles subtended by the half power points of
the main lobe in the two principal planes.
10. Power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is called radiation intensity.
a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is called radiation intensity.
Unit of radiation intensity is watts per steridian or per square degree.
Microwave Engineering Questions and Answers

– Antenna Basics-2
This set of Microwave Engineering Questions and Answers for Entrance exams focuses on
“Antenna Basics-2”.
1. As the beam area of an antenna decreases, the directivity of the antenna:

a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains unchanged
d) Depends on the type of the
antenna View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Beam area of an antenna and the directivity of the antenna are inversely
proportional. As the beam area is reduced, the directivity increases, meaning smaller the
radiating area of the transmitting antenna, more directed is the emitted energy.
2. If an antenna radiates over half a sphere, directivity of the antenna is:

a) Two
b) Four
c) Three
d) One
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Since the antenna radiates over half the sphere, beam area of the antenna is 2π,
directivity of the antenna is given by 4π/ beam area. Substituting for beam area, the directivity of
the antenna is two.
3. The half power beam width of an antenna in both θ and φ are 400 each. Then the gain of
the antenna is:
a) 23
b) 25
c) 14
d) 27
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Approximate gain of an antenna is given by the expression 40000/ (HPBW) 2.
Substituting the given values in the above expression, the gain of the antenna is 25. In dB scale
the gain of the antenna is 14 dB.
4. The number N of radio transmitters or point sources of radiation distributed uniformly over
the sky which an antenna can resolve is given by:
a) 4π/ ΩA
b) 2π/ ΩA
c) π/ ΩA
d) None of the
Answer: a
Explanation: Resolution may be defined as equal to half the beam width between first nulls. In
the above expression the resolution N is given as 4π/ ΩA.. Here ΩA is the beam area.
5. Ideally, the number of point sources an antenna can resolve is numerically equal to:
a) Gain of the antenna
b) Directivity
c) Beam efficiency
d) Beam area
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The number of point source an antenna can resolve is given by 4π/ ΩA Directivity
of an antenna is mathematically given by the relation 4π/ ΩA . Numerically resolution and
directivity are equal.
6. Effective aperture is a parameter of the antenna that gives the physical aperture of the
antenna.
a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Effective aperture defines the amount of the total aperture of the antenna that is
utilized for radiation of energy. Higher the effective aperture of an antenna, more is the aperture
efficiency.
7. Effective aperture in terms of beam area and operating wavelength is given by the relation:
a) λ2/ ΩA
b) ΩA / λ2
c) λ2× ΩA
d) No such relationship exists
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Effective aperture is given as λ2/ ΩA. Here ΩA is the beam area. If the beam area is
specified in terms of the operating wavelength λ, then effective are of the antenna can be made
operating wavelength independent.
8. of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the induced voltage to the incident

electric field.
a) Effective height
b) Gain
c) Directivity
d) Loss
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: At the receiving end, effective height of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the
induced voltage to the incident electric field. Otherwise, if the effective length of the receiving
antenna is known and if the induced voltage is measured, then the field strength can be
determined.
9. The directivity of an antenna in terms of the aperture efficiency and operating wavelength
is given by:
a) 4πAe/λ2
b) 2πAe/λ2
c) πAe/λ2
d) None of the
Answer: a
Explanation: The directivity of an antenna in terms of aperture efficiency is given by 4πAe/λ 2.
Here Ae is the aperture efficiency. λ is the operating frequency. With an increase in the effective
aperture area of an antenna, directivity of the antenna can be increased making the radiated beam
narrower.
10. A radio link has 15 W transmitter connected to an antenna of 2.5 m2 effective aperture at
5 GHz. The receiving antenna has an effective aperture of 0.5 m2 and is located at a 15 Km line
of sight distance from transmitting antenna. Assuming lossless, matched antennas, the power
delivered to the receiver is:
a) 20 µW
b) 15 µm
c) 23 µm
d) 25 µm
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The power delivered to the receiving antenna is Pt (A1 A2/ r2λ2). Substituting the
given values in the above equation, the power at the receiver is 23 µm.
– Antenna Family
This set of Microwave Engineering Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“Antenna Family”.
1. The members of the antenna family which are made of wires of certain value in terms
of operating wavelength are called:
a) Loop antennas
b) Wire antennas
c) Dipole antenna
d) Slot
antennas View
Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Wires of half wavelength are termed as dipoles. Their radiation resistance is about
73 Ω. If only half of this length is used, then it is called quarter-wave monopole with a radiation
resistance of 36.5 Ω.
2. The antenna in which location of the feed determines the direction of the lobe are:
a) Wire antenna
b) Loop antenna
c) Helical antenna
d) Horn
antenna View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In a wire antenna, the location of the feed determines the direction of the lobe and
the orientation of the wire determines the polarization. These wires can be thick or thin.
Thickness of the wire determines the radiation resistance of the antenna.
3. Based on the size of the loops, loop antennas are classified as small and large loops. This is
the only classification of loop antenna.
a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Loop antennas are classified based on various antenna parameters. To name a few,
small and large loops, circular and square loops, loops having single or multi turns, loops with
turns wound using a single wire or multiple wires.
4. Antenna that does not belong to the horn antenna family among the following are:
a) Pyramidal horn
b) Conical horn
c) bi-conical horn
d) None of the
Answer: d
Explanation: All of the above mentioned antennas belong to the horn antenna family. Horn
antennas may be made of pointed or rounded waveguides. The waveguides may contain disc at
an end or some dielectric.
5. Patch antennas are the antennas of small size and are made of:
a) Strip line
b) Microstrip lines
c) Coaxial cables
d) Rectangular waveguide
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Patch antennas are microstrip antennas that can be of any shape. Patch antennas can
be aperture-coupled fed or proximity fed. For obtaining circular polarization, a patch may also be
doubly fed.
6. Reflector antennas are widely used to modify radiation patterns of radiating elements.
a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Reflector antennas are used to modify radiation patterns of radiating elements.
Reflector antennas are classified into two categories. They are passive reflectors and active
reflectors. Based on the type of the radiating element and the modification in the radiation
pattern required, accordingly either active or passive reflectors are chosen.
7. The pattern of the reflector in a reflector antenna is called:

a) Primary pattern
b) Secondary pattern
c) Reflector pattern
d) None of the
Answer: b
Explanation: In a reflector antenna, the feed pattern is called primary pattern and the pattern of
the reflector is called secondary pattern. These antennas are widely employed in RADARs and
other types of point to point communication links.
8. antennas have gain less than reflector antennas but have more lenient tolerance
on surfaces.
a) Helical antennas
b) Lens antennas
c) Array antennas
d) Slot
antennas View
Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Lens antennas are complex in nature but are able to scale wider angles. In
comparison to reflectors, their gain is 1 or 2 dB less, but these have more lenient tolerance on
surfaces. These have less rearward reflection, relatively low loss and can be easily shaped to the
desired contours.
9. Lens antennas are classified into two types. One being fast antenna, the other one is:
a) Slow antenna
b) Delay antenna
c) Dynamic antenna
d) None of the
Answer: b
Explanation: In delay lenses, the electrical path length is increased or the wave is retarded by the
lens medium. Dielectric lenses and H-plane metal lenses fall in this category.
10. The antennas which offer high operational bandwidth and the antenna parameters
are maintained over a wide range of antennas are called:
a) Wide band antennas
b) Array antennas
c) Parabolic antennas
d) None of the
Answer: a
Explanation: In this class of antennas, constancy of impedance and radiation characteristics is
maintained over a wide range of frequencies. To be wide band or frequency independent,
antennas should expand or contract in proportion to the wavelength.
11. High directivity required in RADAR communication is satisfied using this type of antennas:
a) Wide band antennas
b) Antenna arrays
c) Slot antennas
d) Patch
antennas View
Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Higher directivity is the requirement in point to point communication. This can be
achieved by increasing the size of the antennas in terms of electrical length. When much high
directivity is required, antenna arrays are used.
12. The terminal impedance of a dipole antenna is 710 Ω. The terminal impedance of the
slot antenna given the intrinsic impedance of air is 377 Ω is:
a) 100 Ω
b) 50 Ω
c) 25 Ω
d) None of the
Answer: b
Explanation: The terminal impedance ZS of the slot is given by the relation Z02/ 4Zd) Zₒ is the
intrinsic impedance of the medium and ZD is the terminal impedance of the dipole. Substituting
the given values in the above equation, the terminal impedance of sot is 50 Ω.
13. If the length of aperture in a pyramidal horn antenna is 10cm and δ for the design is
0.25. Then, the flaring angle of the pyramidal horn is:
a) 30⁰
b) 25.4⁰
c) 45⁰
d) 60⁰
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The flaring angle of pyramidal horn is given by 2cos -1(L/L+δ). Substituting the
values of L and δ, flaring angle is 25.4⁰.
14. If the directivity of a square corner receiving antenna is 20 and operating at a wavelength
of 0.25m, the effective aperture of a square corner antenna is:
a) 0.4 m2
b) 0.2 m2
c) 0.1 m2
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Given the directivity of the antenna, effective aperture of the antenna is given by
Dλ2/4π. substituting the given values of the variables; the effective aperture of the antenna is 0.4
m2.

– Antenna Radiation
“Antenna Radiation”.
1. An antenna source that radiates energy uniformly in all the directions is called:
a) Isotropic source
b) Anisotropic source
c) Point source
d) None of the
Answer: a
Explanation: Isotropic source radiates energy in all the direction uniformly. For such a source,
the radial component Sr of the pointing vector is independent of θ and φ. The three dimensional
power pattern of n isotropic source is a sphere.
2. Antennas that radiate energy only in a specified are called anisotropic antennas.
a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: All physically realizable, simplest antennas also have directional properties. That is,
they radiate energy in one direction than in any other direction. Such sources are called
anisotropic point sources.
3. The expression for pointing vector of an isotropic point source at a distance „r‟ from
the source is given by:
a) P/ 4πR2
b) P/4π
c) P/ 4πR
d) P×4πR2
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The pointing field vector for an isotropic source is given by the expression P/
4πR2.P is the total power radiated y the source. As the distance of the point from the
source increases, the magnitude of pointing vector decreases.
4. A source has a cosine radiation-intensity pattern given by U=UM cos (θ). The directivity of
this source is:
a) 2
b) 4
c) 6
d) 8
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: To find the directivity of the given source, the power radiated by the given source is
found out by the method of integration. Taking the ratio of the power radiated by the given
source to the power radiated by an isotropic source gives the directivity. Following the above
steps, the directivity of the given source is 4.
5. A source has a cosine power pattern that is bidirectional. Given that the directivity of a
unidirectional source with cosine power pattern has a directivity of 4, then the directivity of
the unidirectional source is:
a) 1
b) 2
c) 4
d) 8
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Given the directivity of unidirectional power pattern, the directivity of bidirectional
power pattern is half of it. Hence the directivity of the source is 2.
6. A source has a radiation intensity pattern given by U=UM sin θ. The directivity of the
source with this power pattern is:
a) 1
b) 1.27
c) 2.4
d) 3.4
View Answer
Answer: b
steps, the directivity of the given source is 1.27.
7. A source has a sine squared radiation intensity power pattern. The directivity of the
given source is:
a) 1.5
b) 3
c) 2.5
d) 3.5
View Answer
Answer: a
steps, the directivity of the given source is 1.5.
8. A source with a unidirectional cosine squared radiation intensity pattern is given by

UMcos2 (θ). The directivity of the given source is:
a) 6
b) 8
c) 2
d) 7
View Answer
Answer: a
source to the power radiated by anisotropic source gives the directivity. Following the above
steps, the directivity of the given source is 6.
9. Considering distance as a parameter, two types of field zones can be defined around
an antenna.
a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Considering distance as a parameter, two types of field zones can be defined around
an antenna) .The field near the antenna is called near field or Fresnel region and the other region
is the far field that is also called as Fraunhofer region.
10. If the field strength at receiving antenna is 1 µV/m, and the effective aperture area is 0.4
m2 and the intrinsic impedance of the medium is 377 Ω, then the power received by the
antenna is:
a) 1.06 pW
b) 1.06 fW
c) 2 µW
d) None of the
Answer: b
Explanation: The received power by the antenna is given by E 2Ae/Zₒ. Substituting the known
values in the above equation, the power received is 1.06×10 -15 watts.
Avionics Questions and Answers – Types of

Antenna – 1
This set of Avionics Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Types of
Antenna – 1”.
1. A dipole antenna is also called as?

a) Marconi antenna
b) Yagi antenna
c) Bidirectional antenna
d) Hertz
antenna View
Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: One of the most widely used antenna types is the half-wave dipole antenna. This
antenna is also formally known as the Hertz antenna after Heinrich Hertz, who first demonstrated
the existence of electromagnetic waves.
2. The impedance at the center of the antenna is known as?

a) Characteristic impedance
b) Radiation resistance
c) Transmission impedance
d) Recovery
resistance View
Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The transmission line is connected at the center. The dipole has an impedance of 73
V at its center, which is the radiation resistance. At the resonant frequency, the antenna appears
to be a pure resistance of 73 V.
3. What happens when the radiation resistance of the antenna matches the
characteristic impedance of the transmission line?
a) No transmission occurs
b) No reception occurs
c) SWR is maximum
d) SWR is minimum
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: When the radiation resistance of the antenna matches the characteristic impedance
of the transmission line, the SWR is minimum and maximum power reaches the antenna. This
allows maximum power to be transmitted.
4. The type of dipole antenna that has a higher band width is called as?
a) Conical antenna
b) Yagi antenna
c) Helical antenna
d) Marconi
antenna View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A common way to increase bandwidth in the antenna is to use a version of the
dipole antenna known as the conical antenna. The overall length of the antenna is 0.73λ or
0.73(984)/f = 718.32/f. This is longer than the traditional one-half wavelength of a dipole
antenna, but the physical shape changes the necessary dimensions for resonance.
5. The radiation pattern of a half-wave dipole has the shape of a

a) Doughnut
b) Sphere
c) Hemisphere
d) Circular
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The radiation pattern of any antenna is the shape of the electromagnetic energy
radiated from or received by that antenna. Typically that radiation is concentrated in a pattern
that has a recognizable geometric shape. The radiation pattern of a half-wave dipole has the
shape of a doughnut.
6. What is the beam width for a half wave dipole

antenna? a) 90°
b) 180°
c) 50°
d) 250°
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The beam width is measured between the points on the radiation curve that are 3 dB
down from the maximum amplitude of the curve. The maximum amplitude of the pattern occurs
at 0° and 180°. The 3-dB down points are 70.7 percent of the maximum. The angle formed with
two lines extending from the center of the curve to these 3-dB points is the beam width. The
beam width is 90°. The smaller the beam width angle, the more directional the antenna.
7. What does the beam width of an antenna tell us?

a) Signal strength
b) Signal power
c) Directivity
d) Degradation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The measure of an antenna‟ s directivity is beam width, the angle of the radiation
pattern over which a transmitter‟ s energy is directed or received. Beam width is measured on an
antenna‟ s radiation pattern.
8. What is the power radiated by the antenna with gain called as?
a) Critical power
b) Transverse power
c) Effective radiated power
d) Transmitted
power View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The power radiated by an antenna with directivity and therefore gain is called the
effective radiated power (ERP). The ERP is calculated by multiplying the transmitter power fed
to the antenna Pt by the power gain Ap of the antenna.
9. What is the radiation pattern of an isotropic radiator?

a) Doughnut
b) Sphere
c) Hemisphere
d) Circular
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: An isotropic radiator is a theoretical point source of electromagnetic energy. The E
and H fields radiate out in all directions from the point source, and at any given distance from the
point source, the fields form a sphere.
10. What is the impedance of the folded dipole antenna?

a) 50Ω
b) 100Ω
c) 300Ω
d) 20Ω
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A popular variation of the half-wave dipole is the folded dipole. Like the standard
dipole, it is one-half wavelength long. However, it consists of two parallel conductors connected
at the ends with one side open at the center for connection to the transmission line. The
impedance of this popular antenna is 300 V, making it an excellent match for the widely
available 300-V twin lead.
11. Which of the following antennas produce a vertical radiation pattern?

a) Dipole antenna
b) Yagi antenna
c) Marconi antenna
d) Hertz
antenna View
Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The same effect as dipole antenna can be achieved with a one-quarter wavelength
antenna or Marconi antenna. A vertical dipole with the doughnut-shaped radiation pattern, in
which one-half of the pattern is below the surface of the earth. This is called a vertical radiation
pattern.
Avionics Questions and Answers – Types of

Antenna – 2
This set of Avionics MCQs focuses on “Types of Antenna – 2”.
1. What is the use of loading coil?

a) Correcting resonance to a desired frequency
b) Increasing the antenna gain
c) Sideband suppression
d) Increasing the range of the
antenna View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When a vertical antenna is made less than one-quarter wavelength, the practical
effect is a decreased inductance. The antenna no longer resonates at the desired operating
frequency, but at a higher frequency. To compensate for this, a series inductor, called a loading
coil, is connected in series with the antenna coil. The loading coil brings the antenna back into
resonance at the desired frequency.
2. Why is top hat added to antennas?

a) To increase capacitance
b) Increasing the antenna gain
c) Sideband suppression
d) Increasing the range of the
antenna View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A top hat is a structure that increases the capacitance to surrounding items, bringing
the antenna back into resonance. Obviously, such an arrangement is too top-heavy and
inconvenient for portable and mobile antennas. However, it is sometimes used in larger fixed
antennas at lower frequencies.
3. In a parasitic array antenna, the conductors that are not connected to the transmission
line is called as?
a) Driven element
b) Parasitic elements
c) Extra elements
d) Array elements
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A parasitic array consists of a basic antenna connected to a transmission line plus
one or more additional conductors that are not connected to the transmission line. These extra
conductors are referred to as parasitic elements, and the antenna itself is referred to as the driven
element.
4. In a parasitic array the elements are shorted if they are connected to a conducting beam.
a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The boom does not have to be an insulator. Because there is a voltage null at the
center of a one-half wavelength conductor at the resonant frequency, there is no potential
difference between the elements and so they can all be connected to a conducting boom with no
undesirable effect. In other words, the elements are not “shorted together.”
5. Parasitic element that is typically about 5 percent longer than the half-wave dipole-
driven element is called _
a) Array element
b) Director element
c) Reflector element
d) Driven
element View
Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The reflector, a parasitic element that is typically about 5 percent longer than the
half-wave dipole-driven element, is spaced from the driven element by a distance of 0.15λ to
0.25λ. When the signal radiated from the dipole reaches the reflector, it induces a voltage into the
reflector and the reflector produces some radiation of its own creating a highly focused beam in
the direction of the driven element.
6. Why is the boom of the yagi antenna connected to a metal mast and electrical ground?
a) Better signal directivity
b) Increased bandwidth
c) Lightning protection
d) To avoid short circuiting
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The centers of the parasitic elements are neutral electrically; these elements can be
connected directly to the boom. For the best lightning protection, the boom can then be
connected to a metal mast and electrical ground.
7. Which of the following is not one of the types of driven array antenna?
a) Rectilinear antenna
b) Broadside antenna
c) End fire antenna
d) log periodic
antenna View Answer
Answer:a
Explanation: Each element in a driven array antenna receives RF energy from the transmission
line, and different arrangements of the elements produce different degrees of directivity and gain.
The three basic types of driven arrays are the collinear, the broadside, and the end-i re. A fourth
type is the wide-bandwidth log-periodic antenna.
8. What is the length of the shortest element in the yagi antenna?

a) One quarter the wavelength of the highest frequency
b) One quarter the wavelength of the lowest frequency
c) One half the wavelength of the highest frequency
d) One half the wavelength of the lowest
frequency View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The lengths of the driven elements vary from long to short and are related
logarithmically. The longest element has a length of one-half wavelength at the lowest frequency
to be covered, and the shortest element is one-half wavelength at the higher frequency. The
spacing is also variable.

Answers – Antenna Gain and Efficiency
“Antenna Gain and Efficiency”.
1. A is a device that converts a guided electromagnetic wave on a transmission

line into a plane wave propagating in free space.
a) Transmitting antenna
b) Receiving antenna
c) Radar
d) Mixer
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A transmitting antenna is a device that converts a guided electromagnetic wave on a
transmission line into a plane wave propagating in free space. It appears as an electrical circuit
on one side, provides an interface with a propagating plane wave.
2. Antennas are bidirectional devices.

a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Antennas can be used both as transmitters and receivers. As transmitters they
radiate energy to free space and as receivers they receive signal from free space. Hence, they are
called bidirectional devices as they are used at both transmitting end and receiving end.
3. Dipole antennas are an example for:

a) Wire antennas
b) Aperture antennas
c) Array antennas
d) None of the
Answer: a
Explanation: Dipoles, monopoles, oops, Yagi-Uda arrays are all examples for wire antennas.
These antennas have low gains, and are mostly used at lower frequencies.
4. antennas consist of a regular arrangement of antenna elements with a feed

network
a) Aperture antennas
b) Array antennas
c) Printed antennas
d) Wire
antennas View
Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Array antennas consist of a regular arrangement of antenna elements with a feed
network. Pattern characteristics such as beam pointing angle and side lobe levels can be
controlled by adjusting the amplitude and phase excitation of array elements.
5. A parabolic reflector used for reception with the direct broadcast system is 18 inches
in diameter and operates at 12.4 GHz. The far-field distance for this antenna is:
a) 18 m
b) 13 m
c) 16.4 m
d) 17.3 m
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Far field distance for a reflector antenna is given by 2D 2/λ. D is the diameter and λ
is the operating signal wavelength. Substituting in the above expression, far field distance is 17.3
m.
6. of an antenna is a plot of the magnitude of the far field strength versus

position around the antenna.
a) Radiation pattern
b) Directivity
c) Beam width
d) None of the
Answer: a
Explanation: Radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of the magnitude of the far field strength
versus position around the antenna. This plot gives the detail regarding the region where most of
the energy of antenna is radiated, side lobes and beam width of an antenna.
7. Antennas having a constant pattern in the azimuthal plane are called
a) High gain antenna
b) Omni directional antenna
c) Unidirectional antenna
d) Low gain antenna
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Omni directional antennas radiate EM waves in all direction. If the radiation pattern
for this type of antenna is plotted, the pattern is a constant signifying that the radiated power is
constant measured at any point around the antenna.
8. Beamwidth and directivity are both measures of the focusing ability of an antenna.
a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Beamwidth and directivity are both measures of the focusing ability of an antenna.
An antenna with a narrow main beam will have high directivity, while a pattern with low beam
will have low directivity.
9. If the beam width of an antenna in two orthogonal planes are 300 and 600. Then the
directivity of the antenna is:
a) 24
b) 18
c) 36
d) 12
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Given the beam width of the antenna in 2 planes, the directivity is given by
32400/θ*∅, where θ,∅ are the beam widths in the two orthogonal planes. Substituting in the
equation, directivity of the antenna is 18.
10. If the power input to an antenna is 100 mW and if the radiated power is measured to be
90 mW, then the efficiency of the antenna is:
a) 75 %
b) 80 %
c) 90 %
d) Insufficient data
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Antenna efficiency is defined as the ratio of radiated power to the input power to
the antenna. Substituting the given data in the efficiency equation, the efficiency of the antenna
is 90%.

Answers – Antenna Gain and Efficiency
“Antenna Gain and Efficiency”.
1. A is a device that converts a guided electromagnetic wave on a transmission

line into a plane wave propagating in free space.
a) Transmitting antenna
b) Receiving antenna
c) Radar
d) Mixer
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A transmitting antenna is a device that converts a guided electromagnetic wave on a
transmission line into a plane wave propagating in free space. It appears as an electrical circuit
on one side, provides an interface with a propagating plane wave.
2. Antennas are bidirectional devices.

a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Antennas can be used both as transmitters and receivers. As transmitters they
radiate energy to free space and as receivers they receive signal from free space. Hence, they are
called bidirectional devices as they are used at both transmitting end and receiving end.
3. Dipole antennas are an example for:

a) Wire antennas
b) Aperture antennas
c) Array antennas
d) None of the
Answer: a
Explanation: Dipoles, monopoles, oops, Yagi-Uda arrays are all examples for wire antennas.
These antennas have low gains, and are mostly used at lower frequencies.
4. antennas consist of a regular arrangement of antenna elements with a feed

network
a) Aperture antennas
b) Array antennas
c) Printed antennas
d) Wire
antennas View
Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Array antennas consist of a regular arrangement of antenna elements with a feed
network. Pattern characteristics such as beam pointing angle and side lobe levels can be
controlled by adjusting the amplitude and phase excitation of array elements.
5. A parabolic reflector used for reception with the direct broadcast system is 18 inches
in diameter and operates at 12.4 GHz. The far-field distance for this antenna is:
a) 18 m
b) 13 m
c) 16.4 m
d) 17.3 m
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Far field distance for a reflector antenna is given by 2D2/λ. D is the diameter and λ
is the operating signal wavelength. Substituting in the above expression, far field distance is 17.3
m.
6. of an antenna is a plot of the magnitude of the far field strength versus

position around the antenna.
a) Radiation pattern
b) Directivity
c) Beam width
d) None of the
Answer: a
Explanation: Radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of the magnitude of the far field strength
versus position around the antenna. This plot gives the detail regarding the region where most of
the energy of antenna is radiated, side lobes and beam width of an antenna.
7. Antennas having a constant pattern in the azimuthal plane are called

a) High gain antenna
b) Omni directional antenna
c) Unidirectional antenna
d) Low gain antenna
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Omni directional antennas radiate EM waves in all direction. If the radiation pattern
for this type of antenna is plotted, the pattern is a constant signifying that the radiated power is
constant measured at any point around the antenna.
8. Beamwidth and directivity are both measures of the focusing ability of an antenna.
a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Beamwidth and directivity are both measures of the focusing ability of an antenna.
An antenna with a narrow main beam will have high directivity, while a pattern with low beam
will have low directivity.
9. If the beam width of an antenna in two orthogonal planes are 300 and 600. Then the
directivity of the antenna is:
a) 24
b) 18
c) 36
d) 12
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Given the beam width of the antenna in 2 planes, the directivity is given by
32400/θ*∅, where θ,∅ are the beam widths in the two orthogonal planes. Substituting in the
equation, directivity of the antenna is 18.
10. If the power input to an antenna is 100 mW and if the radiated power is measured to be
90 mW, then the efficiency of the antenna is:
a) 75 %
b) 80 %
c) 90 %
d) Insufficient data
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Antenna efficiency is defined as the ratio of radiated power to the input power to
the antenna. Substituting the given data in the efficiency equation, the efficiency of the antenna
is 90%.

– Wireless Communication
“Wireless Communication”.
1. Most of the wireless systems today operate at a frequency of about:

a) 800 MHz
b) 100 MHz
c) 80 MHz
d) None of the
Answer: a
Explanation: With all advancement in wireless communication today, the need of the hour is
higher data rates of transmission and reception. These higher data rates can be achieved only at
microwave frequency range and in giga hertz frequency range.
2. Point to point communication systems use low gain antennas for communication.
a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In point to point communication a single transmitter communicates with a single
receiver. Such systems use high gain antennas to maximize received power and minimize
interference with other radios.
3. In this method of wireless communication, communication happens only in one direction:

a) Simplex
b) Duplex
c) Half duplex
d) None of the
Answer: a
Explanation: In simplex systems, communication happens only in one direction that is from the
transmitter to the receiver. Examples for this type of communication include radio, television and
paging systems.
4. The power density radiated by an isotropic antenna is given by the relation:

a) Pt/4πR2
b) Pt/4R2
c) Pt/R2
d) None of the
Answer: a
Explanation: An isotropic antenna radiates energy equally in all the directions. Hence, the power
density radiated at a distance R is given by the relation P t/4πR2.
5. The power received by a receiving antenna given that Pt is the transmitted power is:
a) GrGtλ2pt/ (4πR)2
b) Gtλ2pt/ (4πR)2
c) Grλ2pt/ (4πR)2
d) None of the
Answer: a
Explanation: The power received by a receiving antenna given that P t is the transmitted power is
GrGtλ2pt/ (4πR)2. Here Gr is the gain of the receiving antenna; Gt is the gain of the transmitting
antenna. R is the distance between the transmitting and receiving antenna.
6. If the distance between a transmitting station and receiving station is 1 Km and if the
antennas are operating at a wavelength of 5 cm, then the path loss is:
a) 108 dB
b) 12 dB
c) 45 dB
d) 48 dB
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Path loss is given by the expression 20 log (4πR/λ) in db. Substituting the given
values in the above expression, the path loss is 108 dB.
7. The amount of power by which the received power must be greater than the threshold
level required to maintain a minimum quality of service is called
a) Line loss
b) Link budget
c) Link margin
d) None of the
Answer: c
Explanation: Link margin is the amount of power by which the received power must be greater
than the threshold level required to maintain a minimum quality of service. Link margin signifies
the minimum amount of power required to sustain communication maintaining a minimum
quality of service.
8. Link margin that is used to account for fading effects is called fade margin.
a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Link margin that is used to account for fading effects is called fade margin. Satellite
links operating at frequencies of above 10 GHz require a fading margin of about 20dB or more to
account for attenuation during heavy rain.
9. One of the most important requirements of a radio receiver is high gain.

a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Radio receivers must have very high gain of about 100 dB in order to detect the
very low power level of the received signal to a level near its original baseband value.
10. A radio receiver operating at microwave frequencies must have very high selectivity.
a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Today, most of the applications use wireless communication at microwave
frequency. Hence space is a sea of EM waves. In order to receive only the desired signal in the
desired range of frequencies, the radio receiver must have high sensitivity.

Answers – Noise Characteristics of Receivers
“Noise Characteristics of Receivers”.
1. The noise power will determine the maximum detectable signal level for a receiver.
a) True
b) False View
Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The noise power will determine the minimum detectable signal level of the receiver
for a given transmitter power, maximum range of a communication link. There is a limit on the
maximum noise that can be associated with a signal in spite of which the signal can be recovered
from the noise.
2. Equivalent noise temperature of a transmission line connecting the antenna to the receiver is:
a) TP (LP-1)
b) TP (LP + 1)
c) TP/ (LP-1)
d) TP / (LP +
1) View
Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The transmission line connecting the antenna to the receiver has a loss of LT and is
at a physical temperature TP. its noise equivalent temperature is given by T P (LP-1).
3. In a receiver, if the noise figure of the mixer stage in the receiver is 7 dB, then the
equivalent noise temperature is given that the receiver is operating at 290 K:
a) 1163 K
b) 1789 K
c) 1000 K
d) 1234 K
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Equivalent noise temperature for a given noise figure is given by To (F M-1). FM is
the noise figure in dB. Substituting the given values for noise figure and temperature, noise
equivalent temperature is 1163 K.
4. If a transmission line connecting the antennas to the receiver has a loss of 1.5 dB, given
the physical temperature is 270C, noise equivalent temperature is:
a) 123 K
b) 145 K
c) 345 K
d) 234 K
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The noise equivalent temperature of the transmission line is given by T P(LP-1).
Converting the value from dB scale and substituting, noise equivalent temperature is 123 K.
5. Given that the antenna efficiency is 0.9, equivalent brightness temperature is 200 K;
physical temperature is 300 K, noise temperature of an antenna is:
a) 220 K
b) 210 K
c) 240 K
d) None of the
Answer: b
Explanation: Noise temperature of an antenna is given by rad T b + (1- rad) TP. Tb is the
equivalent brightness temperature and TP is the physical temperature. Substituting the given
values, noise temperature of the antenna is 210 K.
6. If a receiver is operating at a bandwidth of 1 MHz and has antenna noise temperature of

210 K, then the input noise power is:
a) -90 dBm
b) -115 dBm
c) -56 dBm
d) -120 dBm
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Input noise power is given the expression kBTa) Here k is the Boltzmann‟ s
constant, B is the operational bandwidth of the antenna and TA is the antenna noise temperature.
Substituting in the above expression, input noise power is -115 dBm.
7. Antenna noise temperature of a system is 210 K, noise temperature of transmission line is

123 K, loss of a transmission line connecting the antenna to receiver is 1.41 and noise
temperature of the receiver cascade is 304 K. then the total system noise temperature is:
a) 840 K
b) 762 K
c) 678 K
d) 1236 K
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The total system noise temperature is given by the expression TA+TTL+LTTREc)
TA is the antenna noise temperature, TTL is the transmission line noise temperature, TREC is
the noise temperature of receiver cascade. Substituting the given values, total system noise
temperature is 762 K.
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t
8. If the received power at antenna terminals is -80dBm, and if the input noise power is -
115 dBm, then the input SNR is:
a) 45 dB
b) -195 dB
c) -35 dB
d) 35 dB
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Input SNR of a system is (Si-Ni) in dB. Substituting the given signal power and
noise power in dB, input SNR of the system is 35 dB.
9. A receiver system is operating at a bandwidth of 1 MHz and has a total system

noise temperature of 762 K. then the output noise power is:
a) -110 dBm
b) -234 dBm
c) -145 dBm
d) -124 dBm
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Output noise power of a receiver system is kBT sys. B is the operating bandwidth
and Tsys is the total system noise temperature. Substituting the given values in the given
equation, output noise power is -110 dBm.
10. If the received power at the antenna terminals is Si=-80 dBm and the output noise power
is - 110 dBm then the output signal to noise ratio is given by:
a) 30 dB
b) -30 dB
c) 35 dB
d) -35 dB
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Output signal to noise ratio in dB is given by (So-No). Substituting the given values in the above
equation, the output SNR is 30 dB.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS UNIT-
1: ANTENNA
BASICS
1. Antennas convert ----------------------to--------------------- [ ]
a) Photons to electrons b) electrons to photons
c) Both a and b d) none
2. Antennas are of -------------- types [ ]

a) Two b) four
c) Infinite d) none
3. Which of the following is true [ ]

a) Time changing current radiates b) accelerated charges radiates
4. Radiation pattern is ---------------- dimensional quantity [ ]

a) Two b) three
c) Single d) none
5. ------------- is also called as 3-dB bandwidth [ ]

a) FNBW b) HPBW
6. One steradian is equal to --------------- square degrees [ ]

a) 360 b) 180
c) 3283 d) 41,253
7. --------------is independent of distance [ ]

a) Poynting vector b) radiation intensity
8. The minimum value of the directivity of an antenna is………. [ ]

a) Unity b) zero
c) Infinite d) none
9. Directivity is inversely proportional to……… [ ]

a) HPBW b) FNBW
c) Beam area d) Beam width
10. Gain is always -------------than directivity [ ]

a) Greater b) lesser
c) Equal to d) none
11. Directivity and Resolution are------------ [ ]

a) Different b) same
12. Effective aperture is always ----------- than Physical aperture. [ ]

a) Higher b) lower
13. --------------Theorem can be applied to both circuit and field theories [ ]

a) Equality of patterns b) Equality of impedance
c) Equality of effective lengths d) Reciprocity theorem
14. Antenna temperature considers--------parameter into account [ ]

a) Directivity b) gain
c) Beam area d) beam efficiency
15. Radiation resistance of antenna is------------- [ ]
a) Physical resistance b) Virtual Resistance
16. Antenna aperture is same as----------- [ ]
a) Length b) width
c) Area d) volume
17. The source of scalar potential is [ ]
a) Charge density b) Current density
18. The source of vector potential is [ ]
a) Charge density b) Current density
19. R/v is called------------- [ ]
a) Radiation to voltage ratio b) resistance to velocity ratio
c) Propagation delay d) none
20. Which condition makes coupled equations into uncoupled equations [ ]
a) Retarded b) Helmholtz
c) Lorentz gauge d) none
ANSWERS:
Q. No. ANSWE Q. No. ANSWE

R R
1 C 11 B
2 C 12 B
3 C 13 D
4 B 14 B
5 B 15 B
6 C 16 C
7 B 17 A
8 A 18 B
9 C 19 C
10 B 20 C
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

UNIT-2: THIN LINEAR WIRE ANTENNAS
1. Alternating current element is given by [ ]

a)I dl b) I dl cosωt
c) I dl sinωt d) I
2. ---------potential is used to find the field components of current element [ ]

a) Scalar Potential, V b) Vector Potential, A
c) Both a and b d) None
3. -------- is basic building block for any practical antenna [ ]

a) Current element b) Monopole
c) Dipole d) Loop
4. The HΦ Component will consists of----------field. [ ]

a) Radiation b) Induction
c) Both a and b d) All
5. The Eθ Component will consists of---------- [ ]

a) Radiation b) Induction
c) Electro static d) All
6. The Er Component will consists of---------- [ ]

a) Induction b) Electro static
c) Both a and b d) All
7. The induction and radiation fields of current element are equal at distance of ------ [ ]
a) λ/2 b) λ/4
c) λ/6 d) λ/10
8. The radiation resistance of current element is given by [ ]

a) Rr = 80П2(dl/λ)2 b) Rr = 20П2(dl/λ)2
c) Rr = 10П2(dl/λ)2 d) None
9. The radiation resistance of short dipole is given by [ ]

a) Rr = 80П2(dl/λ)2 b) Rr = 20П2(dl/λ)2
10. The radiation resistance of short monopole is given by [ ]

a) Rr = 80П2(dl/λ)2 b) Rr = 20П2(dl/λ)2
TRUE OR FALSE QUESTIONS

11. The radiation resistance of current element is applicable to dipoles up to
height of λ/8 only. [ ]
12. The radiation resistance of current element is applicable to mono poles up to

height of λ/4 only. [ ]
13. The radiation resistance of current element is applicable to
dipoles up to height of λ/2 only. [ ]
14. The radiation resistance of λ/2 dipole is 36.5 Ω [ ]
15.The radiation resistance of λ/4 Monopole is 73 Ω [ ]
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS

16. The Eθ Component of current element is given by------------
17. The Er Component of current element is given by------------
18. The HΦ Component of current element is given by------------
19. The main application of Loop Antenna is--------------------
20. The Directivity of Loop Antenna is --------------------
Q. No. ANSWER
16
17
18
19 Direction Finding
20 1.5
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS UNIT-3:
ANTENNA ARRAYS
1. If the individual antennas of the array are spaced equally along a straight line.
Then It is ------------array. [ ]
a) Linear. b) Non-Linear.
c) Both a and b. d) None.
2. Linear array is a system of ------spaced elements. [ ]

a) Un equally. b) equally.
3. In a Uniform Linear array all elements are fed with a

current of ----------amplitude [ ]
a) Equal. b) Unequal.
4. In a Broad side array the radiation is along----------- [ ]

a) X-direction. b) Y-direction.
5. In a endfire array the radiation is along ----------- [ ]

6. In increased endfire array the radiation is along----------- [ ]

7. Which array is also called as Hansen-Woodyard array. [ ]

a) Broad side. b) End-fire.
c) Increased End-Fire . d) Binomial.
8. Which array is also called as Stone’s array. [ ]

a) Broad side. b) End-fire.
c) Increased End-Fire. d) Binomial.
9. Hansen-Wood yard array is a --------array [ ]

10. Stone’s array is a --------array [ ]

11. The radiation pattern of broad side is array is along the normal direction
Of array axis. [ ]
12. The Binomial array is a linear array. [ ]
13. All coefficients of elements in Binomial array are same [ ]
14.Minor lobes will exist in Linear antennas. [ ]
15. In resulatant or total radiation pattern The phases will be multiplied using
Multiplication of patterns Principle. [ ]

16. Hansen-Wood yard Array is a ----------------- array.
17. The currents in Non linear are ----------------
18. Binomial array was invented by-------------------
19. The amplitudes will be------------ in the resultant pattern using principle of multiplication of
Patterns.
20. The phases will be ----------- in the resultant pattern using principle of multiplication of
Patterns.
ANSWERS:
Q. No. ANSWE Q. No. ANSWER

R
1 A 11 TRU
E
2 B 12 FALSE
3 A 13 FALSE
4 B 14 TRU
E
5 A 15 FALSE
6 A 16 LINEAR
7 C 17 Out of phase
8 D 18 Stone
9 A 19 Multiply
10 B 20 Addup
UNIT-4: VHF, UHF and MW ANTENNAS-I
1. Microwave frequency range is------ [ ]
-
a) above 30MHZ b) above 300MHZ
C) above 200MHZ d) above 2000MHZ.
2. Yagi-Uda antenna consists of----- [ ]
a) Folded Dipole b) Reflector
C) Director d) All
3. The radiation resistance of folded dipole of above
equal radii is---------- [ ]
a) 657Ohms b) 292 Ohms
C) 300 Ohms d) 277 Ohms
4. The radiation resistance of folded dipole of unequal radii (r2=2r1) is---------- [ ]

a) 657Ohms b) 292 Ohms
C) 300 Ohms d) 277 Ohms
5. The helix is having the geometry of ------------ [ ]

a) straight wire b) cirle
C) cylinder d) All above.
6. The radiation pattern of helix in Axial mode is----------- [ ]

a) Bi directional b) Uni directional
C) 4 lobed d) Omni directional
7. The radiation pattern of helix in Normal mode is----------- [ ]

a) Bi directional b) Uni directional
C) 4 lobed d) Omni directional
8. In Normal mode of operation the length of the helix is------------- [ ]

a) >λ b) <λ
C) =λ d) none
9. In Axial mode of operation the length of the helix is------------- [ ]

a) >λ b) <λ
C) =λ d) none
10. Horn antennas used in the frequency range of---------- [ ]

a) VHF b) UHF
C) SHF d) MW

11. Yagi_Uda array is a parasitic array. [ ]
12. The reflector is longer than the folded dipole in Yagi-Uda antenna. [ ]
13. The director is shorter than the Folded dipole in Yagi-Uda antenna. [ ]
14. Stone invented Helical Antenna. [ ]
15. Mushaike invented Horn antenna. [ ]
16. Radiation pattern of Yagi-Uda array is ------- directional
17. Helical antenna was invented by-------------
18. The path difference in horn antennas must be----------
19. The horn antennas are used in the frequency range of---------
20. The impedance of wave guides will be ---------- than Transmission lines.
ANSWERS:
Q. No. ANSWE Q. No. ANSWER

R
1 C 11 TRU
E
2 D 12 TRU
E
3 B 13 TRU
E
4 A 14 FALS
E
5 D 15 FALS
E
6 B 16 Unidirectional
7 A 17 John.D.Kraus
8 B 18 small
9 C 19 MW
10 D 20 higher
UNIT-5: VHF, UHF and MW ANTENNAS-II
1.Micro strip antenna was first introduced by …………. [ ]

A). Marconi
B). Hertz
C). Munson
D). Cassegrain
2.The widely used shape for patch antennas is …………. [ ]
A). Rectangular
B). Circular
C). Elliptical
D).Parabolic
3.The efficiency of Micro strip antenna is …………………. [ ]
A). High
B). Very high
C). infinite
D). Low
4.For square corner reflector the flaring angle is……………………. [ ]
A). 30 degrees
B). 60 degrees
C). 90 degrees
D). 180 degrees
5.The no. of images formed for a square corner reflector, using method of images are…[ ]
A). 3
B). 5
C). 7
D). 6
6.The no. of images formed for a 30 degrees corner reflector, using method of
Images are……….. [ ]
A). 3
B). 5
C). 7
D). 6
7.The no. of images formed for a 60 degrees corner reflector, using method of
images are……….. [ ]
A). 3
B). 5
C). 7
D). 6
8. A single narrow beam of radiation results in square corner reflector for
spacing of s=……….. [ ]
A). 2λ
B). λ
C). 3λ/2
D). λ/2
9. Two narrow beams of radiation results in square corner reflector for
spacing of s=……… [ ]
A). 2λ
B). λ
C). 3λ/2
D). λ/2
10. Three narrow beams of radiation results in square corner reflector for
spacing of s=……….. [ ]
A). 2λ
B). λ
C). 3λ/2
D). λ/2
TRUE 0R FALSE
11. A parabola is a three dimensional curve. [ ]
12. A paraboloid is a three dimensional curve. [ ]
13. Fermat’s principle must be followed to get a plane wave front from
the dish antenna. [ ]
14. In any dish antenna arrangement the parabolic reflector will acts as
primary antenna [ ]
15. In any dish antenna arrangement the parabolic reflector will acts as
secondary antenna [ ]
FILL IN THE BLANKS

16. The directivity of the paraboloid is---------------------
17. The generally used feed antenna for paraboloids is---------------------
18. The horn and hyperbola are used in ------------------- feed of dish antennas.
19. The disadvantage (draw back) of parabolic reflector is----------------
20.The parabolic antenna operates in the frequency range of---------------

ANSWERS:
Q. No. ANSWER Q. No. ANSWER
1 C 11 FALS
E
2 A
12 TRU
3 D E
4 C
13 TRU
5 A E
6 C 14 FALS
E
7 B
15 TRU
8 D E
9 B
10 C
Q. No. ANSWER
16 9.87(d/λ)2
17 HORN ANTENNA
18 CASSEGRA
IN
19 SPILLOVER EFFECT
20 MW OR
GHZ
UNIT-6: Lens Antennas

1. Electrical path length is increased in-------------lens antennas. [ ]
a) Fast b)Delay.
c) Both a and b. d)None.
2. Electrical path length is decreased in ---------- lens antennas. [ ]
a) Fast b)Delay.
3. E plane metal-plate lens are of -------type. [ ]
a) Fast b)Delay.
4. H plane metal-plate lens are of ------- type. [ ]
a) Fast b)Delay.
5. The following is the example of dielectric material. [ ]
a) Lucite. b)Polystyrene.
6. All dielectric materials will have the refractive index of --------- [ ]
a) unity. b)Less than unity.
c) Greater than unity. d)None.
7. The design equation of lens antennas is given by [ ]
a)
b)

8. All metals will have the refractive index of -------- [ ]
-
a) unity. b)Less than unity.
c) Greater than unity. d)None.
9. By zoning the lens refractive index will…… [ ]
a) change. b) not change.
10. In dielectric lens, difference in electrical path length may be caused
due to ………… [ ]
a) Length. b)Width.
c) Thickness. d)None.
11. All antenna measurements are accurate. [ ]
12. All antenna measurements will be done in the far field [ ]
13. Cylindrical coordinate system will be choosed for all antenna measurements. [ ]
14. For better antenna measurements the tolerance value must be as large as possible. [ ]
15. Anechoic chamber can be preferred for antenna measurements. [ ]

16. Frii’s transmission formula is………………….
17. Comparision method for measurement of antenna gain is also called as………………….
18. The formula for gain using comparision method is…………………….
19. In two antennas method the assumption is…………………….
20. In the case of circular or elliptical polarizations the the total antenna gain is given by GAUT
=…………………….
Q.NO. ANSWER Q.NO. ANSWER
1. b
11. FALS
2. a E
3. a 12. TRU
E
4. b
13. FALS
5. c E
6. c 14. FALS
E
7. a
15. TRU
8. b E
9. b
Q.NO. ANSWER
10. c
16. PR=PTGTGR(λ/4ΠR
)2
17. Gain-Transfer
18. GAUT= (PAUT/Pref)

Gref
19. GR=GT
20. GH+GV
UNIT-7&8: Wave
Propagation
1) The troposphere is extends up to a height of ----------------- [ ]

A) 5km B) 10km
C) 15km D) 20km
2) For small distances the earth can be considered as ------------------region [ ]
A) flat B) curved
C) conductor D) dielectric
3) For large distances the earth can be considered as ------------------region [ ]
A) flat B) curved
C) conductor D) dielectric
4) In general the earth will acts as a ------------------- [ ]
A) leaky resistor B) leaky inductor
C) leaky capacitor D) leaky transistor
5) According to Rayleigh if R>10, the reflecting surface will be considered as………….. [ ]
A) smooth region B) rough region
C) both a &b D) none
6) According to Rayleigh if R<0.1, the reflecting surface will be considered as………….. [ ]
A) smooth region B) rough
C) both a &b D) none
7) The line of sight (LOS) distance is the distance travelled by the …………….wave. [ ]
A) diffracted B) scattered
C) reflected D) direct
8) The phenomenon of reduction of signal strength due to variation in refractive
index is called………….. [ ]
A) wave tilting B) fading
C) diffraction D) scattering
9) The E-Layer of Ionosphere exists between [ ]
A) 40 to 90 km B) 90 to 140 km
C) 140 to 250 km D) 250 to 400 km
10) The F2-Layer of Ionosphere exists between [ ]
A) 40 to 90 km B) 90 to 140 km
C) 140 to 250 km D) 250 to 400 km
11) Critical frequency is the lowest frequency that returns from Ionosphere at
vertical frequency. [ ]
12) Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) is the highest frequency that returns from
Ionosphere Other than vertical frequency. [ ]
13) The frequency below which the entire power gets absorbed is referred to as the
Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF). [ ]
14) The frequency at which there is optimum return of wave energy is called the Optimum
Frequency
(OF). [ ]
15) Virtual height is always lesser than the Actual height. [ ]

16) The horizon of the earth, d0 is given by--------------
17) In ground or surface wave propagation the electric field at the receiving point is
given by is given by………….
18) In free space the power received is given by Pr=………….
19) The basic path loss for general communication is given by………………………
20) The relation between Critical Frequency and MUF is……………….
Q.NO. ANSWER Q.NO. ANSWER
1 C 11 FALSE
2 A
12 TRUE
3 B
4 C 13 FALSE
5 B 14 TRUE
6 A
15 FALSE
7 D
8 B
9 B
10 D
Antenna Theory &
propagation (EC-604A)
Question Paper Details
Course Stream Semester Subject Paper Code Chapter
B.TECH Electronics & 6th Antenna Theory EC-604A Module 1: Review of
Communication Engg. & Propagation Maxwell’s equation &
(ECE) Antenna
Characteristics
Paper Setter Details

Name Designation Mobile No. Email ID
Ms. Debi Dutta Visiting Faculty 8296950240 [email protected]
MCQ type (marks 1)
1. Aperture efficiency of antenna is

a. Ratio of gp and gd
b. Maximum effective area to physical area
c. Effective area to physical area
d. physical area to effective area
2. In far field the angular field distribution is independent of
a. Transmitter power
b. Distance from the antenna
c. Antenna type
d. Angular region
3. Fresnel region exists when
𝐷3
a. 𝑅 ≤ 0.62√
𝜆
𝐷3 2𝐷2
b. 𝑅 ≥ 0.62√ and 𝑅 <
𝜆 𝜆
2𝐷2
c. 𝑅 ≥
𝜆
𝐷3
d. ≥ 0.62√
𝜆
4. For frequency independent antenna band width is

a. 0
b. Infinite
c. Finite
d. Moderate
5. The magnetic field inside a perfect conductor is
a. Zero
b. Uniform
c. Non uniform
d. Reduced exponentially
6. The E- field inside a perfect conductor is
a. Uniform
b. Non –uniform
c. Reduced exponentially
d. 0
7. Linear polarization can be obtained only if the wave consists of _
a. Ex
b. Ey
c. Both Ex &Ey & in phase
d. Both Ex &Ey & out of phase
8. Determine the electric field intensity at a distance of 10 km from an antenna having a directive
gain of 5 dB and radiating a total power of 20 kW
a. 0.1732 V/m
b. 0.346 V/m
c. 0.195 V/m
d. 0.398 V/m
9. If there exists 2 orthogonal linear components which are in time phase polarization is
a. Linear
b. Circular
c. Ellipse
d. Ellipsoid
10. Which property/ies of antenna is/are likely to be evidenced in accordance to Reciprocity theorem?
a. Equality of impedances
b. Equality of directional patterns
c. Equality of effective lengths
d. All of the above
11. The radiation field of an antenna at a distance “r” varies as
a. 1
𝑟
1
b.
𝑟2
c. 1
𝑟3
12. An electric field on a place is described by its potential

= 20(𝑟−1 + 𝑟−2)
The field is due to

a) A monopole
b) A Dipole
c) Both A & B
d) A quadruple
13. The radiation pattern of an antenna is𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃. The directivity of an antenna
a) 10dB
b) 12.6dB
c) 11.5 dB
d) 18dB
Short Question (Marks 2)
1. The field amplitude due to half wave dipole at 10km is 0.1 V/m. It operates in 100MHz. Find dipole
length and radiated power.
2. Find the maximum effective area of an antenna at 2GHz when the directivity is 100.
3. Find the radiated power of an antenna if 10 Amp current exists and its radiation resistance 32 ohm.
4. Find radiation efficiency of Hertzian dipole of 0.03𝜆 at frequency of 100MHz, if loss resistance is
0.01ohm.
5. What is the major application of using concept of magnetic vector potential?
6. Antenna has maximum radiation intensity of 2 W/Sr. if the antenna input power is 1 W, then find
out the directivity. (Assume antenna efficiency is 90%)
7. What is antenna directivity?
8. Why choice of polarization is one of major issues in antenna Tx/Rx designing?
9. State antenna duality principle.
Subjective Question (Marks 3)

1. The radiation intensity of a certain antenna is given by
Find out the directivity of the antenna.
2. What are HPBW and FNBW of antenna?

3. Write down different kind of losses in antenna system.
4. What is radiation resistance of antenna? What is its physical impact on antenna characteristics?
5. If radiation resistance of a circular loop of one turn is 0.01Ω, what is the radiation resistance of
5 turn?
6. For an antenna radiating in free space, the electric field at a distance of 1 km is found to be 12
V/m. Given that intrinsic impedance of the free space is 120πΩ, Find the magnitude of average
power density due to this antenna at a distance of 2 km from the antenna (in nW/m2 ) .
7. If power pattern of an antenna is (𝜃) = cos 2𝜃, then find out its HPBW & FNBW.
Broad Question (Marks 5)

1. State Maxwell equation in integral and differential form. Discuss their significance.
2. What is half wave dipole? Assuming a sinusoidal current distribution over length derive
an expression for vector potential A at large distance from this dipole.
3. Why all antenna measurement is preferably done in far field? Discuss different nature of near
field zone of any antenna.
4. What is antenna gain? How is it related with directive gain and power gain? If it is found an
antenna having 4dBi gain, what does it interpret?
5. What are differences between antenna beamwidth and bandwidth. What is FB ratio of an
antenna? Explain the significance of “effective area” of antenna. How is it related with antenna
gain?
6. What are E-Plane and H-plane in antenna pattern graph? Using reciprocity mode show that
the radiation pattern is same in both transmit and receive mode.
Course Stream Semest Subject Paper Chapter
er Code
B.TECH Electronics & 6th Antenna Theory EC- Module 2:
Communication Engg. (ECE) & Propagation 604A Characteristics of
Dipole, monopole
and Antenna array

MCQ type (marks 1)

1. Broad side arrays are
a. Omni directional
b. Directional
c. Point sources
d. Isotropic
2. If the elements of a binomial array are separated by λ/4, how many shape patterns are generated
with no minor lobes?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 16
3. What kind of beamwidth is/are produced by Chebyshev arrays for given side lobe level (SLL)?
a. Widest
b. Narrowest
c. Both a and b
4. If a linear uniform array consists of 9 isotropic elements separated by λ/4, what would be
a. 6.53 dB
b. 7.99 dB
c. 8.55 dB
d. 9.02 dB
5. An antenna consists of 4 identical Hertzian dipoles uniformly located along the z axis and
polarized in ‘z’ direction. The spacing between the dipoles is The group pattern function is
(Assume initial phase difference between the dipoles is zero degrees)
𝜋 𝜋
a) 4cos( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)cos( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
4 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
b) 4cos( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)cos(
4 8
𝜋 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)sin(
c) 4cos( 8
4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)sin(
2
𝜋
d) 4cos( 𝜋
4
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
6. The electric field E and the magnetic field H of a short dipole antenna satisfy the condition
(a) The r component of E is equal to zero
(b) Both r and 𝜃 components of H are equal to zero
(c) The 𝜃 component of E dominates the r component in the far – field region
(d) The 𝜃 and ∅ components of H are of the same order of magnitude in the near – field region.
7. Gain of a half-wave dipole antenna over isotropic.

2.15 dB
1.76 dB 1 dB
0 dB
8. Which of the following is the property of Microwave antennas?
a. Wider beam angles than RF antennas
b. larger captive areas than RF antennas
c. smaller physical lengths than RF antennas
d. All of the above
9. Match List I (Type of Antenna) with List II (Example) and select the correct answer using the codes.
List I List II
A. Aperture antenna 1. Helical antenna
B. Circularly polarized antenna 2. Point source
C. Frequency independent antenna 3. Log periodic antenna
D. Isotropic antenna 4. Microstrip antenna
𝜆 𝜆
10. A dipole is kept horizontally at a height of above a perfectly conducting plane. The radiation
2 2
pattern in the plane of dipole looks approximately

a) c)
b) d)
11. Two identical and parallel dipole antennas are kept apart by a distance of 𝜆/4 in the H –
plane. They are fed with equal currents but the right most antennas have phase shift of +90 ᴼ.
The radiation pattern is given as(2)
12. For a dipole antenna
(a) The radiation intensity is maximum along the normal to the dipole axis
(b)The current distribution along its length is uniform irrespective of the length
(c) The effective length equals its physical length
(d) The input impedance is independent of the location of the feed – point
13. An antenna when radiating, has a highly directional radiation pattern. When the antenna is
receiving its radiation pattern
(a) Is more directive
(b) Is less directive
(c) Is the same
(d) Exhibits no directivity all
14. By how many times is an input impedance of a folded dipole at resonance greater than that of
an isolated dipole with same length as one of its sides?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 6
15. If diameter of a 𝜆 dipole antenna is increased from 𝜆 to 𝜆 , then its
2 100
50
a) Bandwidth increases
b) Bandwidth
decreases
c) Gain increases
d) Gain decreases
1. What is the advantage of Dolph-Tschebyscheff distribution?
2. What is the pattern multiplication factor in array?
3. What is effect of ground on vertical antenna?
4. What is antenna temperature?
5. Consider a dipole antenna in free space which has a uniform sinusoidal current distribution. If the
length of the dipole is 0.02 λ then find the value of current (peak) required to radiate a total power
of 300 mW.
6. What do you mean by array factor?
7. What are the basic differences between parasitic and driven elements in an array.

1. In Uniform linear array, 4 isotropic radiating elements are placed 𝜆 apart. Find out the progressive
4
phase shift required for forming the main beam at 60° off the end fire.
2. Define Broadside and End-fire array of antenna.
3. Draw radiation pattern of Marconi (quarter wave monopole) antenna.
4. What is the effect of length on power of linear antenna?
5. Briefly explain how the broadside array radiation pattern comes about.

1. Show that, for N-element array show that the first minor lobe is 13·46 dB down from the major lobe.
2. Find the expression for the relative field strength pattern of a four-element broadside array with
𝜆
spacing.
2
3. Discuss Binomial array synthesis procedure in short.

4. Find the radiation resistance of a half wave dipole with
uniform current distribution.
5. Sketch current pattern as with horizontal and vertical field radiation pattern of a centre fed dipole for
following lengths
𝜆 𝜆
a) b) 3 c) 2𝜆
2 2
6. Define antenna array. Show that the resultant field of an array consisting N elements equally
spaced ‘d’ in a direction making at angle 𝜃 , carrying equal current and in phase is given by
𝑁𝜑
sin( )
𝐹 = 𝐹0 2
𝑁𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑/2
Course Stream Semester Subject Paper Chapter
Code
th
B.TECH Electronics & 6 Antenna Theory EC-604A Module 3:
Communication Engg. & Propagation Characteristics of
(ECE) practical antennas
(TWT, Loop, Helical,
Yagi-Uda, Horn,
Microstrip, Parabolic)
Page Setter Details

MCQ type (marks 1)

1. Which among the following is not a disadvantage of rhombic antenna?
a. Requirement of large space
b. Reduced transmission efficiency
c. Maximum radiated power along main axis
d. Wastage of power in terminating resistor
2. Which conversion mechanism is performed by parabolic reflector antenna?
a. Plane to spherical wave
b. Spherical to plane wave
c. Both a and b
3. Which is a non-resonant antenna?
(a) Rhombic antenna
(b) Folded dipole
(c) end-fire array
(d) yagi-uda antenna
4. The antenna most commonly used for TV broadcasting in the UHF band is
a) turnstile antenna
b) dipole antenna
c) yagi antenna
d) rhombic antenna
5. For an 8 ft. parabolic dish operating at 4GHz, the minimum distance required for far field
measurement is closest to
a) 7.5 cm
b) 15 cm
c) 15m
d) 150 m
6. A log periodic antenna is a
a) Frequency independent antenna
b) Frequency dependent antenna
c) Directional antenna
d) None of these.
7. Antenna commonly used for microwave links is
a) loop antenna
b) log periodic antenna
c) paraboloidal dishes
d) rhombic antenna.
8. Radiation resistance of a two wire folded dipole

a) 73 ohm
b) 292 ohm
c) 100 ohm
d) 50 ohm
9. Use of directors in Yagi antenna
a) Reflects back radiation
b) Increases directivity
c) Minimizes Losses
d) None of these
10. Top loading with antenna is sometimes used for
a) Effective length
b) Bandwidth
c) Beamwidth
d) Input capacitance

1. How horn antenna is fed?
2. What are different types of antenna in HF?
3. What is E-Plain & H-Plain horn?
4. List different types of TWT antennas.
5. Differentiate between director and reflector in an array.
6. Why parabolic antennas are good for setting microwave link?
7. State two important features of loop antenna.
8. What are uses of folded dipole?
9. What are frequency independent antennas?

1. Discuss merits and demerits of rhombic antenna.
2. What is Cassegrain type feed of a parabolic antenna?
3. Find out the beamwidth between first null and power gain of a 2 m parabolic reflector operating
at 6000MHz.
4. A parabolic antenna having a circular mouth is to have a power gain of 1000 at λ= 15cm. Find
diameter of mouth and HPBW of the antenna.
5. Explain why electrically short antennas have low efficiency.
6. Give basic idea about direction finding antenna (RDF).

1. Discuss different types of mode in a rectangular microstrip antenna? What will be the
dominant mode of a rectangular microstrip antenna if fed along length of patch?
2. What is the effect of height and effective dielectric constant on Q factor of microstrip antenna?
3. Draw different kinds of feed systems for parabolic dish.
4. Describe axial or beam mode propagation of helical antenna. Write down the reason of
significant use of them in satellite communication.
5. With proper symbols and assumption derive the relation between f over D ratio for
parabolic antenna.
6. Explain the design aspects of Yagi-uda antenna. Explain function of each part.
7. Describe the current distribution and radiation pattern of folded dipole.
Course Stream Semester Subject Paper Chapter
Code
B.TECH Electronics & 6th Antenna Theory EC- Module 4: Method
Communication Engg. & Propagation 604A of Propagation,
(ECE) Medium effect on
radio wave
propagation.

MCQ type (marks 1)

1. If the maximum electron density for F-layer in ionosphere is 4 x 106 electrons/cm3, then what
will be the critical frequency of EM wave for F-layer?
a) 4 MHz
b) 9 MHz
c) 18 MHz
d) 25 MHz
2. How is the effect of selective fading reduced?
A. By high carrier reception
B. By low carrier reception
C. By single side band system
D. By double side band system
a. A & C
b. B & D
c. A & D
d. B & C
3. The ground wave field strength is
a) Inversely proportional to distance
b) Inversely proportional to the square of distance
c) Directly proportional to distance
d) Directly proportional to the square distance.
4. Which layer has the atmospheric conditions exactly opposite to that of standard atmosphere?
a. Depression layer
b. Regression layer
c. Inversion layer
d. Invasion layer
5. Which mode of propagation is adopted in HF antennas?
a. Ionospheric
b. Ground wave
c. Tropospheric
d. All of the above
6. Faraday rotation is negligible
a) Above 1GHz
b) Below 1GHz
c) At 100 MHz
d) None of these
7. When microwave signal follows curvature of earth is known as
a) Faraday Effect
b) Ducting
c) Troposphere Scatter
d) Ionospheric reflection
8. Helical antennas are often used for satellite tracking because
a) Ducting
b) Troposphere
c) Ionospheric Propagation
d) Faraday effect

1. What is radio wave fading?
2. Why does ionospheric layer height fluctuate between day and night?
3. What is Line of Sight (LOS) propagation?
4. What are different layers in ionosphere? Which layers get disappear at night?
5. A HF radio link has to be established between two points on earth 2000 km away. If
reflection region of the ionosphere is at a height of 200 km, and has critical
frequency 6 MHz, find out MUF for this case.
6. Determine the MUF of an ionosphere layer at 60ᴼ incidence and with 8MHz critical
frequency.
7. To mitigate Faraday Effect what precautions should be taken at antenna receiver?
Subjective Question
(Marks 3)
1. In a communication link two identical antennas at 10 GHz are used for
propagation of 40 dB. If the transmitted power is 1 W, find the received power, if
the range of the link is 30 km.
2. What is meant by critical frequency? How can it be measured? What
information does it convey regarding Ionosphere?
3. Determine the critical freq. of an ionosphere layer is 10MHz. What is the
maximum launching angle from the horizon for which 20 MHz will be from the
layer?
4. At what frequency a wave must propagate for the D region to have an index of
refraction 0·6? Given N = 500 electron / c.c. for D region.
5. Calculate the value of frequency at which an EM wave must be propagated
through the D-region with refractive index 0.5 and ‘e’density 3.24x104 e/m3.
6. What is the effect of earth radius on ground wave propagation?
Broad Question (Marks
5)
1. Derive link budget formula/Friss transmission formula.
2. Write Short note on
a) Skip distance.
b) Sky wave propagation
3. Define MUF and derive an expression for the same in case of a thin ionospheric
layer over a plane earth.
81𝑁
√ 𝑛 =2 1−
4. Establish index of a layer of the ionosphere
𝑓
5. Define ground wave propagation. What are its limitations? Why only vertically
polarized wave is used for this kind of propagation?
6. List major reasons for fading. How fading can be minimized?
7. Describe the significance of tropospheric propagation in microwave communication.
8. Explain how tropospheric ducts are formed and how can they be used for microwave
propagation.
Multiple Choice Questions and Answers
on Antenna & Wave Propagation
1) What is the wavelength of Super high frequency (SHF) especially used in Radar & satellite
communication?
a. 1 m – 10 m
b. 1 cm – 10 cm
c. 10 cm – 1 m
d. 0.1 cm – 1 cm
ANSWER: 1 cm – 10 cm
2) Which among the following is an application of high frequency?
a. SONAR
b. Subsurface communication
c. Radio navigation
d. Facsimile
ANSWER: Facsimile
3) Wave front is basically a locus of points acquiring similar
a. Phase
b. Frequency
c. Amplitude
d. Wave equation
ANSWER: Phase
4) In which kind of waveform is the phase velocity defined?
a. Sinusoidal
b. Rectangular
c. Square
d. Triangular
ANSWER: Sinusoidal
5) Which among the following is/are not present in free space?
a. Solid bodies
b. Ionized particles
c. Interference of normal radiation & radio wave propagation
d. All of the above
ANSWER: All of the above
6) Power density is basically termed as power per unit area
a. Reflected
b. Refracted
c. Radiated
d. Diffracted
ANSWER: Radiated
7) If the path difference of two waves with single source traveling by different paths to arrive at
the same point, is λ/2, what would be the phase difference between them?
a. β x (λ/2)
b. β / (λ/2)
c. β + (λ/2)
d. β – (λ/2)
ANSWER: β x (λ/2)
8) Which ionization layer exists during day time & usually vanishes at night due to highest
recombination rate?
a. D-region
b. Normal E-region
c. Sporadic E-region
d. Appleton region
ANSWER: D-region
9) What is the possible range of height for the occurrence of sporadic E-region with respect to
normal E-region?
a. 20 km – 50 km
b. 45 km – 85 km
c. 90 km – 130 km
d. 140 km – 200 km
ANSWER: 90 km – 130 km
10) F2 layer of appleton region acts as a significant reflecting medium for frequency radio
waves
a. Low
b. Moderate
c. High
d. All of the above
ANSWER: High
11) The knowledge of which parameter is sufficient for deriving the time varying
electromagnetic field?
a. Electric field intensity

b. Magnetic field intensity
c. Current density
d. Power density
ANSWER: Current density

12) According to Webster’s dictionary, what is an antenna?
a. Impedance matching device

b. Sensor of electromagnetic waves
c. Transducer between guided wave & free space wave
d. Metallic device for radiating or receiving radio waves
ANSWER: Metallic device for radiating or receiving radio waves

13) Under which conditions of charge does the radiation occur through wire antenna?
a. For a charge with no motion

b. For a charge moving with uniform velocity with straight & infinite wire
c. For a charge oscillating in time motion
d. All of the above
ANSWER: For a charge oscillating in time motion

14) In a non-isotropic directional antenna, which radiating lobe axis makes an angle of 180°
w.r.t. major beam of an antenna?
a. Minor lobe
b. Side lobe
c. Back lobe
ANSWER: Back lobe

15) At which angles does the front to back ratio specify an antenna gain?
a. 0° & 180°
b. 90° & 180°
c. 180° & 270°
d. 180° & 360°
ANSWER: 0° & 180°
16) Which among the following defines the angular distance between two points on each side of
major lobe especially when the radiation drops to zero?
a. Half power beam width (HPBW)

b. First null beam width (FNBW)
c. Side lobe level (SLL)
d. Front to back ratio (FBR)
ANSWER: First null beam width (FNBW)

17) If an observation point is closely located to the source, then the field is termed as
a. Induced
b. Radiated
c. Reflected
d. Far-field
ANSWER: Induced
18) Which waveform plays a crucial role in determining the radiation pattern of the
dipole/wire antennas?
a. Current
b. Voltage
c. Frequency
d. Phase
ANSWER: Current
19) How are the infinitesimal dipoles represented in terms of antenna length and signal
wavelength?
a. l ≤ (λ /50)
b. (λ/50 ) < l ≤ (λ /10)
c. l = λ/2
ANSWER: l ≤ (λ /50)
20) In flared transmission line, the radiation phenomenon increases due to in flaring
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. Stability
ANSWER: Increase
21) Which pattern is generated due to plotting of square of amplitude of an electric field?
a. Field Pattern
b. Voltage Pattern
c. Power Pattern
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Power Pattern

22) In an electrically small loops, the overall length of the loop is one-tenth of a wavelength.
a. Less than
b. Equal to
c. Greater than
ANSWER: Less than

23) On which factor/s do/does the radiation field of a small loop depend?
a. Shape
b. Area
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Area
24) From the radiation point of view, small loops are radiators
a. Poor
b. Good
c. Better
d. Excellent
ANSWER: Poor
25) According to the directivity of a small loop, which value of ‘θ’ contributes to achieve the
maximum value of radiation intensity (U max)?
a. 0°
b. 90°
c. 180°
d. 270°
ANSWER: 90°
26) In which kind of array configuration, the element locations must deviate or adjust to some
nonplaner surface like an aircraft or missile?
a. Linear
b. Planer
c. Conformal
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Conformal
27) What is the nature of radiation pattern of an isotropic antenna?
a. Spherical
b. Dough-nut
c. Elliptical
d. Hyperbolic
ANSWER: Spherical
28) In broadside array, all the elements in the array should have similar
excitation along with similar amplitude excitation for maximum radiation.

a. Phase
b. Frequency
c. Current
d. Voltage
ANSWER: Phase
29) Which among the following is regarded as a condition of an ordinary endfire array?
a. α < βd
b. α > βd
c. α = ±βd
d. α ≠ ±βd
ANSWER: α = ±βd
30) Which mode of propagation is adopted in HF antennas?
a. Ionospheric
b. Ground wave
c. Tropospheric
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Ionospheric
31) For which band/s is the space wave propagation suitable over 30 MHz?
a. VHF
b. SHF
c. UHF
d. All of the above

32) If the tower antenna is not grounded, which method of excitation is/are applicable for it?
a. Series
b. Shunt
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Series
33) In ungrounded antennas, if an excitation is applied directly across the base insulator, then
on which factor/s would the voltage across the insulator depend?
a. Power delivered to antenna

b. Power factor of impedance
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Both a and b

34) Which among the following exhibits perpendicular nature in TEM wave?
a. Electric field
b. Magnetic field
c. Direction of propagation
d. All of the above

35) Which equations are regarded as wave equations in frequency domain for lossless media?
a. Maxwell’s
b. Lorentz
c. Helmholtz
d. Poisson’s
ANSWER: Helmholtz
36) If the magnetic field component of a plane wave in a lossless dielectric is H = 50 sin (2π x
106 t – 6x) azmA/m , what will be the wave velocity?
a. 1.047 x 106 m/s

b. 1.257 x 106 m/s
c. 2.50 x 106 m/s
d. 3 x 106 m/s
ANSWER: 1.047 x 106 m/s
37) In an electrical circuit, which nature of impedance causes the current & voltages in phase?
a. Reactive
b. Resistive
c. Capacitive
d. Inductive
ANSWER: Resistive
38) Which type of ground wave travels over the earth surface by acquiring direct path through
air from transmitting to receiving antennas?
a. Surface wave
b. Space wave
c. Both a & b
ANSWER: Space wave

39) After which phenomenon/phenomena do the waves arrive at the receiving antenna in
ionospheric propagation?
a. Reflection or Scattering
b. Refraction
c. Defraction
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Reflection or Scattering

40) By which name/s is an ionospheric propagation, also known as?
a. Sea wave propagation

b. Ground wave propagation
c. Sky wave propagation
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Sky wave propagation

41) According to Snell’s law in optics, if a ray travels from dense media to rarer media, what
would be its direction w.r.t the normal?
a. Towards
b. Away
c. Across
d. Beside
ANSWER: Away
42) Which mechanism/s is/are likely to occur in mid-frequency operation corresponding to
ionospheric region?
a. Only Reflection
b. Only Refraction
c. Partial reflection & refraction
ANSWER: Partial reflection & refraction

43) Which among the following plays a primary role in generation of conduction current in an
ionosphere due to presence of electric field?
a. Ions
b. Motion of electrons
c. Neutral molecules
ANSWER: Motion of electrons
44) Which type of wire antennas are also known as dipoles?
a. Linear
b. Loop
c. Helical
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Linear
45) Which antennas are renowned as patch antennas especially adopted for space craft
applications?
a. Aperture
b. Microstrip
c. Array
d. Lens
ANSWER: Microstrip
46) Which conversion mechanism is performed by parabolic reflector antenna?

c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Spherical to plane wave

47) Which antenna radiating region/s has/have independent nature of angular field distribution
over the distance from the antenna?
a. Reactive near-field region

b. Fresnel region
c. Fraunhofer region
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Fraunhofer region

48) Sterdian is a measurement unit of
a. Point angle
b. Linear angle
c. Plane angle
d. Solid angle
ANSWER: Solid angle
49) According to the geometry, how many sterdians are present in a full sphere?
a. π/2
b. π
c. 2π
d. 4π
ANSWER: 4π
50) The vector magnetic potential shows the inverse relationship with its
a. Source
b. Distance of point from the source (R)
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Distance of point from the source (R)

51) In retarded potentials, what factor of time delay is generally introduced in A & V
equations?
a. R + c
b. R – c
c. R/c
d. R x c
ANSWER: R/c
52) In the solutions of inhomogeneous vector potential wave equation, which component exists
if the source is at origin and the points are removed from the source (J z = 0)?
a. Inward
b. Outward
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Outward
53) If a half-wave dipole operates at 300 MHz with λ = 0.5m & D0 = 1.643, what will be its
effective area?
a. 0.032 m2
b. 0.047 m2
c. 0.65 m2
d. 0.99 m2
ANSWER: 0.032 m2
54) Dipole antenna is symmetrical in nature where the two ends are at equal potentials with
respect to point
a. Initial
b. Eventual
c. Mid
ANSWER: Mid
55) Which term is regarded as an inductive field as it is predictable from Biot Savart law &
considered to be of prime importance at near field or the distance close to current element?
a. 1/ r
b. 1/ r2
c. 1/ r3
d. 1/ r4
ANSWER: 1/ r2
56) What is the nature of current distribution over the small dipoles?
a. Spherical
b. Rectangular
c. Triangular
d. Square
ANSWER: Triangular
57) For receiving a particular frequency signal, which tuning component must be used by the
loop to form a resonant circuit for tuning to that frequency?
a. Capacitor
b. Inductor
c. Resistor
d. Gyrator
ANSWER: Capacitor
58) If the radius of loop is λ/ 20 in a free space medium,what will be the radiation resistance of
8-turn small circular loop?
a. 0.7883 Ω
b. 50.45 Ω
c. 123.17 Ω
d. 190.01 Ω
ANSWER: 123.17 Ω
59) What is the far-field position of an electric short dipole?
a. Along x-axis
b. Along y-axis
c. Along z-axis
d. Along xy plane
ANSWER: Along z-axis

60) What would happen if the rms value of induced emf in loop acquires an angle θ = 90°?
a. Wave is incident in direction of plane of the loop with induced maximum voltage
b. Wave is incident normal to plane of the loop with no induced voltage
c. Wave is incident in opposite direction of plane of the loop with minimum voltage
ANSWER: Wave is incident normal to plane of the loop with no induced voltage
61) If a linear uniform array consists of 9 isotropic elements separated by λ/4, what would be
a. 6.53 dB
b. 7.99 dB
c. 8.55 dB
d. 9.02 dB
ANSWER: 6.53 dB
62) If the elements of a binomial array are separated by λ/4, how many shape patterns are
a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 16
ANSWER: 8
63) What kind of beamwidth is/are produced by Chebyshev arrays for given side lobe level
(SLL)?
a. Widest
b. Narrowest
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Narrowest
64) If the length of elements of an array is greater than λ/2, which will be the operating region
of an array?

b. Active region
c. Reflective region
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Reflective region

65) Which angle of rhombic antenna represents one half of included angle of two legs of one
wire?
a. Apex angle
b. Tilt angle
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Tilt angle

66) Which among the following is not a disadvantage of rhombic antenna?
a. Requirement of large space

b. Reduced transmission efficiency
c. Maximum radiated power along main axis
d. Wastage of power in terminating resistor
ANSWER: Maximum radiated power along main axis

67) Why are beverage antennas not used as transmitting antenna?
a. Low radiation resistance

b. Low radiation efficiency
c. Both a and b

68) Which kind of polarization is provided by helical antennas?
a. Plane
b. Elliptical
c. Circular
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Circular
69) According to depth of penetration, what is the percentage proportion of attenuated wave
w.r.t its original value?
a. 17%
b. 27%
c. 37%
d. 57%
ANSWER: 37%
70) Linear polarization can be obtained only if the wave consists of
a. Ex
b. Ey
c. Both Ex & Ey & in phase
d. Both Ex & Ey & out of phase
ANSWER: Both Ex & Ey & in phase

71) When an electromagnetic wave travels from transmitter to receiver, which factor/s affect/s
the propagation level?
a. Curvature of earth
b. Roughness of earth
c. Magnetic field of earth
d. All of the above

72) For avoiding ground losses, better is the surface conductivity, less is the
a. Attenuation
b. Phase velocity
c. Propagation constant
d. Tilt angle
ANSWER: Attenuation
73) On which factors of earth does the magnitude of tilt angle depend in surface wave?
A. Permittivity
B. Conductivity
C. Resistivity
D. Reflectivity
a. A & B
b. C & D
c. A & C
d. B & D
ANSWER: A & B
74) What is the direction of varying orientation of polarized surface wave at the earth surface
in a wave tilt mechanism?
a. Horizontal
b. Vertical
c. Diagonal
d. Opposite
ANSWER: Vertical
75) Which layer has the atmospheric conditions exactly opposite to that of standard
atmosphere?
a. Depression layer
b. Regression layer
c. Inversion layer
d. Invasion layer
ANSWER: Inversion layer

76) If the maximum electron density for F-layer in ionosphere is 4 x 106 electrons/cm3, then
what will be the critical frequency of EM wave for F-layer?
a. 4 MHz
b. 9 MHz
c. 18 MHz
d. 25 MHz
ANSWER: 18 MHz
77) According to Secant law, which frequency is greater than critical frequency by a factor of
secθi?
a. MUF
b. LUF
c. OWF
d. UHF
ANSWER: MUF
78) How is the effect of selective fading reduced?
A. By high carrier reception

B. By low carrier reception
C. By single side band system
D. By double side band system
a. A & C
b. B & D
c. A & D
d. B & C
ANSWER: A & C
79) In lens antenna, what kind of wave energy is transformed into plane waves?
a. Convergent
b. Divergent
c. Contingent
d. Congruent
ANSWER: Divergent
80) What is the functioning role of an antenna in receiving mode?
a. Radiator
b. Converter
c. Sensor
d. Inverter
ANSWER: Sensor
81) In radio communication link, what is the shape/nature of waves generated by transmitting
antenna?
a. Spherical
b. Plane
c. Triangular
d. Square
ANSWER: Spherical
82) Which among the following elucidate the generation of electromagnetic waves?
A. Ampere’s law
B. Faraday’s law
C. Gauss’s law
D. Kirchoff’s law
a. A & B
b. B & C
c. A & C
d. B & D
ANSWER: A & B
83) If an antenna draws 12 A current and radiates 4 kW, then what will be its radiation
resistance?
a. 22.22 ohm
b. 27.77 ohm
c. 33.33 ohm
d. 39.77 ohm
ANSWER: 27.77 ohm

84) Under which conditions of two unit vectors, the polarization loss factor (PLF) is equal to
unity?
a. Perpendicular
b. Perfectly aligned
c. Angle inclination (Ψp)
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Perfectly aligned

85) Which property/ies of antenna is/are likely to be evidenced in accordance to Reciprocity
theorem?
a. Equality of impedances
b. Equality of directional patterns
c. Equality of effective lengths
d. All of the above

86) Self impedance of an antenna is basically _
a. Its input impedance during the removal of all other antennas

b. Its impedance by taking into consideration the consequences of other antennas
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Its input impedance during the removal of all other antennas
87) In solution evaluation process of inhomogeneous vector potential wave equation, if points
are completely removed from the source, then by which factor does the time varying field &
static solution differ?
a. e-jkr
b. ejkr
c. e-jk/r
d. e(jk + r)
ANSWER: e-jkr
88) The concept of magnetic vector potential finds its major application in deriving expression
of magnetic field intensity especially for
a. Real fields
b. Imaginary fields
c. Complex fields
ANSWER: Complex fields

89) A dipole carries r.m.s. current of about 300A across the radiation resistance 2 Ω. What
would be the power radiated by an antenna?
a. 90 kW
b. 135 kW
c. 180 kW
d. 200 kW
ANSWER: 180 kW
90) What is/are the major applications of an infinitesimal dipole that contribute/s to its
analysis?
a. Field pattern estimation due to any length of antenna

b. Improvement in radiation resistance by increasing dipole length
c. Both a and b

91) What is /are the advantages of using ferrite loops?
A. Increase in Magnetic field intensity

B. Increase in radiation resistance
C. Decrease in Magnetic field intensity
D. Decrease in radiation resistance
a. A & B
b. C & D
c. A & D
d. B & C
ANSWER: A & B
92) In an electrically large loop, an overall length of the loop is equal to
a. λ/2
b. λ
c. λ/10
d. λ/50
ANSWER: λ
93) How do the elements of an active region behave?
a. Inductive
b. Capacitive
c. Resistive
ANSWER: Resistive
94) By how many times is an input impedance of a folded dipole at resonance greater than that
of an isolated dipole with same length as one of its sides?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 6
ANSWER: 4
95) Which mode of radiation occurs in an helical antenna due to smaller dimensions of helix as
compared to a wavelength?
a. Normal
b. Axial
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Normal
96) A rectangular horn antenna operating at 4GHz has the wavelength of 0.075m and gain of
about 13dBi. What will be its required capture area?
a. 0.0149 m2
b. 0.0475 m2
c. 0.5521 m2
d. 0.9732 m2
ANSWER: 0.0149 m2 98) What is the nature of radiation pattern of an isotropic antenna?
a. Spherical
b. Dough-nut
c. Elliptical
d. Hyperbolic
ANSWER: Spherical
99) In broadside array, all the elements in the array should have similar
excitation along with similar amplitude excitation for maximum radiation.
a. Phase
b. Frequency
c. Current
d. Voltage
ANSWER: Phase
100) Which among the following is regarded as a condition of an ordinary endfire array?
a. α < βd
b. α > βd
c. α = ±βd
d. α ≠ ±βd
ANSWER: α = ±βd 101) Which mode of propagation is adopted in HF antennas?
a. Ionospheric
b. Ground wave
c. Tropospheric
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Ionospheric
102) For which band/s is the space wave propagation suitable over 30 MHz?
a. VHF
b. SHF
c. UHF
d. All of the above

103) If the tower antenna is not grounded, which method of excitation is/are applicable for
it?
a. Series
b. Shunt
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Series
104) In ungrounded antennas, if an excitation is applied directly across the base insulator,
then on which factor/s would the voltage across the
insulator depend?
a. Power delivered to antenna
b. Power factor of impedance
c. Both a and b

105) Which among the following exhibits perpendicular nature in TEM wave?
a. Electric field
b. Magnetic field
c. Direction of propagation
d. All of the above

106) Which equations are regarded as wave equations in frequency domain for
lossless media?
a. Maxwell’s
b. Lorentz
c. Helmholtz
d. Poisson’s
ANSWER: Helmholtz
107) Which type of ground wave travels over the earth surface by acquiring direct path
through air from transmitting to receiving antennas?
a. Surface wave
b. Space wave
c. Both a & b
ANSWER: Space wave

108) After which phenomenon/phenomena do the waves arrive at the receiving antenna in
ionospheric propagation?
a. Reflection or Scattering
b. Refraction
c. Defraction
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Reflection or Scattering

109) According to Snell’s law in optics, if a ray travels from dense media to rarer media,
what would be its direction w.r.t the normal?
a. Towards
b. Away
c. Across
d. Beside
ANSWER: Away
110) Which mechanism/s is/are likely to occur in mid-frequency operation corresponding to
ionospheric region?
a. Only Reflection
b. Only Refraction
c. Partial reflection & refraction
ANSWER: Partial reflection & refraction

111) Which among the following plays a primary role in generation of conduction current in
an ionosphere due to presence of electric field?
a. Ions
b. Motion of electrons
c. Neutral molecules
ANSWER: Motion of electrons

112) Which type of wire antennas are also known as dipoles?
a. Linear
b. Loop
c. Helical
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Linear
113) Which antennas are renowned as patch antennas especially adopted for space craft
applications?
a. Aperture
b. Microstrip
c. Array
d. Lens
ANSWER: Microstrip
114) Which conversion mechanism is performed by parabolic reflector antenna?
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Spherical to plane wave

115) Which antenna radiating region/s has/have independent nature of angular field
distribution over the distance from the antenna?
a. Reactive near-field region
b. Fresnel region
c. Fraunhofer region
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Fraunhofer region

116) The vector magnetic potential shows the inverse relationship with its
a. Source
b. Distance of point from the source (R)
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Distance of point from the source (R)

117) In the olutions of inhomogeneous vector potential wave equation, which component
exists if the source is at origin and the points are removed
from the source (Jz = 0)?
a. Inward
b. Outward
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Outward
118) If a half-wave dipole operates at 300 MHz with λ = 0.5m & D0 = 1.643, what will be its
effective area?
a. 0.032 m2
b. 0.047 m2
c. 0.65 m2
d. 0.99 m2
ANSWER: 0.032 m2
119) What is the nature of current distribution over the small dipoles?
a. Spherical
b. Rectangular
c. Triangular
d. Square
ANSWER: Triangular
120) For receiving a particular frequency signal, which tuning component must be used by
the loop to form a resonant circuit for tuning to that
frequency?
a. Capacitor
b. Inductor
c. Resistor
d. Gyrator
ANSWER: Capacitor
121) If the radius of loop is λ/ 20 in a free space medium,what will be the radiation resistance
of 8-turn small circular loop?
a. 0.7883 Ω
b. 50.45 Ω
c. 123.17 Ω
d. 190.01 Ω
ANSWER: 123.17 Ω
122) What is the far-field position of an electric short dipole?
a. Along x-axis
b. Along y-axis
c. Along z-axis
d. Along xy plane
ANSWER: Along z-axis

123) What would happen if the rms value of induced emf in loop acquires an angle θ = 90°?
a. Wave is incident in direction of plane of the loop with induced maximum voltage
b. Wave is incident normal to plane of the loop with no induced voltage
c. Wave is incident in opposite direction of plane of the loop with minimum voltage
ANSWER: Wave is incident normal to plane of the loop with no induced voltage
124) If a linear uniform array consists of 9 isotropic elements separated by λ/4, what would
be the directivity of a broadside array in dB?
a. 6.53 dB
b. 7.99 dB
c. 8.55 dB
d. 9.02 dB
ANSWER: 6.53 dB
125) If the elements of a binomial array are separated by λ/4, how many shape patterns are
a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 16
ANSWER: 8
126) What kind of beamwidth is/are produced by Chebyshev arrays for given side lobe level
(SLL)?
a. Widest
b. Narrowest
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Narrowest
127) If the length of elements of an array is greater than λ/2, which will be the operating
region of an array?
b. Active region
c. Reflective region
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Reflective region
128) According to Siegel and Labus, antennas can be treated as
(A) Earthed transmission line
(B) Closed transmission line
(C) Opened out transmission line
(D) Shorted transmission line
ANSWER: Opened out transmission line 129)Triatics are

(A) Supports for antenna conductors
(B) Small height antennas directly mounted on ship, jeeps etc.
(C) The towers or masts, which are used as radiators
(D) The towers or masts, which are not used as radiators
ANSWER: The towers or masts, which are not used as radiators
130) Which one of the following statement is true for log periodic antenna?
(A) Frequency dependent antenna

(B) Frequency independent antenna
(C) Directional antenna
(D) None of the above
ANSWER: Frequency independent antenna
131) Let the directivity of a microwave antenna be 900. The maximum effective aperture will
be
(A) 716.19 λ ² (B) 71.619 λ ² (C) 7.1619 λ ² (D) 71619 λ ²

ANSWER: 71.619 λ ²
132) Circular polarization is formed in
(A) Helical antenna

(B) Yagi-Uda antenna
(C) Parabolic antenna
(D) Dipole antenna
ANSWER: Helical antenna

133) Consider a vertical earthed antenna. This antenna will be resonant when its physical
height will be
(A) λ / 4
(B) λ
(C) λ / 2
(D) 2 λ
ANSWER: λ / 4
134) In loop antennas the radiation pattern formed is
(A) Semicircle
(B) Circle
(C) Cardiod
ANSWER: Cardiod
135) Which of the following statement is true for bandwidth of an antenna?
(A) Inversely proportional to 1 / Q²

(B) Directly proportional to Q²
(C) Directly proportional to Q
(D) Inversely proportional to Q
ANSWER: Inversely proportional to Q
136) What should be the height of an antenna in order to consider it to be in free space?
(A) 2λ
(B) > 5λ
(C) < 3λ
(D) λ
ANSWER: > 5λ
137) Radiation efficiency of an antenna is given by
(A) Directivity / Maximum power gain
(B) Maximum power gain / Directivity
(C) Radiation resistance / Antenna resistance
(D) Antenna resistance / Radiation resistance
ANSWER: Radiation resistance / Antenna resistance
138) For Yagi-Uda array the term that is not applicable is
(A) Good bandwidth
(B) High gain
(C) Folded dipole
(D) Parasitic elements
ANSWER: High gain

139) Consider a pyramidal horn antenna whose mouth height is 10λ. Horn is fed by a
rectangular waveguide with TE?? mode. The length of an antenna will be
(A) 62.5 λ
(B) 12.5 λ
(C) 5 λ
(D) 42.5 λ
ANSWER: 62.5 λ
140) The crossed dipoles in a turnstile antenna are excited with voltages
(A) In phase with each other
(B) 180° out of phase with each other
(C) 120° out of phase with each other
(D) 90° out of phase with each other
ANSWER: 90° out of phase with each other
141) The effect of skip distance in frequency is

(A) It decreases with increase in frequency
(B) It increases with increase in frequency
(C) It increases with decrease in frequency
(D) It decreases with decrease in frequency
ANSWER: It increases with increase in frequency
142) The electromagnetic waves get absorbed in the atmosphere. The absorption of
electromagnetic waves mainly depends on
(A) Distance from the transmitter
(B) The polarization of waves
(C) The frequency in use
(D) All of the above
ANSWER: The frequency in use

143) The critical frequency of a wave is 30 MHz and departing angle is 60°. The MUF is
given to be
(A) 60 MHz
(B) 15 MHz
(C) 120 MHz
(D) 30 MHz
ANSWER: 60 MHz
144) The frequency for satellite communication should be
(A) More than the critical frequency
(B) Less than the critical frequency
(C) Equal to the critical frequency
ANSWER: More than the critical frequency

145) The fluctuation in the received signal strength at the receiver or a random variation in
the received signal is known as
(A) Absorption
(B) Cycling
(C) Fluctuation
(D) Fading
ANSWER: Fading
146) is not between F2 layer and D layer
(A) G region
(B) E layer
(C) F1 layer
ANSWER: G region
147) The abnormal variation in ionosphere is
(A) Ionospheric storm

(B) Seasonal variation
(C) Diurnal variation
ANSWER: Ionospheric storm
148) As one moves away from the transmitter, the ground waves eventually disappears
because of
(A) Maximum single hop distance limitation
(B) Loss of line-of-sight condition
(C) Tilting
(D) Interference from the sky waves
ANSWER: Tilting
149) If an observation point is closely located to the source, then the field is termed as
a. Induced
b. Radiated
c. Reflected
d. Far-field
ANSWER: Induced
150) Which auxiliary functions assist in solving the radiation problem by evaluation of E &
H using sources J & M?
a. Scalar potentials
b. Vector potentials
c. Gradient potentials
d. Divergence potentials
ANSWER: Vector potentials

UNIT 1 REVISION MCQ
A gain of 3dB signifies that the output is increased by *
1 point
3 times
100 times
1000 times
10 times
The basic radiation equation is *

1 point
iL=Qv
iQ=Lv
iv=QL
A trace of received electric field is the *

1 point
power pattern
field pattern
directional pattern
normalized power pattern
What is the shape/nature of waves generated by any transmitting antenna *

1 point
Spherical
Triangular
Planar
Square
A plot of magnitude of electric or magnetic field as a function angular space is known

as *
1 point
Angle pattern
Beam angle
Field pattern
Beam solid angle is the three dimensional angle formed by *

1 point
Major and minor lobes

main lobe , minor lobe , side lobe and back lobe
Side lobe through which all power is radiated
Major lobe through which all power is radiated
Directivity of an antenna is 2 if the antenna radiates over *
1 point
full sphere
half the sphere
quarter of the sphere
three fourth of the sphere
The number of point sources that an antenna can resolve is numerically equal to *
1 point
Directivity
Gain
Beam efficiency
Beamarea
When the beam width of an antenna is measured at half power points, it is called as *
1 point
Half power beamwidth

Full null beamwidth
Beam width
An antenna radiates equally in all directions and has a gain of 1. Such an antenna is
called *
1 point
directional
isotropic
multi directional
The power received at the receiver of an antenna is measured by which parameter *

1 point
Power gain
Gain
Link budget
Link gain
Near field region of the antenna is defined by the condition *

1 point
less than 2D^2/λ

greater than 2D^2/λ
equal to 2D^2/λ
not equal to 2D^2/λ
An Antenna acts as interface between *

1 point
mobile tower stations

radio station and a mobile tower
freespace and a guiding device
None of the above
The self impedance of an antenna is basically *

1 point
Its input impedance during the removal of all other antennas

Its impedance by taking into consideration the consequences of other antennas
Both the options
What determines antenna polarization *

1 point
The frequency of the radiated wave

The direction of the radiated wave
The direction of the electric field vector
The direction of the magnetic field vector
Effective area is *
1 point
transmitted power by poynting vector

power received / poynting vector of incident wave
received power / transmitter power
Option 4
Under which conditions of charge does the radiation occur through wire antenna? *
1 point
For a charge with no motion

For a charge moving with uniform velocity with straight & infinite wire
For a charge oscillating in time motion
The radiating lobe axis that makes an angle of 180° w.r.t. major beam of an
antenna? *
1 point
Minor lobe
Side lobe
Back lobe
Which among the following defines the angular distance between two points on each
side of major lobe especially when the radiation drops to zero? *
1 point
Half power beam width

First null beam width
Side lobe level
Front to back ratio
Which waveform plays a crucial role in determining the radiation pattern of the
dipole/wire antennas? *
1 point
Current
Voltage
Frequency
Phase
Which pattern is generated due to plotting of square of amplitude of an electric field? *

1 point
Field Pattern
Voltage Pattern
Power Pattern
For which band/s is the space wave propagation suitable over 30 MHz? *
1 point
VHF
UHF
SHF
All of the mentioned
Steradian is a measurement unit of *

1 point
Point angle
Linear angle
Plane angle
Solid angle
Which antenna radiating region/s has/have independent nature of angular field

distribution over the distance from the antenna? *
1 point
Reactive near-field region

Fresnel region
Fraunhofer region
According to the geometry, how many sterdians are present in a full sphere? *
1 point
π/2
π
π/4
4π
What is the functioning role of an antenna in receiving mode *

1 point
Radiator
Converter
Sensor
Inverter
Which among the following describes the generation of electromagnetic waves? *

1 point
Ampere’s law
Gauss’s law
Kirchoff’s law
How do the elements of an active region behave? *

1 point
Inductive
Capacitive
Resistive
None of the mentioned
Antennas can be treated as *

1 point
Earthed transmission line

Closed transmission line
Opened out transmission line
Shorted transmission line
Radiation efficiency of an antenna is given by *

1 point
Directivity / Maximum power gain

Maximum power gain / Directivity
Radiation resistance / Antenna resistance
Antenna resistance / Radiation resistance
UNIT 2
Linear antennas are also called as *
1 point
Loop
Dipole
Reflector
If the field across the aperture of the parabola is of same phase, the beam generated
will be *
1 point
Omni directional
is sharply unidirectional
has main beam with two minor side lobes
is bifurcated into two major beams
In flared transmission line, the radiation phenomenon increases due to in flaring *

1 point
Increase
Decrease
Stability
In an electrically small loops, the overall length of the loop is __________ one-tenth of
a wavelength. *
1 point
Less than
Greater than
Equal to
On which factors does the radiation field of a small loop depend *

1 point
Shape
Area
Both area and shape
The aperture number is also known as *

1 point
focal length
F/D ratio
flare angle
Reflectors are mainly used with antennas to *
1 point
increase power gain

double the side lobes
alter the radiation pattern
increase the radiation resistance
Which antennas are renowned as patch antennas especially adopted for spacecraft
applications? *
1 point
Aperture
Microstrip
Array
Lens
Which conversion mechanism is performed by parabolic reflector antenna? *

1 point
Plane to spherical
Spherical to plane
None of the above
Both the mechanisms
If a half-wave dipole operates at 300 MHz with λ = 0.5m & D = 1.643, what will be its
effective area? *
1 point
0.032 sq m
0.047 sq.m
0.65 sq.m
0.99 sq.m
The BW of a microstrip antenna can be increased by *

1 point
cutting a slot
increasing the size of the patch
increasing the thickness of dielectric layer
Increase of efficiency and bandwidth can be achieved by *

1 point
Increasing height of the substrate

Increasing height of the dielectric
Increasing size of the antenna
None of the above
The effective dielectric constant of substrate material lies between 1.0 and r and it is
constant *
1 point
at low frequency
at high frequency
at mid frequency
High directivity and wide band width is an advantage of which antenna *

1 point
Horn
Dipole
LPDA
Loop
Dipole antenna is symmetrical in nature where the two ends are at equal potentials
with respect to _________ point *
1 point
initial
mid
origin
What is the nature of current distribution over the small dipoles *

1 point
Circular
Spherical
Planar
Triangular
Loop antenna's are used for *

1 point
phase detection
direction finding
small current distribution
none of the mentioned
The bandwidth limits of LPDA is calculated by the frequencies at which longest and
shortest dipole are *
1 point
half wave resonant

quarter wave resonant
full wave resonant
At 20 GHz, the gain of a parabolic dish antenna of 2 meter diameter and 80%
efficiency is *
1 point
51.4 dB
54.1 dB
50 dB
A transmission line is feeding 1 Watt of power to a horn antenna having a gain of 10

dB. The antenna is matched to the transmission line. The total power radiated by the
horn antenna into the free -space is *
1 point
10Watts
1 Watt
0.1 Watt
100 Watts
For an 8 feet (2.4m) parabolic dish antenna operating at 2 GHz, the minimum distance
required for far field measurement is closest to *
1 point
150m
77m
70m
100m
The capture area of a parabolic dish which provides a gain of 75dB at a frequency of
15 GHz is *
1 point
1653.84 sq.metre
200 Sq.metrs
550 Sq.metrs
1000 sq.metres
Circular polarization is formed in *

1 point
Helical antenna
Parabolic antenna
Dipole antenna
Which one of the following statement is true for log periodic antenna? *
1 point
Frequency dependent antenna
Frequency independent antenna
Directional antenna
What is the far-field position of an electric short dipole? *

1 point
Along x-axis
Along y-axis
Along z-axis
Along xy plane
Which antenna has a directivity of 1.5 *

1 point
Dipole
Loop
Parabolic
Patch
What happens when the radiation resistance of the antenna matches the
characteristic impedance of the transmission line *
1 point
No transmission occurs
No reception occurs
SWR is maximum
SWR is minimum
The radiation pattern of a half-wave dipole has the shape of a *

1 point
Doughnut
Sphere
Circular
The bandwidth of a parabolic dish antenna *

1 point
decreases with increase in the dish diameter

is independent of the dish diameter
decreases with decrease in the dish diameter
What is the radiation characteristic of a dipole antenna? *

1 point
Omnidirectional
Bidirectional
Unidirectional
Hemispherica
UNIT 3&4
Which array is also called as Hansen-Woodyard array? *
1 point
Endfire
Broadside
Increased enfire
Binomial array
In broadside array, all the elements in the array should have similar _________
excitation along with similar amplitude excitation for maximum radiation. *
1 point
Phase
Frequency
Current
Voltage
Changing the transmitters frequency in a phased array leads to *

1 point
Beam steering
Change in receiver frequency
Change in pattern
Which among the following is regarded as a condition of an ordinary endfire array? *

1 point
α < βd
α > βd
α = ±βd
α ≠ ±βd
If the elements of a binomial array are separated by λ/4, how many shape patterns are
generated with no minor lobes? *
1 point
4
8
2
16
Which of the following is not a feature of an Antenna array? *

1 point
Directivity increases
Directivity decreases
Gain increases
Beam width decreases
If a linear uniform array consists of 8 isotropic elements separated by λ/4, what would
be the directivity of a broadside array in dB? *
1 point
6.53dB
5dB
6.02dB
2dB
The wavelength inversely proportional to *

1 point
directivity
array factor
length of array
number of elements in an array
When two points are separated at the distance of half wave length and fed with
uniform currents in same phase, the array act as *
1 point
Binomial array
Broadside array
Collinear array
End fire array
Electrical size of antenna is increased by which of the following? *

1 point
Antenna Array
Decreasing the coverage area
Increasing the coverage area
Using a single antenna
A uniform linear array contains *

1 point
N elements placed at equidistance and fed currents of equal magnitude and progressive phase
shift
N elements at non-equidistance and fed currents of equal magnitude and progressive phase shift
N elements at equidistance and fed currents of unequal magnitude and progressive phase shift
N elements at equidistance and fed currents of unequal magnitude and equal phase shift
The radiating pattern of single element multiplied by the array factor simply gives the *
1 point
Pattern multiplication
Normalized array factor
Beamwidth of the array
Field strength of the array
The maxima of a broadside array occurs at *

1 point
0 degree
90 and 270 degree
180 and 270 degree
0 and 180 degree
The directivity of an end fire array is

1 point
2L/λ
4L/λ
λ/L
3L/λ
Pattern multiplication is used to identify *

1 point
Field of different elements

Radiation pattern of an array
Overall gain
Which of the following expression represents the pattern multiplication? *

1 point
Etotal=Eθ × Directivity
Etotal=Eθ × Array Factor
Etotal=Eall elements × Array Factor
Etotal=Eθ × Beamwidth
All the elements must be identical to apply pattern multiplication principle. *

1 point
True
False
A smart antenna is capable of *

1 point
directing beam towards desired direction

diverts the beam
increases the beam width
Find the angle at which nulls occur for the two element array antenna with separation
λ/4 and phase difference is 0? *
1 point
π/4
π/2
π
Does'nt exist
If the length of elements of an array is greater than λ/2, which will be the operating
region of an array? *
Transmission line region
Reflective region
Active region
Resonance region
If the operating region of an array is in the reflective region then the length of the
elements of the array will be *
1 point
equal to λ/2
greater to λ/2
less than λ/2
cannot be predicted
Under ideal conditions, when a PIN diode is used as a switch, the switch must have
_______ insertion loss in the ON state. *
1 point
Maximum
zero
minumum
cannot be predicted
When either a voltage or current is applied to the terminals of bulk solid state
compound GaAs, a differential ______ is developed in that bulk device. *
1 point
negative resistance
negative voltage
positive resistance
none of the mentioned
In which of the following devices, a part of the power is coupled from main to auxillary
waveguide and can be used in another application *
1 point
Isolator
Power divider
Magic tee
Directional coupler
____ is a single cavity klystron tube that operates as on oscillator by using a reflector
electrode after the cavity. *
1 point
Reflex klystron
Two cavity klystron
Travelling wave tube(TWT)
Magnetron
A 4 port junction in which ports are automatically matched to the junction *

1 point
Directional coupler
Circulator
Magic Tee
Hybrid ring
A PIN diode acts like a ___________ at low frequencies *

1 point
capacitor
PN diode
Zener diode
IMPATT
Avlanche multiplication occurs in IMPATT diode when _________ exceeds the

breakdown voltage *
1 point
forward voltage
reverse voltage
current
energy
The waveguide Tee in which the axis of the side arm is parallel to the H field is *
1 point
H-Plane TEE
E plane TEE
What will be the beam coupling coefficient of a two cavity klystron if the gap transit
angle is 0.5 radian *
1 point
2.32
0.99
0.957
0.5
The gap transit time of a two cavity klystron is given by *

1 point
Vo/d
d/Vo
d*Vo
Vo*d
The main principle behind klystron is *

1 point
Velocity modulation
Charge distribution
electron flow
The device that allows maximum power flow only in one direction is
1 point
Circulator
Isolator
Tees
TWT
The main characteristic of Gunn diode is *

1 point
Positive resistance
Negative resistance
Positive voltage
Negative voltage
Klystron is an ____________ and magnetron is an ________ *

1 point
oscillator, amplifier
amplifer, amplifier
amplifier, oscillator
oscillator, oscillator
E plane Tee and H plane Tee is combined to produce *

1 point
Magic Tee
EH Tee
Both the mentioned
No such tee exist

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UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE SYSTEMS AND ANTENNAS

d. It does not convert anything

3. The basic radiation equation says

d. None of the above

d. It does not convey anything

13. Beam solid angle is the three dimensional angle formed by

b. The direction of the radiated wave

a. equal to directive gain

b. length of the antenna / Physical aperture

21. The correct equation for effective area is

a. transmitted power by poynting vector

b. physical temperature of the antenna

23. The purpose of impedance matching is to

a. Pr/Pt = GtGr * (λ/4�r)

b. Pr/Pt = GtGr * (λ/4�r)2

c. Pr/Pt = GtGr * (λ/8�r)2

27. Link budget is the term that accounts for the

28. Link margin relates which following two parameters

d. minimum expected power at receiving antenna to the efficiency of the receiving

30. Near field region of the antenna is defined by the condition

Q.NO ANSWER Q.NO ANSWER Q.NO ANSWER

UNIT - II: RADIATION MECHANISMS AND DESIGN ASPECTS

1. The real part of antenna impedance consists of

2. The radiation pattern of a loop antenna is

3. Antenna for direction finding is

4. The F/D ratio of reflector antenna is known as

6. Narrow bandwidth of patch antenna is useful particularly in

7. Increasing height of the substrate results in

8. End fire radiation of a microstrip antenna can be obtained by

9. Microstrip antennas provides better performance, if dielectric constant of substrate ranges

11. The following feed technique that offers larger bandwidth is

12. The common microwave link antenna is

13. Reflector antennas are suitable for

14. Reflectors are mainly used with antennas to

19. In a parabolic reflector, the radiator is partially shielded in order to

22. The F/D ratio of reflector antenna is known as

24. LPDAs have been used in many applications because of their

25. The directivity of LPDA can be improved further

26. Log-periodic antenna is

27. For frequency independent antennas, the bandwidth is

28. Broad-band antenna is

29. The unit of del (∆) is

30. Which type of wire antenna are also known as dipoles?

Q.NO ANSWER Q.NO ANSWER Q.NO ANSWER

UNIT - III: ANTENNA ARRAYS AND APPLICATIONS

1. How do the elements of an active region behave?

6. Identify condition of an ordinary endfire array.

8. What is the nature of radiation pattern of an isotropic antenna?

17. Directivity higher than that obtained with uniform phase.

20. Define linear array is a system.

21. Which array is also called as Hansen-Woodyard array?

22. In increased end-fire array the radiation is along________.

26. Define smart antenna.

27. Identify smart antenna functions.

28. How to achieve antenna beam forming?

30. Which is not an adaptive beam forming approach?

UNIT - IV: PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MICROWAVE DEVICES

1. Find the microwave frequency range.

2. How to characterize directional couplers for waveguides?