Objective Questions: Yx Xy X Xy X
Objective Questions: Yx Xy X Xy X
Objective Questions: Yx Xy X Xy X
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
y 7 x 98 - x 97 y 8 + x105
1. Calculate lim .x8
xy 7 + x 8
( x , y ) Æ (0, 0)
a. 33 b. 0 c. 3 d. 1
df
6. Calculate at t = 1, when given, f(x, y) = x2 + y3; x = t2 + t3; y = t3 + t9
dt
a. 0 b. 1 c. –1 d. 164
7. Find the maximum directional derivative of the function f(x, y) = x ln y + x2y2 at the point (–1, 1).
a. −2i + j b. 15 (−2i + j) c. 1 d. 5
8. What is the saddle point?
a. Point where function has maximum value.
b. Point where function has minimum value.
c. Point where function has zero value.
d. Point where function neither have maximum value nor minimum value.
1 1
9. The minimum value of the given function xy + a3 + is
x y
a. 3a2 b. a2 c. a d. 1
10. The drawback of Lagrange’s Method of Maximum and Minima is?
a. Maxima and Minima is not fixed
b. Nature of stationary points can not be known
c. Accuracy is net good
d. Nature of stationary points is known, but cannot given maxima or minima.
11. In a simple one-constraint Lagrange’s multiplier set up. The one dimension lesser than the objective
function
a. True b. False
Multivariable Calculus I | 4.111
→
12. Calculate the curl for the given vector field F = x 3 y 2tˆ + x 2 y 3 z 4 ˆj + x 2 z 2 kˆ
→
a. curl F = 0
→
b. curl F = (4 x 2 y 3 z 3 )iˆ + (2 xz 2 ) ˆj + (−2 xy 3 z 4 + 2 x 3 y )kˆ
→
c. curl F = (2 x 2 z 3 ) iˆ − (2 yz 2 ) ˆj − (−2 x 3 y )kˆ
→
d. curl F = (−4 x y z )iˆ + (−2 xz ) ˆj + (2 xy z − 2 x y )kˆ
2 3 3 2 3 4 3
13. Divergence and curl of a vector field are
a. scalar and scalar b. scalar and vector c. vector and vector d. vector and scalar
14. The curl of a curl of a vector gives a
a. scalar b. vector c. zero value d. can not say
15. ∇ × ∇ × P, where P is a vector, is equal to
a. P × ∇ × P – ∇2P b. ∇2P + ∇(∇ × P) c. ∇2P + ∇ × P d. ∇(∇.P) – ∇2P
1 1
16. For the spherical surface x2 + y2 + z2 = 1, the unit outward normal vector at the point , , 0
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
i+ j+ k
a. i+ j 0 b. i– j c. k̂ d.
2 2 2 2 3 3 3
17. The direction of vector A is radially outward from the origin, with | A | = krn, where r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
and k is a constant. The value of n for which ∇. A = 0 is
a. –2 b. 2 c. 1 d. 0
→ →
18. Velocity vector of a flow field is given as v = 2 xy iˆ − x 2 z ˆj . Then curl X V at (1, 1, 1) is given by
a. 4iˆ − ˆj b. 4iˆ − kˆ c. iˆ − 4 ˆj d. i − 4k
→
19. Divergence of the three-dimensional radical vector field r is given by
a. 3 b. 1/r c. iˆ + ˆj + kˆ d. 3(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ)
dy
20. If sin2 y + cos xy = p, then is equal to
dx
a. y sin xy b. ......... c. ......... d. .........
Answers
1. b 2. a 3. b 4. b
5. d 6. d 7. d 8. d
9. a 10. b 11. b 12. b
13. b 14. b 15. d 16. a
17. a 18. d 19. a 20. a
4.112 | Engineering Mathematics (Non-CSE) Part I
Example 11. Divide a number n into three parts x, y, z such that u = ayz + bzx + cxy shall have
maximum or minimum and determine which it is.
Solution. Let n has been divided into three parts x, y, z.
x + y + z = n...(1)
and u = ayx + bzx + cxy...(2)
For u to be maximum or minimum du = 0
⇒ (bz + cy) dx + (cx + ax) dy + (ay + bx) dz = 0 ...(3)
From (1), on differentiation, dx + dy + dz + 0 ...(4)
Multiplying (3) and (4) by ‘1’ and ‘l’ respectively, adding and equating to zero the coefficients of
dx, dy, dz, we get
bz + cy + l = 0 ...(5)
cx + az + l = 0 ...(6)
ay + bx + l = 0 ...(7)
Multiplying (5) by x, (6) by y (7) by z, and adding, we get
2u put -ve
2u + nl = 0 ⇒ l =
n
Now, from (5), (6) and (7), we have
2u
0.x + cy + bz – = 0 ...(8)
n
2u
cx + 0.y + az – = 0 ...(9)
n
2u
and bx + ay + 0.z – = 0 ...(10)
n
Also from (1) x + y + z – n = 0 ...(11)
Eliminating x, y, z from (8), (9), (10) and (11), we get
2u
o c b
n
2u
c o a
n = 0 ...(12)
2u
b a o
n
1 1 1 n
which gives maximum or minimum values of u. Now to discuss maximum or minimum from (1),
let us assume z as a function of x and y, we get
∂z ∂z
∴ 1+ = 0 ⇒ = –1
∂x ∂x
Multivariable Calculus I | 4.113
∂z
Similarly
= –1
∂y
∂u ∂z
Now = bz = cy + (bx + ay)
∂x ∂x
= bz + cy – (bx + ay)
∂2 u ∂z
∴ r = =b − b = –2b
∂x 2
∂x
∂2 u ∂z
s = =b +c −a =–b+c–a
∂x ∂y ∂x
= c – a – b.
−1
and t = = –2a.
kn
we have rt – s2 = (–2b) (–2a) – (c – a – b)2
= 2ab + 2bc + 2ac – a2 – b2 – c2
= a (b + c – a) + b(c + a – b) + c(a + b – c)
Let us assume that a, b, c form the three sides of a triangle, then
b + c – a, c + a – b, a + b – c are positive
∴ rt – s2 = +ve
and r = –2 b = – ve.
Hence he values of u given by (12) is maximum under the sides of the triangle.
2 2
Example 13. Show that the function u = arc tan y satisfies the Laplace equation i.e., ∂ u + ∂ u
= 0. x ∂x 2 ∂y 2
y y
Solution. Here, u = arc tan = tan −1 ...(1)
x x
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x, we get
∂u 1 −y
=
∂x y2 x2
1+ 2
x
∂u
or = − y ...(2)
∂x x2 + y2
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. y, we get
∂u = 1 1
∂y y2 x
1+ 2
x
∂u x
= 2 ...(3)
∂y x + y2
4.114 | Engineering Mathematics (Non-CSE) Part I
∂2 u ∂ ∂u
Again =
∂x 2 ∂x ∂x
∂ − y = – (x + y ). 0 − y . (2 x)
2 2
⇒
∂x x 2 + y 2 (x 2 + y 2 )2
∂2 u 2 xy
⇒ 2
= 2 ...(4)
∂x (x + y 2 )2
∂2 u ∂ x (x 2 + y 2 ). 0 − x.2 y
and = =
∂y 2 ∂y x 2 + y 2 (x 2 + y 2 )2
2
∂u −2 xy
= 2 ..(5)
∂y 2
(x + y 2 )2
Adding (4) and (5), we get
∂2 u ∂2 u
+ = 0 Proved.
∂x 2 ∂y 2
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
Example 4. Prove that + = + ,
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂ ξ 2 ∂ η2
where x = x cos a – h sin a, y = x sin a + h cos a.
Solution. Here x = x cos a – h sin a...(1)
y = x sin a + h cos a...(2)
From (1) and (2), we have
∂x ∂x
= cos a and = – sin a
∂ξ ∂η
∂y ∂y
= sin a and = cos a
∂ξ ∂ η
Since u is a function of x and y, where x and y are functions of x and h, therefore
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y
= . + .
∂ξ ∂x ∂ξ ∂y ∂ξ
∂u ∂u ∂u
or = cos a . + sin α ...(3)
∂ξ ∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y
and = . + .
∂η ∂x ∂η ∂y ∂η
∂u ∂u ∂u
or = – sin a + cos a ...(4)
∂η ∂x ∂y
From (3) and (4), we have operators
∂ ∂ ∂
= cos a + sin α
∂ξ ∂ x ∂ y
Multivariable Calculus I | 4.115
∂ ∂ ∂
= –sin a + cos α
∂η ∂x ∂y
∂2 u ∂ ∂u ∂ ∂ ∂u ∂u
∴ 2
=
∂ ξ ∂ξ = cos α ∂x + sin α ∂y . cos α ∂x + sin α ∂y
∂ξ
∂ ∂u ∂u ∂ ∂u ∂2 u
cos α
= cos α + sin α + sinα cos α + sin α
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
∂y 2
∂2 u 2 ∂2 u ∂2 u 2 ∂2 u
i.e., = cos α + 2 cos α sin α + sin α ...(5)
∂ξ 2 ∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2
∂2 u 2 ∂2 u ∂2 u 2 ∂2 y
Similarly 2 = sin α − 2 sin α cos α + cos α ...(6)
∂η ∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2
Adding (5) and (6), we get
∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u
+ = + Proved.
∂ξ2 ∂η2 ∂x 2 ∂y 2
Note: From the given relations (1) and (2) we can find x and h in terms of x and y, then proceeding
in the same manner we can show that
2 2
∂2 u ∂2u = ∂ u + ∂ u .
+ 2
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂ξ ∂η2
Example 6. Find the semi vertical angle of the cone of maximum volume and of a given slant height.
Solution. Let h be the slant height of q be the semi-vertical angle of cone. Then radius of the base
r = OC = h sin q and height of the cone H = OA = h cos q
Let V be the volume of the cone, then
1 1
V = πr 2 H = π (h sin θ)2 (h cos θ)
3 3
1 A
= π h3 sin2 θ cos θ ...(1)
3
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. q, we get
dV π h
= h3[sin2 q (–sin q) – sin q)
L = h cos
dθ 3
+ cos q . 2 sin q cos q]
π 3
= h sin q (2 cos2 q – sin2 q)
3
d 2V π r = h sin
Again, 2
= h3 [sin q (–4 cos q sin q – 2 sin q cos q) B
O
C
dθ 3
+ (2 cos2 q – sin2 q) . cos q] Fig. 4.1
4.116 | Engineering Mathematics (Non-CSE) Part I
π 3
= h [–6 sin2 q cos q + cos q (2 cos2 q – sin2 q)]
3
dV
For maximum or minimum, =0
dθ
⇒ sin q = 0 or tan2 q = 2
⇒ q = 0 or q = tan −1 2
When q = 0, volume becomes zero and cone becomes a straight line which is not the case.
When q = tan −1 2 , we have
d 2V π 2 1
= h3 −6 . 3 . + 0 = –ve (sign)
dθ 2 3 3
Hence the volume of the cone is maximum when q = tan −1 2 , when q = – tan −1 2 , volume of
core becomes negative which is meaningless, hence is not the case.
Example 5. A rectangular box, open at the top, is to have a volume of 32 cc. Find the dimensions of the
box requiring minimum material for its construction.
Solution. Suppose l be the length ‘b’ be the breadth and h be the height of the box and S be the
surface area and V its volume.
Given that V = 32 cc
volume of the box = l . b . h = 32.
32
or b =
l.h
and S = 2(l + b) h + lb...(1)
Substituting the value of ‘b’ in equation (1), we get
32 32
S = 2 l + h + l
lh lh
64 32
⇒ S = 2lh + + ...(2)
l h
Now differentiating (2) partially w.r.t. ‘l’, we get
∂s 64
= 2h – ...(3)
∂l l2
Again differentiating (2) partially w.r.t. ‘h’, we get
∂s 32
= 2l – 2 ...(4)
∂h h
For maximum or minimum
∂s 64
= 0 ⇒ 2h – 2 = 0
∂l l
32
⇒ h = 2 ...(5)
l
∂s 32 16
and = 0 ⇒ 2l – 2 = 0 ⇒ l = 2 ...(6)
∂h h h
Multivariable Calculus I | 4.117
d 2c
Again = +ve. Hence c is minimum when x = 45 km/h.
dx 2
4.118 | Engineering Mathematics (Non-CSE) Part I
3 xy
1. Analyse, whether lim exists or not, take path along the lines y = mx.
( x , y ) → (0, 0) x + y2
2
2. Show that sin(xy ) does not exist by finding the limit along the path y = –sin x.
lim
( x , y ) → (0, 0) x + y
xy 2
3. Examine the function tan–1 where it is continuous?
x + y ,
∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u
4. If x + y = 2eq cos f and x – y = 2 ieq sin f, then show that + = 4 xy .
∂θ2 ∂φ2 ∂xdy
5. State the continuity assumption for the given f(x, y). Also show that x2f11 + xyf12 + xyf21 + y2f22 =
n(n – 1)f, where f(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree n.
Here subscripts of ‘f ’ stands for partial derivatives as follows:
∂f ∂2 f ∂2 f
f1 = , f12 = , f21 =
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
∂2 f ∂f ∂2 f
f11 = , f2 = , f22 =
∂x 2 ∂y ∂y 2
1/2
a 2 b 2 c 2
−(a2 x 2 + βy 2 + γ 2 z 2 ) 1
6. The maximum value of (ax + by + cz) e 2 + 2 + 2 . is
α β γ 2e
7. ABCD is a quadrilateral having no re-entrant angle and P is a pointing in its plane. Find the position
of P for which the sum of the distances from the vertices is minimum.
8. Given ax by cz = A. Find the maximum value of (x + 1) (y + 1) (z + 1). Interpret the result.
→
9. Show that the vector field F = 2 xiˆ + 4 yjˆ + 8 zkˆ is irrotational and find its scalar field f so that
→
F = ∇f.
→
10. If F is a solenoidal vector field, show that
→ →
curl curl curl curl F = ∇ 4 F
→
11. Find the value of l for which the vector u= (x + 3 y )iˆ + ( y − 2 z ) ˆj + (x + lz )kˆ is a solenoidal vector.
12. If u = x + y + z, v = x2 + y2 + z2, w = xy + yz + zx, show that ∇u, ∇v, ∇w are coplanar vectors.
Answers
sin( y )
1. Calculate lt
( x , y ) → (0, 0) x
a. 1 b. 0 c. ∞ d. does not exist
df
2. If f(x, y, z, t) = xy + zt + x2yzt; x = k3; y = k2; z = k; t = k , then, find at k = 1
dt
a. 34 b. 16 c. 32 d. 61
3. Let the temperature at the point (x, y) in a flat plate be given by the function T(x, y) = 3x2 + 2xy.
A tub of margarine is placed at (3, –6). Analyse in what direction it should be moved to cool most
quickly.
a. 6i + 6j b. i + j c. –i – j d. 6i – 12j
dw
4. If w = x2y2 + xz, the directional derivation in the direction 3ax + 4ay + 6az at (1, 2, 0) is
dt
a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8
5. Find the critical points of the function
sin −1 ( y 2 ). ( y 2 + 3 y ). (sin( y 6 + 7 y )
f(x, y) = – 10x
( y 9 + y10 )
a. (0, 0) b. (0, –90) c. (90, 0) d. None exist
6. Find the points on the plane x + y + z = 9, which are nearest to origin.
a. (3, 3, 3) b. (2, 1, 3) c. (2, 2, 2) d. (3, 4, 1)
7. The span of a astroid is increased along both the x and y axes equally. Then the maximum value of
z = x + y, along the astroid is,
a. increases b. decreases
c. invariant d. the scalling of astroid is irrelevent
2/3 2/3 2/3
Hint: Take general form of astroid x + y = a , then calculate gradient and equating them with
Lagrange’s condition.
8. Potential function f is given by f = x2 – y2. What will be the stream function (y) with the condition
y = 0 at x = y = 0?
a. 2xy b. x2 + y2 c. x2 – y2 d. 2x2y2
9. The divergence of the vector field 3 xziˆ + 2 xyjˆ − yz 2 kˆ at a point (1, 1, 1) is equal to
a. 7 b. 4 c. 3 d. 0
2 2
x y
10. For a scalar field u = + , the magnitude of the gradient at the point (1, 3) is
2 3
13 9 9
a. b. c.
5 d.
9 2 2