PROJECTION TRANSFORMATION

General definition
Transform points in n-space (3) to m-space (2)
(m<n)
In computer graphics
Map viewing coordinates to 2D screen coordinates
PROJECTION TRANSFORMATION

P(x, y, z)
3D Object Coordinate
3D Viewing Coordinate
Model Transformation

3D World Coordinate
Viewing Transformation
3D Viewing Coordinate
Projection Transformation
3D Object Coordinate
2D Projection Coordinate
Viewport Transformation
3D World Coordinate
2D Device Coordinate
p(x’, y’)
 Viewing Transformation
P(x, y, z)
3D Object Coordinate
Model Transformation

3D World Coordinate
Viewing Transformation
3D Viewing Coordinate
Projection
Projection Transformation
Transformation
2D Projection Coordinate
Viewport Transformation

2D Device Coordinate
p(x’, y’)
Parallel vs Perspective Projection
PROJECTION TRANSFORMATION
 Perspective vs. Parallel
• Perspective projection
+ Size varies inversely with distance – looks realistic
– Distance and angles are not(in general) preserved
– Parallel line do not (in general) remain parallel
• Parallel projection
+ Good for exact measurements
+ Parallel lines remain parallel
– Angles are not (in general) preserved
– Less realistic looking
 Orthographic & Oblique
• Orthographic parallel projection
– the projection is perpendicular to the view plane

• Oblique parallel projection

– The projectors are inclined with respect to the view
plane
 Oblique Projections
• Direction of Projection (DOP) not perpendicular
to view plane

Cavalier Cabinet
(DOP at 45) (DOP at 63.4)

No foreshortening of lines
Lines normal to XY plane are
perpendicular to XY plane
foreshortened by half of their length
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Front View
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
FIRST ANGLE
Top View
Orthographic projection
Orthographic projection-Example
B (0,1,0)

E (0,1,1)

A (0,0,0)
C(1,0,0)

D (0,0,1)
F (1,0,1)
 Orthographic projection
front RHS
view Top view View LHS view
Pz
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

x y z 1 x' y' z' x' y' z' x' y' z' x' y' z'
A 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 A 0 0 0 A 0 0 0 A 0 0 0
B 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 B 0 0 0 B 0 1 0 B 0 1 0
C 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 C 1 0 0 C 0 0 0 C 0 0 0
D 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 D 0 -1 0 D -1 0 0 D 1 0 0
E 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 E 0 -1 0 E -1 1 0 E 1 1 0
F 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 F 1 -1 0 F -1 0 0 F 1 0 0
 Orthographic projection
FRONT view

RHS view LHS view

TOP view
Example : Projection on a Plane
Determine the projection of box in (a) x=6, (b) y=6, and (c) z=6.

Solution:
C  A B C D E F G

0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
C
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 (a) The projection of the box on x=6 plane (see Figure 3.46) has the
following transformation matrix:
0 0 0 6
0
R  
1 0 0 C   RC 
*

0 0 1 0
 
6 0 0 1

0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 1
 
C 
*
0
1
0
0
1 0 0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1 1
  
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
0 1
 
C 
*
0
1
2
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1 1
 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(b) The projection of the box on the y=6 plane has the following
transformation matrix:
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 6
R  
0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 1
Therefore, the coordinates for the projection are
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
0 6 0 1
 
C 
*
0
0
0
0
1 0 0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1 1
  
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
6 6
 
C 
*
0
6
2
6
1
6
1
6
0
6
0
6
1 1
 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 (c) The projection of the box on the z=6 plane has the following
transformation matrix:
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
R  
0 0 0 6
 
0 0 0 1
Therefore, the coordinates for the projection are
 
C *  R C 
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 1
 
C 
*
0
1
0
0
0 6 0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1 1
  
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
0 1
C   6
* 1
6
1
6
0 1
6 6
0
6
0
6 6
 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Projection on the plane z=6

Auxiliary View
Auxiliary View
Auxiliary View
 Auxillary view-example
B (0,1,0)

E (0,1,1)

G(0.5,0.5,0)

C(1,0,0)

D (0,0,1) F (1,0,1) A(0,0,0)

Wedge of 1 unit side Front view

V= SQRT(.25+.25)=0.707

a= b= 0.5/0.707 =0.707 c=0 d=0.5

 Auxiliary View -Example

Tr

0.7071 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 -1 0 0
0 0 0 1

INITIAL POINTS
NEW POINTS
Vertex X Y Z
Vertex X Y Z
A 0 0 0 1
A' 0 0 0 1
B 0 1 0 1
B' 0 0 0 1
C 1 0 0 1
C' 0.7071 0 0 1
D 0 0 1 1
D' 0 -1 0 1
E 0 1 1 1
E' 0 -1 0 1
F 1 0 1 1
F' 0.7071 -1 0 1
Exercise: Consider the cube with corner K(3,2,2) removed shown in Figure. Position vectors
for the vertices are given below
Develop an auxiliary view showing the true shape of triangular corner (CDJ) for the object
Exercise: Consider the cube with corner K(3,2,2) removed shown in Figure. Position vectors
for the vertices are given below
Develop an auxiliary view showing the true shape of triangular corner (CDJ) for the object
Exercise: Consider the cube with corner K(3,2,2) removed shown in Figure. Position vectors
for the vertices are given below
Develop an auxiliary view showing the true shape of triangular corner (CDJ) for the object
Exercise: Consider the cube with corner K(3,2,2) removed shown in Figure. Position vectors
for the vertices are given below
Develop an auxiliary view showing the true shape of triangular corner (CDJ) for the object
Exercise: Consider the cube with corner K(3,2,2) removed shown in Figure. Position vectors
for the vertices are given below
Develop an auxiliary view showing the true shape of triangular corner (CDJ) for the object
PROJECTION TRANSFORMATION
 Axonometric Projections
• Projection plane is not parallel to principal plane.
• Overcome the limitation of Orthographic projection which Fails to illustrate
the 3D shape of a part
• Obtained by arbitrary rotations and translations such that at least 3 adjacent
faces are visible & then projected on Z=0 plane. (Ry.Rx.Pz)
• Faces parallel to Projection Plane, show true shapes but lines are equally
foreshortened.

Projected length of line

• Foreshortened factor = -------------------------------
Its true length
• Trimetric – fx fy fz (DP makes unequal angles with all principal axis)
• Dimetric – fx fy (fz will be given)
• Isometric – fx = fy = fz (Foreshortened equally)
• Isometric is special case of Dimetric & Dimetric is special case of Trimetric.
 Types of Axonometric Projections
Isometric Projection
The projections of the edges of a cube in isometric fx = fy = fz
projection make angles of 120 degrees with each
other
(Foreshortened equally)

Dimetric Projection
Fx fy (fz will be given)
• A dimetric projection is an axonometric projection of
an object where two of its axes make equal angles
with the plane of projection and the third axis makes
either a smaller or a greater angle

Trimetric Projection
fx fy fz
•Trimetric projection is an axonometric projection where no
two axes make equal angles with the plane of projection
•Each of the axes have different ratios of foreshortening
 Auxiometric Projections- Trimetric, Dimetric & isometric

Trimetric- Have different Foreshortening factors along x,y, z axis

Foreshortening factors is ratio of Projected length to True length

U- Matrix of unit vectors

= along untransformed X,Y,Z
axes (3x4)
 Trimetric Projection Example
B (0,1,0)
Obtain trimetric projection by rotating
E (0,1,1) object about Y & X through 30 degree,
then project on Z=0 plane.
Also find foreshortening factors along x,y
& z axes.

C(1,0,0)

D (0,0,1) F (1,0,1)
Wedge of 1 unit side Front view

Ry=30 degree RX=30 degree

Front view
 Trimetric Projection
B (0,1,0)

E (0,1,1)

C(1,0,0)

D (0,0,1) F (1,0,1)
Wedge of 1 unit side

Ry = Rx = 30 degree
Vertex X Y Z X' Y' Z'
A 0 0 0 0 0 0
B 0 1 0 0 0.866 0
C 1 0 0 0.866 0.25 0
D 0 0 1 0.5 -0.433 0
E 0 1 1 0.5 0.433 0
F 1 0 1 1.366 -0.183 0
Before After
P’ = P. Tr
Trimetric Projection
 B (0,1,0)
Trimetric Projection
E (0,1,1)

C(1,0,0)

D (0,0,1) F (1,0,1)
Wedge of 1 unit side Front view

Rotate about Y Rotate about X

Dimetric Projections Examples
Fx fy (fz will be given)
 Dimetric Projections

Here we assume that fx = fy.

At given fz calculate
 Dimetric Projections -Example
Here we assume that fz = 0.5

At given fz calculate

P’= P. Pd
 Dimetric Projections -Example
fz = 0.5, fx=fy=0.94

Vertex X Y Z X' Y' Z'

A 0 0 0 1 A' 0 0 0

B 0 1 0 1 B' 0 0.94054 0

C 1 0 0 1 C' 0.924909 0.12914 0

D 0 0 1 1 D' 0.380188 -0.3142 0

E 0 1 1 1 E' 0.380188 0.62637 0

F 1 0 1 1 F' 1.305097 -0.185 0

P’= P. Pd
 Isometric Projections
All 3 dimensions are equally visible (All the edges
are equally foreshortened)

Rotations needed to generate Isometric Projections

 Isometric Projections
Thus fx = fy = fz
 Isometric Projections-Example
• Develop Isometric Projection of given object for 45 35.26

• fx = fy = fz = 0.82

Position Before Projection Position After Projection

Vertex X Y Z Vertex X' Y' Z'
A 0 0 0 A 0.0000 0.0000 0
B 0 1 0 B 0.0000 0.8170 0
C 1 0 0 C 0.7070 0.4080 0
D 0 0 1 D 0.7080 -0.4080 0
E 0 1 1 E 0.7080 0.4090 0
F 1 0 1 F 1.4150 0.0000 0
Assignment- TRIMETRIC Plot on GRAPH Paper
150 350 450 600 750 900 B (0,2,0)
0
150 91- E (0,2,1)
94
300 96-
100
450 101-
105
Batch A B C D E F G C(3,0,0)

D (0,0,1) F (3,0,1)
DIMETRIC
FZ 0 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 1
BATCH A B C D E F G
106-
110
ISOMETRIC BATCHES: H
Last date of
submission:
8th Sept 2016
Parallel & Perspective Projection
• Parallel Projection

• Perspective Projection
 Perspective Projections
+ Size varies inversely with distance – looks realistic
– Distance and angles are not(in general) preserved
– Parallel line do not (in general) remain parallel

Center of
View Plane
Projection
 Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?
 Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?

Three-point
perspective
 Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?

Three-point Two-point
perspective perspective
 Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?

Three-point Two-point One-point

perspective perspective perspective
Perspective Projection

Object

Projected
Object on Proje.
Plane
 Perspective Projections

Triangle A’OC
 Perspective Projections

Triangle ABC
Perspective Projections
Perspective Projections
Single Point Perspective Projections
Two Point Perspective Projections
Two Point Perspective Projections
Two Point Perspective Projections
Three Point Perspective Projections
Three Point Perspective Projections
 Three Point Perspective Projections-Example

Three Point Perspective Projections-Example

Given Xc=-10, Yc=-10 & Zc= 10

Three Point Perspective Projections-Example
 Center of Projection (COP) vs Vanishing Point (VP)
Y
P’

P P

-Zc Zc

VP COP
Projection plane
X’ Zc
--- = --------- P’(x’,0,0)
X Zc - Z

X x
X’ = --------- x’
1- Z/Zc P(x,0,z)
z x
X
X’ = --------- Zc Zc
1 + r.Z