STM10163

DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS
 Course Learning Outcome (CLO)

CLO1
Construct a database using Database Management System (DBMS)
based on the scenario (P3 , PLO3)

CLO2
Perform interpersonal and communication skills based on assigned task
(A2 , PLO5)
 Topic 1
Introduction to Database Concept
 01
Introduction
 Definitions of Database

“A Database is a self describing “Database is a shared of logically

of collection of integrated related data, and a description of
records” this data, designed to meet the
information needs of an
—David M. Kroenke organization”
—Connolly and Begg
 Database
A very large, integrated collection of
data
02
DBMS
 Database Management System (DBMS)
• Software for creating, storing, maintaining, and accessing database
files
• Makes using databases more efficient
 Application of DBMS
Sector Use of DBMS

Banking For customer information, account activities, payments, deposits, loans, etc.

Airlines For reservations and schedule information.

Universities For student information, course registrations, colleges and grades.

Telecommunication It helps to keep call records, monthly bills, maintaining balances, etc.

For storing information about stock, sales, and purchases of financial

Finance
instruments like stocks and bonds.

Sales Use for storing customer, product & sales information.

It is used for the management of supply chain and for tracking production of
Manufacturing
items. Inventories status in warehouses.

For information about employees, salaries, payroll, deduction, generation of

HR Management
paychecks, etc.
 Purpose of Database Systems
• Traditional file-based system – An early file-based system
(traditional way) use the manual filing system.
• Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
• Data redundancy and inconsistency
• Multiple file formats, duplication of information in
different files
• Difficulty in accessing data
• Need to write a new program to carry out each
new task
• Data isolation — multiple files and formats
 Purpose of Database Systems
• Integrity problems
• Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0)
become “buried” in program code rather than being
stated explicitly
• Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
• Atomicity of updates
• Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state
with partial updates carried out
• E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another
should either complete or not happen at all
 Purpose of Database Systems
• Concurrent access by multiple users
• Concurrent accessed needed for performance
• Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to
inconsistencies
• E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at
the same time
• Security problems
 Why Use a DBMS?
Reducing Data Redundancy
• The file based data management systems contained multiple files that were stored in
many different locations in a system or even across multiple systems. Because of this,
there were sometimes multiple copies of the same file which lead to data
redundancy.
• This is prevented in a database as there is a single database and any change in it is
reflected immediately. Because of this, there is no chance of encountering duplicate
data.

Sharing of Data
• In a database, the users of the database can share the data among themselves. There
are various levels of authorization to access the data, and consequently the data can
only be shared based on the correct authorization protocols being followed.
• Many remote users can also access the database simultaneously and share the data
between themselves.
 Why Use a DBMS?
Data Integrity
• Data integrity means that the data is accurate and consistent in the database. Data
Integrity is very important as there are multiple databases in a DBMS. All of these
databases contain data that is visible to multiple users.
• So it is necessary to ensure that the data is correct and consistent in all the databases
and for all the users.

Data Security
• Data Security is vital concept in a database. Only authorized users should be allowed
to access the database and their identity should be authenticated using a username
and password.
• Unauthorized users should not be allowed to access the database under any
circumstances as it violates the integrity constraints.
 Why Use a DBMS?
Privacy
• The privacy rule in a database means only the authorized users can access a database
according to its privacy constraints. There are levels of database access and a user
can only view the data he is allowed to.
• For example - In social networking sites, access constraints are different for different
accounts a user may want to access.

Backup and Recovery

• Database Management System automatically takes care of backup and recovery.
• The users don't need to backup data periodically because this is taken care of by the
DBMS.
• Moreover, it also restores the database after a crash or system failure to its previous
condition.
 Why Use a DBMS?
Data Consistency
• Data consistency is ensured in a database because there is no data redundancy. All
data appears consistently across the database and the data is same for all the users
viewing the database.
• Moreover, any changes made to the database are immediately reflected to all the
users and there is no data inconsistency.
 03
Data Model
 Data Model

Hierarchical Network

Relational Object Oriented

 Hierarchical Model
• Model data is organized in a tree-like structure.
• Data is Stored Hierarchically (top down or bottom up) format.
• Data is represented using a parent-child relationship.
• In Hierarchical DBMS parent may have many children, but children
have only one parent.
 Network Model
• Similar to the hierarchical model but records are organized
differently
• The network database model allows each child to have multiple
parents.
• Includes multiple parent and child records
 Relational Model
• The most widely used DBMS model because it is one of the
easiest.
• This model is based on normalizing data in the rows and columns
of the tables.
• Relational model stored in fixed structures and manipulated using
SQL.
 Object-Oriented Model
• In Object-oriented Model data stored in the form of objects.
• The structure which is called classes which display data within it.
• It defines a database as a collection of objects which stores both
data members values and operations.
 Thanks!
Do you have any questions?
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