December 2019

COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS

2nd Edition ARTHUR HOLLAND MICHEL

ABOUT THE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE DRONE

The Center for the Study of the Drone at Bard College is an interdisciplinary research institu-
tion that examines the novel and complex opportunities and challenges presented by unmanned
systems technologies in both the military and civilian sphere. By conducting original, in-depth,
and inquiry-driven projects, we seek to furnish stakeholders, policy-makers, and the public with
the resources to engage in a robust public debate and develop policies that best address those
opportunities and challenges.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Dan Gettinger edited this publication and assisted with the development of the database. Isabel Polletta
and Ariana Podesta provided editorial support. Aasiyah Ali, Lynn Barnett, Dylan Sparks, Josh Kim, John
McKeon, and Lilian O’Donnell provided research support. Layout by Dan Gettinger.

Michael Blades, Vice President for Research and Consulting, Americas Region, Frost & Sullivan,
provided assistance in the development of this database. Frost & Sullivan’s market report on C-UAS
technology is available for purchase at: https://store.frost.com/global-counter-uas-market-forecast-
to-2024.html

The project was made possible by the Peace Research Institute Oslo under its program “Counter-Drone
Systems: Implications for Norway in an EU and NATO context,” which is funded by the Norwegian
Ministry of Defense, as well as by general operating support provided by the Open Society Foundations.

Cover photos by Pvt. James Newsome and Senior Airman Kaylee Dubois.

Copyright © 2019 Center for the Study of the Drone at Bard College
OVERVIEW

Counter-drone technology, also known as counter-UAS,

C-UAS, or counter-UAV technology, refers to systems
that are used to detect and/or disable unmanned aircraft.
As concerns mount around the potential security threats
drones may pose to both civilian and military entities,
a new market for counter-drone technology is rapidly
emerging. This second edition of “Counter-Drone
Systems” provides background on the growing demand
for C-UAS technology, describes how the technology
works, presents our database of known C-UAS products
from around the globe, and explains some of the chal-
lenges surrounding counter-drone technology use.

This report is based on open-source research of technical

and policy reports, written testimony, news and analysis
pieces, and manufacturer information; background inter-
views with government and law enforcement officials,
industry representatives, and subject matter experts; and
participation in both public and closed conferences and
workshops.

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COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

BACKGROUND

The rise of C-UAS technology is largely tied to the ble air defense systems have sometimes failed to bring
novel threats posed by the expanding use of drones— down rudimentary unmanned aircraft; in July 2016,
particularly small, inexpensive systems—in civilian and a simple Russian-made fixed-wing drone that flew
wartime environments. In the military domain, small into Israeli airspace from Syria survived two Patriot
drones have been proliferating at a rate that has alarmed missile intercepts, as well as an air-to-air attack from
battlefield commanders and planners alike. According an Israeli fighter jet.2 In civilian airspace, drones aren’t
to our September 2019 report The Drone Databook, yet required to carry transponders, so they cannot be
at least 95 countries now possess drones,1 which can detected and tracked with existing air traffic control
potentially furnish even poorly funded state actors with systems. Relying on visual observation to detect drones
an aerial command of the battlespace that was previ- is equally ineffective; at a distance of several hundred
ously only available to those possessing a sophisticated feet, drones can become all but invisible to the naked
aircraft program. Drones are also increasingly becoming eye.
a weapon of choice for non-state groups that employ the
technology for surveillance, battlespace management, In light of the proliferation of unmanned aircraft that
propaganda, and aerial strike attacks, often to consid- operate precisely within this gap in modern military
erable effect (see insert on page 8). As a result of the and security defenses, the market for fit-for-purpose
proliferation of this technology, which is set to continue counter-drone systems is booming. In a market survey
apace in the years ahead, counter-drone systems will conducted in 2015, researchers at the Sandia National
become a ubiquitous weapon in all future conflicts. Laboratories identified a dozen dedicated counter-drone
systems available for acquisition.3 Today, less than five
In the civilian domain counter-drone systems are years later, we have tallied as many as 537 systems on
likewise set to figure as an important tool for security the market. In that interim, the technology itself has also
and law enforcement, as unmanned aircraft are in- advanced considerably and the knowledge-base for how
creasingly being put to a variety of nefarious purposes. to employ it has matured. However, significant challeng-
With relatively simple modifications it is possible, for es remain unsolved.
example, to convert cheap “off-the-shelf” consumer
drones and hobby kit aircraft into rudimentary yet po-
tentially lethal guided missiles or other airborne attack
systems—so much so that it has become common for
security and law enforcement professionals who track
the issue to characterize the possibility of a lethal drone
attack in the U.S. or Europe as being not so much a
matter of “if,” but “when.” Other dangerous and/or
criminal uses of drones abound (see insert on page 9),
which intensifies the demand for effective methods to
detect rogue unmanned systems and, if necessary, bring
them down.
* Even though the emergence of low-flying small unmanned
aircraft poses a new challenge that cannot fully be addressed
The air defense systems that have traditionally been with existing air defenses alone, many legacy air defense and
used to protect airspace are mostly designed with electronic warfare weapons do figure as a component of a
inhabited aircraft in mind—that is, they are optimized “layered” approach to C-UAS that many established militaries
for detecting, tracking, and shooting down large appear to be adopting. Furthermore, many dedicated count-
fast-moving objects. As a result, they cannot always er-drone products are based on existing air defense technolo-
pick up small, slow, low-flying drones.* Even formida- gies, particularly radar and counter-mortar systems.

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COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

C-UAS 101

C-UAS systems rely on a variety of techniques for detecting and/or intercepting drones. This section describes the
main detection and interdiction methods employed by products currently available on the market, as well as the
principal platform types

Detection, Tracking and Identification

Detects the presence of small unmanned aircraft by their radar signature, which is
generated when the aircraft encounters radio frequency pulses emitted by the detection
Radar
element. These systems often employ algorithms to distinguish between drones and other
small, low-flying objects, such as birds.

Detects, locates, and in some cases identifies nearby drones by scanning for the frequen-
Radio-frequency (RF)
cies on which most drones are known to operate.

Electro-optical (EO) Identifies and tracks drones based on their visual signature.

Infrared (IR) Identifies and tracks drones based on their heat signature.

Detects drones by recognizing the unique sounds produced by their motors. Acoustic
Acoustic systems rely on a library of sounds produced by known drones, which are then matched
to sounds detected in the operating environment.

Many systems integrate a variety of different sensor types in order to provide a more
Combined Sensors
robust detection, tracking, and identification capability.

From left to right: examples of handheld, mobile, and UAV-based counter-drone systems. (See “Platform Types” on the following page. Photos by
Cpl. Brian R. Domzalski, Sgt. Devon Bistarkey, and Wesley Farnsworth
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COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Interdiction

Disrupts the radio frequency link between the drone and its operator by generating large
RF Jamming volumes of RF interference. Once the RF link, which can include WiFi links, is severed,
a drone will usually either descend to the ground or initiate a “return to home” maneuver.

Disrupts the drone’s satellite link, such as GPS or GLONASS, which is used for navi-
GNSS Jamming gation. Drones that lose their satellite link will usually hover in place, land, or return to
home.

Allows one to take control of or misdirect the targeted drone by feeding it a spurious
communications or navigation link. (For our purposes, we include within this category a
Spoofing
range of measures such as cyber attacks, protocol manipulation, and RF/GNSS Decep-
tion).

Dazzling Employs a high-intensity light beam or laser to “blind” the camera on a drone.

Destroys vital segments of the drone’s airframe using directed energy, causing it to crash
Laser
to the ground.

Directs pulses of high intensity microwave energy at the drone, disabling the aircraft’s
High Power Microwave
electronic systems.

Nets Designed to entangle the targeted drone and/or its rotors.

Employs regular or custom-designed ammunition to destroy incoming unmanned air-

Projectile
craft.

Collision Drone A drone designed to collide with the adversary drone.

A number of C-UAS systems also employ a combination of interdiction elements to

increase the likelihood of a successful interdiction. For example, many jamming systems
Combined Interdiction
have both RF jamming and GNSS jamming capabilities in the same package. Other
Elements
systems might employ an electronic system as a first line of defense and a kinetic system
as a backup measure.

Platform Types

Ground-based: Fixed Systems designed to be used from either stationary positions on the ground.

Ground-based: Mobile Systems that are designed to be mounted on vehicles and/or operated on the move.

Systems that are designed to be operated by a single individual by hand. Many of these
Hand-held
systems resemble rifles or other small arms.

UAV-based Systems designed to be mounted on drones.

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COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

THE COUNTER-DRONE KILL-CHAIN

Counter-drone technology can serve in a wide variety of 3. A mitigation system is activated and the drone is
roles. In wartime, militaries are adopting C-UAS for pro- intercepted. Depending on the technique used, this
tecting bases, naval vessels, convoys, and ground units. could result in a range of effects, including the drone
In civilian environments, counter-drone technology is landing on the ground or activating a “return to
primarily used for securing the airspace around criti- home” mode (in the case of jamming or spoofing),
cal infrastructure, sensitive facilities, and large events the capture of the drone (nets), or the complete or
such as party conventions and sports games, as well as partial destruction of the drone (lasers, projectiles,
for protecting VIPs and countering airborne smuggling collision UAVs, high powered microwaves).
at prisons.4 Increasingly, the technology is also being 4. Depending on the circumstances, once a drone is
adopted for private use. In any of these contexts, coun- intercepted the device may need to be isolated and
tering a drone is a complex multi-step process involving retrieved. If the drone is potentially armed, an ex-
interaction between several distinct systems and between plosive ordnance disposal team may be called in to
those systems and the human operator(s). assess and, if needed, disable the device. Unarmed
drones must likewise be treated with caution. If the
device is damaged, its lithium-ion battery poses a
1. First, a sensor system must detect, identify, locate, risk of combustion. If the device continues to be
and track the incoming drone. Depending on the type functional, its rotors can pose a risk of injury. Those
of system used, a sensor that makes an initial detec- wishing to perform forensic analysis on the device
tion, such as a wide-area radar or an RF detector, may need to follow a series of steps to ensure that the
may have to “cross-cue” to secondary sensors such as integrity of the system and the potentially valuable
cameras or electronic identification elements to con- data it carries are not compromised.
firm that the detected object is in fact a drone, as well
as determine its precise location and track its move-
ments. Secondary sensors may also serve to provide
additional information about the drone, which may
help determine intent. For example, a camera may be
able to show whether a drone appears to be carrying
explosives. Certain electronic sensors may be able to
additionally identify the location of the drone oper-
ator. Sensor data can often be stored for later use as
evidence.
2. Based on the information from these sensors, a
human operator must decide how to respond to the
incoming drone. This may not always involve acti-
vating an interdiction system. For example, a federal
law enforcement team operating a C-UAS system
with mitigation capabilities at the 2019 Super Bowl
found that they could usually just locate the operator
of the drone and ask them to cease flying in the area.5
Particularly in civilian environments, C-UAS opera-
tors often describe mitigation as a “last resort” mea- Photo by Capt. Jason Welch
sure. C-UAS teams may have a very limited window
of time to make this decision.

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COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

DATABASE OF PRODUCTS

To better grasp the scale and form of the counter-drone 133 employ a combination of one or more sensor
market, we have assembled a database of publicly mar- types (we count EO and IR sensors as distinct detec-
keted counter-drone systems. The database consists of tion elements, though the two are more often than not
537 products sold by 277 firms and partnerships from 38 used in conjunction). Forty two systems employ a
different countries. combination of four or five different sensor types.
• RF and radar are the most common detection ele-
This database was built through open-source research of ments, appearing in 159 and 147 systems respec-
news stories, marketing materials and brochures, press tively. EO and IR systems, which are usually used in
releases, and other publicly available information. It in- conjunction, appear in 113 and 111 systems, respec-
cludes a small number of systems that are still in active tively. Acoustic sensors are used in 34 products. (In
development, as well as existing products designed for a small number of products, some of these detection
other purposes that have been retooled and/or specifical- elements may be optional).
ly marketed for C-UAS. The full database can be found • Of the 362 systems capable of interdiction, 147 rely
on page 18. on a single technique and 215 rely on two or more
techniques (we count RF and GNSS jamming sys-
Key Analysis Points tems as distinct, even though the two are more often
than not used in conjunction).
• With 537 systems, this database is considerably • Jamming (both RF and GNSS) is the most common
larger than our original database, published with the interdiction method—259 systems employ some
first edition of “Counter-Drone Systems” in February form of signal jamming as a standard feature. Thirty
2018, which contained 235 products from 155 man- one systems have a spoofing capability, 18 involve
ufacturers in 33 countries. This difference does not lasers, 27 employ nets, and eight take the form of
represent absolute growth in the sector: Twenty-four a sacrificial collision drone. (A small number of
products and 9 manufacturers were removed from systems have certain interdiction elements as added
our original database because they no longer appear optional extras)
to be active, while a small number of products in
our new database appear to have already been on the
market before February 2018.
• One hundred and seventy five of the products in the
database are designed only for detection, while 214
systems are designed only for interdiction.
• At least 138 systems are advertised as being capable
of both detection and interdiction, while 10 systems
can be equipped with an optional interdiction ele-
ment.
• A majority of the systems, 375 in total, are designed
for ground-based use; of these, 260 are fixed systems,
55 are mobile, and 59 are undefined or platform
agnostic. One hundred and six systems are handheld
and 34 systems are mounted aboard a drone. Twelve
products consist of a combination of ground-based
elements and either a handheld device or a UAV.
• Of the 323 systems that are capable of detection, 190
Photo by Wesley Farnsworth.
appear to employ a single sensor type, while at least
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COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

CHALLENGES OF COUNTERING DRONES

As of this writing, the technical challenge of coun- with automated tracking algorithms applied to radar
tering drones has not yet been fully surmounted. In a or camera data.11
solicitation published in March 2019, the U.S. Defense • Acoustic sensors rely on a library of sounds emit-
Innovation Unit stated that “it has proven difficult to ted by known drones, while RF detection systems
identify and mitigate threats using currently fielded likewise only detect certain frequency bands in a
technologies.”6 Dozens of background interviews with pre-established library. Given the rapid rate at which
military and law enforcement personnel have validated drones are emerging on the market and proliferating,
this assertion. The challenges posed by, and to, count- even libraries that are updated often will never cover
er-drone technology also extend beyond a simple matter 100 percent of the drones that might be operating at
of effectiveness: they include complex questions around any given time.
safety, practicality, policy, and legality.
False Negatives and False Positives
Detection Effectiveness
In order to be useful, C-UAS detection systems must
Every detection system has drawbacks. For example: generate low levels of false negatives and false positives.
This is difficult to achieve. C-UAS detection elements
• Radar systems may struggle to pick out small drones must be sensitive enough to detect all drones operating
and UAS flying very close to the ground. within the area of use, but systems that are too sensitive
• Camera systems might confuse a drone with a bird or may create an overwhelming number of false positives,
an airplane, and may also struggle in adverse weath- rendering the system unusable. According to the results
er with low visibility, or if the drone is backlit by a of FAA counter-drone systems testing, distinguishing
strong light source such as the sun. true-positives from false positives in cluttered environ-
• Electro-magnetic interference can degrade the ments requires “a high level of manpower.”12
detection capabilities of RF sensors. In urban envi-
ronments, there are many potential sources of such Distinguishing Legitimate and Illegitimate
interference, including communications antennae,
two-way radios, telemetry systems, and even power
Drone Use
lines and LED lights.7
In future operating environments where legitimate drone
• Certain RF sensors, including some systems market-
use is common, it will become increasingly important
ed as “passive” may likewise emit RF signals that
for C-UAS operators to be capable of differentiating
could interfere with other communications, making
between legitimate and rogue drones. For example, at
them potentially dangerous to deploy in some envi-
a large sporting event, the airspace may be crowded
ronments.8
with legitimate aerial cinematography drones that do
• Radar, certain RF systems, and EO/IR sensors must
not pose a security risk alongside rogue drones that do.
have a direct line of sight with the intruding drone in
During its deployment to the 2019 Super Bowl, the FBI
order to make a detection. This could be particularly
counter-UAS team was “seconds away,” according to
problematic in urban environments, where a drone
one official involved in the operation, from mitigat-
may only appear within a sensor’s line of sight for a
ing a drone that turned out to be operating as part of a
couple of seconds before disappearing again.9
sanctioned cinematography service. Particularly given
• Some detection systems may only be capable of
the potential hazards of mitigating a drone in civilian
providing a rough estimate of an incoming drone’s
environments, C-UAS operators will need to develop
location.10
means to rapidly and reliably determine the threat
• Certain flight patterns—most notably hovering and
level of an incoming UAV based on the limited infor-
moving vertically—can make drones harder to detect
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COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

mation provided by existing detection technologies*

(Remote ID technology—discussed in the insert on Non-State Group Use of Drones in Conflict
page 13—may go a long way to addressing this issue
once implemented, but it will not be a total fix). In the A range of non-state groups, including ISIS,
military domain, this could also be an issue; a C-UAS Hezbollah, Hamas, the Kurdistan Workers’ Party,
system that cannot tell the difference between allied and Jabhat al-Nusra, Donetsk People’s Republic, and
adversary unmanned aircraft could accidentally shoot Ansar-Allah (more commonly known as the Houthi
down friendly drones. Movement) have demonstrated a capability to use
drones for a wide range of operations including aerial
Response Window strikes, surveillance and reconnaissance, and propa-
ganda. This has had a profound effect on the conflicts
Counter-drone operators may only have a very brief in which these types of actors fight.
window of time to make a decision as to whether an
incoming drone is indeed malicious. For example, • Using mostly commercial off-the-shelf drones and
consider that a security team is protecting a large public subcomponents, ISIS has conducted hundreds of
gathering with a counter-drone system that has an armed aerial attacks,13 many of which have been
effective identification range of 750 meters and an inter- lethal, and has also used drones to help guide
diction element that could pose a certain level of hazard vehicle-borne IEDs more accurately toward their
to the crowd when activated (see following section). If targets.
a drone is travelling toward the crowd at 15 meters per • In August 2018, two commercial multirotor drones
second (a fairly standard speed for many commercial carrying explosives descended on a military parade
systems available on the market today), the team will in Caracas, Venezuela in an apparent assassina-
have less than 50 seconds to decide upon an appropriate tion attempt by an anti-government group against
response. Thanks to advances in propulsion technolo- President Nicolás Maduro, sparking a stampede
gies, commercially available drones will become much that left several injured.14
faster in the years ahead, further reducing the viable • In Ukraine, the Donetsk Peoples’ Republic and
response window for C-UAS. other belligerents have employed drones built
largely with off-the-shelf components to conduct
surveillance, manage the battlespace, and drop
Interdiction Hazards
small explosive devices—all to considerable
effect.15
Many—if not all—counter-drone interdiction techniques
• Using a range of aircraft developed with direct
can be dangerous in certain circumstances. Drones that
support from Iran, Houthi units have mounted
have their flight interrupted by kinetic means may fall
successful attacks on a variety of different targets,
to the ground with considerable force. Even certain
including critical infrastructure deep within
net-based systems that are equipped with a parachute
defended Saudi airspace. In January 2019, a Houthi
to bring the ensnared drone down to the ground in a
drone packed with 80kg of explosives detonated
controlled manner may be risky if the parachute fails
over the dais at a Yemeni military parade, killing
to deploy correctly or if the interdiction occurs at low
six soldiers and injuring many others.16 Eight
altitude. Interdiction elements must be incredibly
months later, the group used ballistic missiles and
precise to hit a moving drone, and could be dangerous
an armed drone to strike a military camp in Aden,
to bystanders if they miss. Long-range effectors such
killing 36 people.17 The following month, in an
as lasers and high-powered microwaves could pose
attack thought to be conducted by or in connection
a serious threat to aircraft operating above a targeted
with the Iranian government, a small swarm of
attack drones and cruise missiles caused significant
damage to critical Saudi oil processing facilities in
Abqaiq and Khurais.18
*Some systems may be able to identify the drone’s registration • Federal law enforcement authorities have disrupted
number, which could aid in this estimation, but such systems several schemes by extremist groups and “lone
still wouldn’t be able to prove beyond reasonable doubt that wolf” actors to use remote-control aircraft for
a drone is being operated with malicious intent at that very various kinds of kinetic attacks in the U.S.19
moment. Imagine, for instance, that a malicious actor uses a
stolen drone to conduct an attack.

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COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

drone. Jamming systems, meanwhile, can interfere with universally effective against all drones. Unmanned
legitimate communications links in their vicinity; if used aircraft that have been built with protected com-
at an airport, for example, they could interrupt air traffic munication links, for example, could be resistant to
management operations.* The use of GPS jamming or spoofing attacks.
spoofing systems, in particular, is especially dangerous
in areas where other entities rely on reliable GPS naviga-
tion (for example, manned aircraft at an airport).
Drone Threats in Civilian Environments
Interdiction Effectiveness
In civilian environments, the threat of rogue,
Like detection systems, no interdiction system is 100 malicious drone use continues to grow and extends
percent effective. Following a five day counter-drone beyond the troubling prospect of a kinetic attack by a
exercise in 2017 in which a variety of established terror group.
defense firms and startups tested their counter-drone
products on drones operating at a distance of roughly • The prolonged disruption at Gatwick Airport in
200 meters, the Joint Improvised-Threat Defeat Orga- December 2018, which grounded flights for more
nization, which organized the event, reported that the than 36 hours and left hundreds of thousands of
drones were, in general, “very resilient against damage” passengers stranded, costing airlines an estimated
and concluded that most of the C-UAS systems needed $60 million in losses,21 not only demonstrated the
further development.20 More recent C-UAS exercises technology’s capacity to cause havoc but also the
indicate that this problem remains an enduring one. impunity that it can afford the operators. As of this
writing, the perpetrators of the disruptions have
Like detection systems, all interdiction systems have not been apprehended. And this is to say nothing
specific drawbacks: of the fact that, had the drones been armed, they
could have been used to attack the aircraft, with
• RF jamming systems have no effect against drones potentially devastating consequences.
that operate without an active RF link. • Sightings of drones over sensitive facilities such
• Many signal jammers have a limited effective range as a submarine base in Washington State22 and
of a few hundred meters, meaning that the system nuclear facilities in France23 have raised the
must be very close to the intruding drone to success- specter of state- and non-state-sponsored drone
fully mitigate it, and are not effective without a direct espionage, while sightings of drones at large
line-of-sight to the drone. Jammers that are capable sporting events are also becoming increasing-
of operating at long ranges and beyond line-of-sight ly common, highlighting how these generally
must be significantly more powerful, but more pow- well-protected facilities also remain vulnerable
erful jammers also pose a higher risk of interference from the air.
to legitimate communications. • Among criminal groups, drones have become
• All kinetic systems may struggle against drones that a popular tool for smuggling contraband into
are moving quickly or in unpredictable patterns. prisons and across heavily secured borders.
(And when they do work as intended they may de- Drones have also reportedly been used for count-
stroy components of the drone that are necessary for er-surveillance,24 scoping targets for robberies
forensic investigations). and, in at least one dramatic case in the U.S, dis-
• Spoofing systems, meanwhile, are technically very rupting a major law enforcement operation.25
difficult to build and implement, and may not be • Meanwhile, near misses between drones and
manned aircraft have become a common occur-
rence in every crowded airspace system in the
world. Even though many of these incidents are
the result of clueless—or perhaps reckless—
*Advanced jamming systems that only block the frequency operators, many worry that they could still cause
on which the targeted drone is operating, as well as directed a collision with a manned aircraft that could result
jamming antennas, may reduce interference with legitimate in a catastrophic accident.26
communications, but this technology is only beginning to
emerge on the market, and it has not yet been certified as
entirely safe.27

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COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Advances in Drone Technology paper describes as an “essentially unlimited operation

range,”34 making the pilot harder to find. Furthermore,
Drone technology itself is not standing still, and LTE drones would be difficult or dangerous to interdict
advances in this area will pose new challenges for count- with jamming systems without interfering with ubiqui-
er-drone systems. As the unmanned aircraft systems tous cellular communications.35
market expands and the range of readily available
aircraft types becomes more diverse, counter-drone Not all of these advances are motivated by a desire to
systems will need to be flexible enough to detect and make drones harder to counter. Somewhat ironically,
neutralize drones that come in a wide variety of shapes many of these advances are driven by efforts to make
and sizes. These could span from large unmanned drones safer. Certain commercially available drones
aircraft capable of carrying heavy payloads at very high today already come with frequency-hopping systems as
speeds to low-flying micro surveillance drones that standard, a feature intended to create a more resilient
might only weigh a few grams. link to the operator that could nevertheless make the

“This threat is evolving every three to six months—it is just that adaptive...This is going to be a
continuing challenge due to the adaptive nature of the problem of being able to use small drones
in so many different ways and you cannot rely on one technique to respond to them.”28
—Vayl S. Oxford, Director, U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency, March 2019

There are also individual technological advances aircraft more robust against jamming. Researchers at the
emerging that pose unique challenges from a count- University of Zürich are developing a multirotor drone
er-drone perspective. Perhaps most notably in the that can autonomously dodge fast-moving objects at
near-term is the active research to develop drones that close range. The idea is to enable unmanned aircraft to
can operate in GPS-denied environments,29 which avoid obstacles such as birds or other aircraft,36 but the
would be resilient to any kind of jamming (which is same feature could also enable the drone to avoid nets
currently by far the most common interdiction method and other projectiles.
on the market). For example, according to Russian
state media, the Russian military is planning to deploy The proliferation of C-UAS technology will also accel-
GLONASS-free surveillance drones to the Arctic to erate the development of technologies that will render
track vessels across wide areas,30 while the U.S Defense C-UAS systems less effective—countermeasures to
Advanced Research Projects Agency is developing the countermeasures—particularly in military environ-
autonomous, GPS-free multirotor drones that can travel
at 20 m/s.31

Other research tracks seek to develop systems capable

of actively defeating jamming or spoofing attacks.
Eventually, drones could be programmed to evade the
specific frequencies targeted by a jammer, or to switch
frequency bands across a broad spectrum, or initiate
a series of evasive maneuvers, as soon as they detect
a jamming signal.32 Modern GPS receivers are also
increasingly being designed to minimize interference
from the ground, which can make them difficult to jam
with terrestrial systems. Others are being developed with
features to detect incoming spoofing attacks.33

In a similar vein, consumer drones may soon be control-

lable via mobile LTE networks rather than through an
Photo by Staff Sgt. Mylinda DuRousseau
RF link. An LTE drone could be operated at what one
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COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

ments. For example, drones might be programmed to Lack of Operational Data

operate in patterns that make them difficult to detect with
automated target detection algorithms. Rotors might There is a distinct lack of information regarding the op-
be modified to dampen a drone’s engine noise so that erational track record of deployed systems. Not a single
it can evade acoustic detection. Military drones could C-UAS manufacturer approached in the preparation of
begin carrying devices to detect incoming spoofing this report would provide details about their product’s
attacks. Drones might be designed in such a way as to performance in real-world use. This information vacuum
reduce their radar signature (some have speculated that makes it difficult for would-be C-UAS owners to
ISIS drones are often wrapped in tape for precisely this know what actually works and what doesn’t, anticipate
reason). Groups might program an explosives-laden potential issues, and select a system that is best suited to
drone’s “home” location as its intended target, so that their needs.
if the drone is jammed and initiates a “return to home”
mode (a standard feature on many commercial drones),
Cost
it will fly straight to the very place that the C-UAS
operators are trying to protect.
Counter-drone technology is expensive. Though most
manufacturers do not disclose their price lists, the rela-
Finally, the advent of drone swarms (or simple agglom-
tively sparse pricing information available suggests that
erations of multiple drones) would present a range of
the technology falls beyond the reach of many small or-
particularly vexing technical challenges from a defensive
ganizations wishing to protect their airspace. According
perspective.* A swarm of drones would outmatch any
to a 2019 study by Sandia National Laboratories, out of
interdiction system with a smaller number of “shots”
123 C-UAS products for which pricing information was
than the number of aircraft in the swarm—consider, for
available, 77 cost more than $100,000.40 Just two weeks
example, a swarm of ten drones against a net-cannon
after the Gatwick drone incident, the airport announced
that only holds five nets. A swarm would also defeat any
that it had already spent more than $6 million installing
counter-drone system with a smaller effective detection
counter-drone systems to prevent future incidents.41
or interdiction area than the spread of the swarm itself;
According to a study by Deutsche Flugsicherung,
directional jammers, for example, only project a narrow
equipping Germany’s 16 busiest airports with drone
beam of radio frequency, and as such they would be
detection systems would cost upwards of half a billion
ineffective against a group of drones spread across an
euros.42 Personnel training, maintenance, and staff time
area that is wider than that beam. Certain detection and
to operate the counter-drone system all incur significant
tracking products may even be unable to track more than
additional costs.
a handful of drones simultaneously.37 A “swarm” doesn’t
have to be dynamic or truly autonomous to achieve these
effects; ten individual drone operators flying ten drones
in unison may be just as difficult to defend against as a
true autonomous swarm of ten aircraft. While a number
of firms are developing counter-drone products capable
of mitigating multiple incoming aircraft, this remains a
developmental capability.38

*In 2018, a committee of subject matter experts convened

by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and
Medicine concluded that the technologies necessary to deploy
collaborative swarms of up to hundreds of drones will be
widely available by 2025.39

Photo by Lance Cpl. Dalton Swanbeck / USMC

11
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Legality bases, as well as for security during large events such as

the Super Bowl. Some local law enforcement agencies
In the U.S. and many other countries, counter-drone and other organizations have urged the government
systems share a common drawback: they may not always to extend this C-UAS authorization below the federal
be legal. In many instances, there is significant confusion level so that they can protect their own airspace without
and ambiguity as to the exact legal dimensions of count- relying on the small number of federal C-UAS units.46
er-drone technology use. This is because the technology Federal officials have indicated that they may do so, but
is often subject to numerous overlapping laws that were have not provided a timeline for the policy change. In
drafted to address other technologies, long before count- the meantime, a growing number of local law enforce-
er-drone technology existed. Adding to this ambiguity is ment agencies are likely to acquire drone mitigation
the fact that most governments have not yet established systems anyway, in spite of their legally dubious status,
comprehensive C-UAS-specific policies, while airspace and there is confusion as to whether a police officer
regulators continue to develop regulations that may, in shooting down a drone would be granted immunity
turn, have a bearing on C-UAS (see insert on page 13). under provisions that authorize the use of force in emer-
gencies.
Signal jamming devices, including the more advanced
directed systems, are either illegal or restricted in many Certain common detection systems may also not always
countries. In the U.S., jamming systems may also violate be legal.47 The FAA has stated, as recently as May 2019,
the Wiretap Act, which forbids the interception of that it “cannot confirm the legality of any UAS detection
electronic communications. (Even systems that merely system.” For example, certain types of radar could,
detect and track a drone by downloading information according to the FAA, “require FCC [Federal Commu-
about its location and telemetry might violate this nications Commission] or NTIA [National Telecommu-
law.)43 Spoofing systems, meanwhile, may contravene nications and Information Administration] authorization
the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.44 Both kinetic and and interagency coordination,” and the use of any type
non-kinetic systems may also violate the U.S. Aircraft of detection system at any U.S. airport could implicate
Sabotage Act, which imposes heavy fines and even various sections of the U.S. Code and a number of FAA
prison sentences for anybody who willfully “sets fire to, Orders.48
damages, destroys, disables, or wrecks any aircraft” in
U.S. airspace.45 Such legal restrictions and ambiguities are mirrored
around the globe. In the United Kingdom, countering a
As of this writing, four federal agencies—the Depart- drone in any way may violate provisions in the Aviation
ment of Defense, Department of Energy, Department Security Act and the Criminal Damage Act; jamming a
of Justice, and Department of Homeland Security— drone likely violates the Wireless Telegraphy Act and the
have been granted authority to mitigate drones in U.S. Electromagnetic Compatibility Regulations; laser-based
airspace. These agencies use C-UAS to protect sensitive systems could run afoul of a 2016 Air Navigation
government facilities such as nuclear sites and military Order.* In Europe, C-UAS sensors that collect person-
ally identifiable information may implicate the General
Data Protection Regulation.49

A detailed analysis by Jonathan Rupprecht of the various

legal obstacles to C-UAS use in the United States is
available here.50 An analysis by the ALADDIN project of
the legal implications of C-UAS in Europe is available
here.51

*A number of British laws might likewise provide legal cover

for C-UAS actions, depending on the context, including the
Criminal Law Act, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act, the
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act, and the Investigatory
Powers Act, though the potentially relevant provisions in
these laws have not been tested against cases involving drone
Photo by Deborah Lee Soltesz interdiction.52
12
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Lack of Standards collected data, and destroy all intercepted drone commu-
nication data within 180 days,54 but many civil or private
No international standards exist for the proper design C-UAS operators around the globe likely do not have
and use of C-UAS systems. This means there may be similar protections in place.
significant variances between the performance and
reliability of systems that might, at the spec-sheet level,
appear to be very similar. Given that the demand for
this technology has only emerged in the past few years, Electronic Identification and Unmanned Traffic
many of the products offered by the companies that Management
we identified have not yet had time to mature. Some
firms appear to be working to capitalize on the growing Running in parallel to the growing adoption of
interest in this technology before properly maturing or counter-drone technologies is the range of efforts
field-testing their products. U.S. security officials who by airspace authorities to implement Unmanned
spoke on background have noted that a large proportion Aerial System Traffic Management (UTM) systems
of systems that are actively marketed to U.S. govern- and Remote Identification (Remote ID or RID)
ment customers do not perform as advertised. The requirements for civilian and civil drones. UTM
absence of standards also raises questions about the systems will enable airspace authorities to segregate
safety of these systems. Particularly in civilian environ- compliant unmanned aircraft from airports, restricted
ments, a malfunctioning C-UAS system might present a airspace, and airspace inhabited by manned aircraft.
public safety threat—consider, for example, a jamming Remote identification, meanwhile, refers to a range
system that interferes with emergency radio communica- of systems for remotely accessing information such
tions, or a kinetic system that misses its intended target. as the model type, operator name and location, and
registration number of certain nearby drones. Chinese
Privacy drone maker DJI produces one such system, called
AeroScope55—which has already been adopted for
Because counter-drone detection systems are a form of drone detection by C-UAS teams—and other man-
surveillance technology, they potentially pose a risk to ufacturers are likely to follow suit. A number of
privacy if misused or if the data that they collect is not governments are in the process of developing detailed
handled properly. For example, electronic identifica- plans for implementing UTM, as well as regulations
tion systems could be capable of obtaining personally to require all drones to be equipped with Remote ID
identifiable information—such as the aircraft’s registra- capabilities. In the long-term, the combination of
tion number—for drones operating across a broad area. Remote ID and UTM is likely to significantly reduce
Similarly, wide-area camera systems could inadvertently potentially dangerous drone incidents caused by
record individuals or vehicles on the ground that are not “careless” or “clueless” operators who simply venture
relevant to the counter-drone operations itself.53 This is into restricted airspace by mistake. This will narrow
in addition to private digital information that could be the C-UAS challenge to those cases where a drone
collected from a drone either at the point of detection operator has both malicious intent and some technical
and tracking or during forensic analysis. So far, there capacity to bypass these routine airspace control
have been relatively few efforts to evaluate how to systems. These cases will be far less common than
mitigate privacy risks that could arise from the use of the non-malicious cases that make up the majority of
these systems.* Under the Preventing Emerging Threats drone incidents today, but they will also be far more
Act of 2018, U.S. agencies with C-UAS authorities are dangerous and difficult to defend against.
required to ensure that their operations respect First
and Fourth Amendment protections, responsibly handle

*One notable exception is a study by the Advanced hoListic

Adverse Drone Detection, Identification & Neutralization
(ALADDIN) program, an E.U.-funded initiative to develop
a sophisticated counter-drone detection and neutralization
system.

13
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

READING LIST

“Berlin Memorandum on Good Practices for Countering Don Rassler, “The Islamic State and Drones: Supply,
Terrorist Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems,” Global Scale, and Future Threats,” Combating Terrorism
Counterterrorism Forum, September 2019. https:// Center at West Point, United States Military Academy,
www.thegctf.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=j5gj4fS- July 2018. https://ctc.usma.edu/app/uploads/2018/07/
J4fI%3d&portalid=1&timestamp=1569424280400 Islamic-State-and-Drones-Release-Version.pdf
“Blue Ribbon Task Force on UAS Mitigation at Airports Deepan Sarma and Paul Quinn, eds., “D3.1 – Data
Final Report,” Blue Ribbon Task Force on UAS protection, Social, Ethical and Legal Frameworks,”
Mitigation at Airports, October 2019. https://uasmit- Diginext, Advanced hoListic Adverse Drone
igationatairports.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ Detection, Identification Neutralisation program,
BRTF-Report2019.pdf February 2018. http://aladdin2020.eu/wp-content/
uploads/2018/04/ALADDIN_D3.1_DataProtection-
Scott Brooks and Camron Kouhestani, “Counter-Un- SoEL_Framework_V1_0_PU.pdf
manned Aircraft Systems Market Survey,” Depart-
ment of Homeland Security, Prepared by Sandia Col. Matthew T. Tedesco, “Countering the Unmanned
National Laboratories, February 2019. Aircraft Systems Threat,” Military Review, No-
vember-December 2015. usacac.army.mil/CAC2/
“Counter-Unmanned Aircraft System (C-UAS) Strategy MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryRe-
Extract,” United States Army, 2016. www.arcic.army. view_20151231_art012.pdf
mil/App_Documents/Army-CUAS-Strategy.pdf
U.K. Parliament Defence Committee, Domestic Threat
Scott Crino and Andy Dreby, “Drone Technology of Drones inquiry - publications. https://www.par-
Proliferation in Small Wars,” Small Wars Journal, liament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/
September 2019. https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/ commons-select/defence-committee/inquiries/par-
art/drone-technology-proliferation-small-wars?mc_ci- liament-2017/domestic-threat-drones-17-19/publica-
d=90e54c31e2&mc_eid=cb69914e13 tions/
Dan Gettinger, “The Drone Databook,” Center for the John Wendle, “The Fighting Drones of Ukraine,”
Study of the Drone, 2019. https://dronecenter.bard. Air & Space Magazine, February, 2018. https://
edu/projects/drone-proliferation/databook/. www.airspacemag.com/flight-today/ukraines-
Dan Gettinger, “Drones Operating in Syria and Iraq,” drones-180967708/
Center for the Study of the Drone, 2016. https://
dronecenter.bard.edu/drones-operating-in-syria-and-
iraq/
Dan Gettinger and Arthur Holland Michel, “Drones at
Home: Drone Incidents,” Center for the Study of the
Drone, 2017. http://dronecenter.bard.edu/drones-at-
home-drone-incidents/
Brian A. Jackson, David R. Frelinger, Michael J.
Lostumbo, and Robert W. Button, “Evaluating Novel
Threats to the Homeland: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
and Cruise Missiles,” RAND Corporation, 2008.
https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/mono-
graphs/2008/RAND_MG626.pdf

14
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

NOTES

1. Dan Gettinger, “The Drone Databook,” Center for the port_safety/media/counter-uas-airport-sponsor-letter-ju-

Study of the Drone, 2019. https://dronecenter.bard.edu/ ly-2018.pdf
projects/drone-proliferation/databook/ 13. “Home-made drones now threaten conventional armed
2. Ilan Ben Zion, “IDF fails 3 times to bring down drone forces,” The Economist, February 8, 2018. https://www.
over Golan,” The Times of Israel, July 17, 2016. https:// economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21736498-
www.timesofisrael.com/idf-we-tried-and-failed-3-times- their-small-size-and-large-numbers-can-overwhelm-de-
to-bring-down-drone-over-golan/ fences-home-made-drones-now
3. Gabriel C. Birch, John C. Griffin, and Matthew K. Erd- 14. Nick Paton Walsh, Natalie Gallón, Evan Perez, Diana
man, “UAS Detection, Classification, and Neutralization: Castrillon, Barbara Arvanitidis and Caitlin Hu, “Inside the
Market Survey 2015,” Sandia National Laboratories, August plot to kill Maduro with drones,” CNN, June 21,
Sandia Report SAND2015-6365, 2015. prod.sandia.gov/ 2019. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/14/americas/vene-
techlib/access-control.cgi/2015/156365.pdf zuela-drone-maduro-intl/index.html
4. Rachel Bishop and Mathew Di Salvo, “British prison 15. Scott Crino and Andy Dreby, “Drone Technology Prolif-
becomes first in world to use anti-drone ‘disruptor’ shield eration in Small Wars,” Small Wars Journal, September
to stop inmates smuggling in contraband,” Mirror, May 2019. https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/drone-technol-
16, 2017. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/british- ogy-proliferation-small-wars?mc_cid=90e54c31e2&mc_
prison-becomes-first-world-10433402 eid=cb69914e13
5. Panel Discussion: “UAS Mitigation from a Public Safety 16. Ahmed Al-Haj, “Bomb-laden rebel drone kills 6 at Yemen
Standpoint,” AUVSI Xponential, Chicago: April 30, military parade,” Associated Press, January 10, 2019.
2019. https://www.xponential.org/xponential2019/public/ https://www.apnews.com/92f491d2794440afaf53967fce-
SessionDetails.aspx?FromPage=Sessions.aspx&Session- b0c1b9
ID=3158&SessionDateID=41 17. “Yemen: Dozens killed in Houthi attack on Aden military
6. “Tech Area of Interest: Installation Counter Unmanned parade,” Al Jazeera, August 1, 2019. https://www.alja-
Aerial Systems (CUAS),” NC Deftech, March 11, 2019. zeera.com/news/2019/08/yemen-houthi-rebels-target-mil-
https://deftech.nc.gov/opportunities/2019-04-30/tech-ar- itary-parade-aden-190801065146809.html
ea-interest-installation-counter-unmanned-aerial-sys- 18. “Major Saudi Arabia oil facilities hit by Houthi drone
tems-cuas strikes,” Associated Press, September 14, 2019. https://
7. “Unmanned Aircraft System Detection - Technical Con- www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/14/major-saudi-
siderations,” U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, 2019. arabia-oil-facilities-hit-by-drone-strikes
https://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/media/Attach- 19. Eric Convey, “Feds: Ashland man plotted to blow up
ment-3-UAS-Detection-Technical-Considerations.pdf Pentagon, Capitol,” Boston Business Journal, Sep-
8. “Unmanned Aircraft System Detection - Technical Con- tember 28, 2011, https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/
siderations” news/2011/09/28/feds-ashland-man-plotted-to-blow-up.
9. “Questions to Ask When Researching Counter Unmanned html.
Aerial Systems,” U.S. Department of Homeland Security 20. Eric Schmitt, “Pentagon Tests Lasers and Nets to Combat
Science and Technology Directorate, 2019. a Vexing Foe: ISIS Drones,” The New York Times, Sep-
10. Scott Brooks and Camron Kouhestani, “Counter-Un- tember 23, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/23/
manned Aircraft Systems Market Survey,” Department of world/middleeast/isis-drones-pentagon-experiments.html
Homeland Security, Prepared by Sandia National Labora- 21. Hallie Detrick, “Gatwick’s December Drone Closure
tories, February 2019. Cost Airlines $64.5 million,” Fortune, January 22, 2019.
11. “Unmanned Aircraft System Detection - Technical Con- https://fortune.com/2019/01/22/gatwick-drone-closure-
siderations,” U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, 2019. cost/
https://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/media/Attach- 22. Hal Bernton,”Who flew drone over Bangor submarine
ment-3-UAS-Detection-Technical-Considerations.pdf base? Navy wants to know,” The Seattle Times, February
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Airport Safety and Standards, U.S. Federal Aviation crime/whos-flying-drones-over-bangor-submarine-base-
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web/20190110160243/https://www.faa.gov/airports/air- 23. “More drones spotted over French nuclear power sta-

15
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

tions,” Agence France-Presse, October 31, 2014. https:// in High-Speed Sense and Avoid,” IEEE Robotics and
www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/oct/31/more- Automation Letters, Preprint Version, January 2019. rpg.
drones-spotted-over-french-nuclear-power-stations ifi.uzh.ch/docs/RAL19_Falanga.pdf
24. “Drug syndicate ‘used drones to monitor police’,” 37. Scott Brooks and Camron Kouhestani, “Counter-Un-
BBC News, June 30, 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/ manned Aircraft Systems Market Survey,” Department of
world-australia-40453026 Homeland Security, Prepared by Sandia National Labora-
25. Patrick Tucker, “A Criminal Gang Used a Drone Swarm tories, February 2019.
To Obstruct an FBI Hostage Raid,” Defense One, 38. See for example, the U.S. Air Force THOR program, the
May 3, 2018. https://www.defenseone.com/technolo- U.S. Army’s Indirect Fires Protection Capability sys-
gy/2018/05/criminal-gang-used-drone-swarm-obstruct- tem, And Raytheon’s High-Power Microwave and laser
fbi-raid/147956/ systems.
26. Dan Gettinger and Arthur Holland Michel, “Drones at 39. “Counter-Unmanned Aircraft System (CUAS) Capability
Home: Drone Incidents,” Center for the Study of the for Battalion-and-Below Operations,” Board on Army
Drone, 2017. http://dronecenter.bard.edu/drones-at-home- Science and Technology Division on Engineering and
drone-incidents/ Physical Sciences, National Academies of Sciences, Engi-
27. Michael J. O’Donnell, A.A.E., Director of Airport Safety neering, and Medicine, 2018. (Abbreviated Version of a
and Standards, U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, Oc- Restricted Report.)
tober 26, 2016. https://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safe- 40. Scott Brooks, Camron Kouhestani, “Counter-Unmanned
ty/media/UAS-Counter-Measure-Testing-letter.pdf Aircraft Systems Market Survey,” Department of Home-
28. Interview with Vayl S. Oxford in Kristina Hummel, “A land Security, Prepared by Sandia National Laboratories,
View from the CT Foxhole: Vayl S. Oxford, Director, De- February 2019.
fense Threat Reduction Agency,” CTC Sentinel, Volume 41. Josh Spero, “Gatwick spends £5m on airport anti-drone
12, Issue, March 2019, pp10-14. https://ctc.usma.edu/app/ measures,” Financial Times, January 3, 2019. https://
uploads/2019/03/CTC-SENTINEL-032019.pdf www.ft.com/content/cdaa19e6-0f97-11e9-a3aa-
29. G. Balamurugan, J. Valarmathi and V. P. S. Naidu, 118c761d2745
“Survey on UAV navigation in GPS denied environ- 42. “Integrating drone detection systems into airport surveil-
ments,” 2016 International Conference on Signal lance networks in Germany ‘will cost EUR500 million,’”
Processing, Communication, Power and Embedded Unmanned Airspace, October 1, 2019. https://www.
System (SCOPES), 2016, pp. 198-204. doi: 10.1109/ unmannedairspace.info/counter-uas-systems-and-policies/
SCOPES.2016.7955787 integrating-drone-detection-systems-into-airport-surveil-
30. Paulina Glass, “Russia’s New Arctic Drones Are Built to lance-networks-in-germany-will-cost-eur500-million/
Spot Ships,” Defense One, December 11, 2018. https:// 43. “National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year
www.defenseone.com/technology/2018/12/russias-new- 2018,” Sec. 1602, 115th Cong, 2018. https://fas.org/sgp/
arctic-drones-are-built-spot-ships/153444/ news/2017/06/dod-uas.pdf
31. “Fast Lightweight Autonomy (FLA),” Defense Advanced 44. “Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA),” Internet Law
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gram/fast-lightweight-autonomy and_Abuse_Act_(CFAA)
32. S. Walker-Roberts and M. Hammoudeh, Written evi- 45. “S.2623 - Aircraft Sabotage Act,” 98th Cong., 1984.
dence submitted by Manchester Metropolitan University, https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/sen-
U.K. Parliament Defense Committee, Domestic Threat ate-bill/2623
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tenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/ Final Report,” Blue Ribbon Task Force on UAS Mitiga-
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ten/101797.html ports.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/BRTF-Report2019.
33. Information provided by Red Six Solutions, a U.S. red pdf and Joseph De Avila, “New York Police Seek Author-
teaming firm specializing in drones and counter-drone ity to Take Down Drones,” The Wall Street Journal, Feb-
dynamics. ruary 17, 2019. https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-
34. Yong Zeng, Jiangbin Lyu, and Rui Zhang, “Cellular-Con- police-seek-authority-to-take-down-drones-11550419320
nected UAV: Potentials, Challenges and Promising Tech- 47. Letter from John R. Dermody, P.E., Director, Office of
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sponse To Drone Threat,” Aviation Week & Space port_safety/media/counter-uas-airport-sponsor-letter-ju-
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tion-Countermeasures-Technology-Airports-20190507.
pdf
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tection, Social, Ethical and Legal Frameworks,” Diginext,
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works”
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works”
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works”
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djis-electronic-license-plate-helps-authorities-identify-
drones-in-mid-flight.

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COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS DATABASE

About At a Glance

The database notes the features and capabilities of each

system as described by the manufacturer or, in cases Number of Products 537
where no manufacturer information is available, by
reliable media sources. These features have not been Number of Manufacturers 277
independently verified by the Center for the Study of
the Drone. Some of the products listed in the database Countries of Origin 38
consist of multiple different devices developed by
multiple manufacturers that have been combined into Systems for Detection Only 175
a single integrated product (for example, a product that
consists of a radar, a camera, and a jammer). In cases For Interdiction Only 214
where individual elements of those combined products
are marketed separately, they are also included in the For Detection and Interdiction 138
database as standalone products. The database does not
include software products, such as command and control
products that are used to manage incoming data from
sensors.

Products

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

Radar, EO (Optional), RF Jamming, GNSS

4Intelligence INT-AU002 Anti UAV Sweden Ground-based: Fixed
IR (Optional) Jamming

INT-AU001 Anti UAV RF Jamming, GNSS

4Intelligence Sweden Handheld
Rifle Jamming

802Secure AirShield USA RF Spoofing Ground-based: Fixed

NM1-8A Drone Radar

Accipiter Canada Radar Ground-based: Fixed
System

NM1-KHSxV Securi-
Accipiter Canada Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
ty Radar System

RF Jamming, GNSS
ADE Maestro South Korea Handheld
Jamming

Advanced Protection Radar, Acoustic, EO, Optional: RF Jam-

Ctrl+Sky Stationary Poland Ground-based: Fixed
Systems IR, RF ming, GNSS Jamming

Advanced Protection Radar, Acoustic, EO, Optional: RF Jam-

Ctrl+Sky Portable Poland Ground-based: Fixed
Systems IR, RF ming, GNSS Jamming

18
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

Advanced Protection Radar, Acoustic, EO, Optional: RF Jam-

Ctrl+Sky Mobile Poland Ground-based: Mobile
Systems IR, RF ming, GNSS Jamming

Advanced Protection RF Jamming, GNSS

Ctrl+Sky Jammer Poland Ground-based: Mobile
Systems Jamming

Advanced Radar
Drone Sentinel Spain Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Technologies

AerialX DroneBullet USA Collision Drone UAV

AerialX UAS Locator USA RF Handheld

AeroDefense AirWarden USA RF Ground-based: Fixed

Aerospace Security &

RF Jamming, GNSS
Defense Technologies SEN&DES Spain Ground-based: Mobile
Jamming
(ASDT)

AimLock R-M1 USA Projectile Ground-based: Mobile

Ainstein ULGB-D1 USA Radar Ground-based: Fixed

Airbus Defence and RF Jamming, GNSS

Counter UAV System France Radar, IR, Ground-based: Fixed
Space Jamming

AirShare OVERWATCH Canada RF Projectile Handheld

Airspace Systems Airspace USA Net UAV

Airspace Systems Galaxy USA RF, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed

Airspace Systems Interceptor USA Net UAV

Alion Science and

USA Spoofing Ground-based: Fixed
Technology

Allen-Vanguard ANCILE Canada RF Jamming Ground-based

Almaz Scientific-Pro- RF Jamming, GNSS

Attack-DBS Russia RF Ground-based: Fixed
duction Enterprise Jamming

ALS (Pacem Defense) SKYNET Mi-5 USA Net Handheld

ALX Systems Sentinel Belgium EO, IR UAV

UAV, Ground-Based:
ALX Systems Spartiath Belgium Radar
Fixed

AMTEC Less Lethal

Skynet USA Net Shotgun Shells Handheld
Systems

Anduril Industries Anvil USA Collision Drone UAV

Anduril Industries Lattice USA Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed

RF Jamming, GNSS
Anti-Drones Skynet Ultra Taiwan Handheld
Jamming

Anti-Drones Skynet DDS Taiwan RF Ground-based: Fixed

19
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

ApolloShield Omni RF Sensor Israel RF Ground-based: Fixed

ApolloShield Directional RF Sensor Israel RF Ground-based: Fixed

RF Jamming, GNSS
ApolloShield RF Sense&Block Israel RF Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
ApolloShield RF Gun Israel Handheld
Jamming

ApolloShield RF Jammer Israel RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed

ApolloShield RF Locator Israel RF Ground-based: Mobile

Low-Cost Count-
Applied Technology er-Unmanned Aerial
USA RF, EO, IR Laser Ground-based
Associates System for Targeting
(LOCUST)

Aquila Defense Aquila Defense Group RF, Radar, Acoustic, RF Jamming, GNSS
Switzerland Ground-based
Group Counter-UAS IR Jamming

Aquila International Beam 250 USA Radar Ground-based

RF Jamming, GNSS
ARTsys360 RS500 Israel RF Ground-based: Mobile
Jamming

Ascent Vision CM202U USA EO, IR Ground-based: Mobile

RF Jamming, GNSS
Aselsan IHASAVAR Turkey Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Aselsan IHTAR Turkey Radar, RF Jamming, Projectile Ground-based: Fixed
(Optional)

RF Jamming, GNSS
Aselsan GERGEDAN Turkey Ground-based
Jamming

Laser Defense System

Aselsan Turkey Laser Ground-based
(LSS)

RF Jamming, GNSS
ATL Europa INH-606-SW1W2 Spain Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
ATL Europa CON-001-SW1W2 Spain Handheld
Jamming

RF, Radar, Acoustic,

Atos Bull Drone Shield France Ground-based: Fixed
IR

Aveillant Gamekeeper 16U UK Radar Ground-based: Fixed

Avtomatika Concern RF Jamming, GNSS

Shipovnik-Aero Russia RF, Unknown Ground-based
(Rostec) Jamming

Avtomatika Concern RF Jamming, GNSS

Pischal Russia Handheld
(Rostec) Jamming

Avtomatika Concern RF Jamming, GNSS

Sapsan-Bekas Russia RF, Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Mobile
(Rostec) Jamming

Babcock LDEW-CD USA Radar, EO, IR Laser, Projectile Ground-based: Fixed

20
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

RF Jamming, GNSS
Bei Dou Open Lab Antidrone Gun China Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
BEL Drone Guard System India RF, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

Belgian Advanced AD26B Anti-drone RF Jamming, GNSS

Belgium Radar, EO, IR, RF Ground-based: Fixed
Technology Systems Guard Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Black Sage TD-1 USA Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Black Sage/IEC Jamming, Dazzling
UASX USA Radar, EO, IR Ground-based
Infrared (Optional), Laser
(Optional)

Blighter Surveillance
A400 Series UK Radar Ground-based: Fixed
Systems

Blighter Surveil-
lance Systems/Chess Anti-UAV Defence RF Jamming, GNSS
UK Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Dynamics/Enterprise System (AUDS) Jamming
Control Systems

Wireless Intrusion
Blind Tiger Detection and Defeat USA RF Managed Access Ground-based
System

Boeing Laser Avenger USA Radar Laser Ground-based

Compact Laser Weap-

Boeing USA Laser Ground-based
on System

Boeing/General
MEHEL 2.0 USA Laser Ground-based: Mobile
Dynamics

Acoustic, EO, IR, RF,

Booz Allen Hamilton Enforce Field USA Ground-based: Fixed
Radar

Broadfield Security
Drone Blocker Netherlands RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed
Services

BSVT – New Tech-

TRIO Belarus Radar, EO, IR Projectile Ground-based: Mobile
nologies

RF Jamming, GNSS
BYLBOS/Roboost SPID France EO, IR, RF Ground-based
Jamming

LightWave CUAS
C Speed USA Radar, RF Ground-based
Surveillance Suite

CACI SkyTracker USA RF RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed

BITS Electronic RF Jamming, GNSS Ground-based, Hand-

CACI USA RF
Attack Module Jamming held

CACI CORIAN USA RF RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed

CACI AWAIR USA RF RF Jamming Ground-based: Mobile

CACI Small Form Factor USA RF RF Jamming Handheld

21
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

Anti-Threat Intelligent Optional: RF Jam-

Capture Systems Israel EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Detector ming, GNSS Jamming

Centum JANO Spain Radar Ground-based: Fixed

Centum HERMES Spain RF Ground-based: Fixed

RF Jamming, GNSS
Centum ARES Spain Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

Centum ATENEA Spain Spoofing Ground-based: Fixed

RF Jamming, GNSS
Centum No Fly Zrone Spain Radar, RF Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming, Spoofing

CerbAir CerbAir Fixed France RF, EO,IR RF Jamming, Net Ground-based: Fixed

CerbAir CerbAir Mobile France RF, EO,IR RF Jamming, Net

Chenega Europe dronesnarer Ireland Net Handheld

Chenega Europe dronevigil Defender Ireland RF Jamming Handheld

Chenega Europe dronecollider Ireland Collision Drone UAV

Chenega Europe dronetaker Ireland Spoofing UAV

Chenega Europe dronesoaker Ireland Water projector Handheld

Acoustic, Motion
Chenega Europe dronetracker Ireland Ground-based: Fixed
Detection

Chenega Europe dronevigil Array Ireland Radar Ground-based: Fixed

dronevigil Field
Chenega Europe Ireland Radar Ground-based: Mobile
Mobile

dronevigil Holo-
Chenega Europe Ireland Radar Ground-based: Fixed
graphic

Chenega/Synergia dronesafeguard USA RF, Radar, Acoustic Ground-based

RF, Radar, EO, IR,

Chess Dynamics AirGuard UK Ground-based: Fixed
Acoustic

Chess Dynamics AirShield UK Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed

China Aerospace
Science and Industry China Net UAV
Corporation

Cintel N/A USA Spoofing UAV

Handheld, Ground-
Citadel Defense DFU3000 USA RF Spoofing
based: Fixed

RF Jamming, GNSS
Citadel Defense Titan USA RF Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

Cobham Antenna Directional Flat Panel RF Jamming, GNSS

USA RF Ground-based: Fixed
Systems Antenna Jamming

22
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

Cobham Antenna Directional Helix RF Jamming, GNSS

USA RF Ground-based: Fixed
Systems Antenna Jamming

High Power Ul-

Cobham Antenna RF Jamming, GNSS
tra-Wideband Direc- USA RF Ground-based: Fixed
Systems Jamming
tional Antenna

Cobham Antenna Wideband Omni-Di- RF Jamming, GNSS

USA RF Ground-based: Fixed
Systems rectional Jamming

Colorado Engineering Skyline USA Radar Ground-based

Communications &
RF Jamming, GNSS
Systèmes/HGH/Spec- Boreades France Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming, Spoofing
tracom

Controp SPEED-BIRD Israel EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed

Controp Tornado Israel EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed

RF Jamming, Spoof-
Convexum Israel RF Ground-based: Fixed
ing

Copious Imaging WISP 2.0 USA IR Ground-based: Fixed

RF Jamming, GNSS
CPM Elettronica CPM-DJI-120-4B Italy Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
CPM Elettronica CPM-WILSON Italy Handheld
Jamming

CRFS RFeye UK RF Ground-based: Fixed

RF Jamming, GNSS
CTS Drone Jammer China Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, Spoof-
D-Fend Solutions EnforceAir Israel RF Ground-based: Fixed
ing

DataExpert Anti-Drone Gear Singapore RF Jamming Handheld

Drone Defender RF Jamming, GNSS

DeDrone USA Handheld
(handheld) Jamming

Drone Defender (land- RF Jamming, GNSS

DeDrone USA Ground-based: Fixed
based unit) Jamming

Dedrone RF-300 USA RF Ground-based: Fixed

Delft Dynamics DroneCatcher Netherlands Net UAV

Department 13 Inter-
MESMER USA RF Spoofing Ground-based: Fixed
national/Raytheon

DeTect DroneWatcherAPP USA/UK Mobile App Handheld

DeTect DroneWatcherRF USA/UK RF Ground-based: Fixed

HARRIER Drone
DeTect USA/UK Radar Ground-based: Fixed
Surveillance Radar

23
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

DeTect DroneWatcherRF LT USA/UK RF Handheld

Diehl Defence HPEM 1 Germany Electromagnetic pulse Ground-based

Digital Global Sys- Optional: RF Jam-

CLEARSKY USA RF Ground-based: Fixed
tems ming

Electronic Identifi-
DJI AeroScope Mobile Kit China Ground-based
cation

Electronic Identifi-
DJI AeroScope G8 China Ground-based: Fixed
cation

Electronic Identifi-
DJI AeroScope G16 China Ground-based: Fixed
cation

Radar, EO, IR, RF

Optional: RF Jam-
DMT Radar/Moog c-UAS USA (Optional), Acoustic Ground-based: Fixed
ming, GNSS Jamming
(Optional)

Drone Defence NetGun X1 UK Net Handheld

Drone Defence SkyFence UK RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed

RF Jamming, GNSS
Drone Defence Paladyne E1000MP UK Ground-based: Mobile
Jamming

Drone Defence AeroSnare UK Net UAV

Drone Hunter Germany Radar Ground-based

Drone Labs Drone Detector USA RF Ground-based: Fixed

Drone Security
UK Unspecified Unspecified Ground-based: Fixed
Defence

Drone Tracking Tech-

Telescope UK RF, Acoustic, IR Ground-based
nologies

Dronefence Germany RF, Acoustic, EO, IR Spoofing Ground-based: Fixed

Radar, RF, Acoustic, RF Jamming, GNSS

DroneShield DroneSentry Australia Ground-based: Fixed
EO, IR Jamming

Radar, RF, Acoustic,

DroneShield DroneSentinel Australia Ground-based: Fixed
EO, IR

RF Jamming, GNSS
DroneShield DroneCannon RW Australia Ground-based: Mobile
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
DroneShield DroneNode Australia Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

DroneShield RfPatrol Australia RF Handheld

RF Jamming, GNSS
DroneShield DroneGun MKIII Australia Handheld
Jamming

DroneShield RfZero Australia RF Ground-based: Fixed

DroneShield DroneSentry-X Australia RF RF jamming Ground-based: Mobile

24
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

RF Jamming, GNSS
DroneShield DroneGun Tactical Australia Handheld
Jamming

DroneShield RadarZero Australia Radar Ground-based: Fixed

Droptec Dropster Switzerland Net Handheld

RF Jamming, GNSS
Dynamic Shielding Drone Hunter South Korea Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Dynamic Shielding Drone Hunter X South Korea Handheld
Jamming

Dynamite Global RF Jamming, GNSS

AIRDEFENSE 6.0 USA Ground-based: Fixed
Strategies Jamming

Dynamite Global RF Jamming, GNSS

UDJV-01 USA Handheld
Strategies Jamming

Dynamite Global RF Jamming, GNSS

UD-9B USA Ground-based: Fixed
Strategies Jamming

Dynamite Global RF Jamming, GNSS

UD-10F USA Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Strategies Jamming

Dynamite Global RF Jamming, GNSS

UD-20V USA Radar, EO, IR, RF Ground-based: Mobile
Strategies Jamming

Dynetics GroundAware USA Radar Ground-based: Fixed

Dynetics SoundAware USA Acoustic Ground-based: Fixed

Acoustic, EO, IR, RF,

ECA Group EC-180 France Ground-based, UAV
Radar

Echodyne EchoGuard USA Radar Ground-based: Fixed

RF, EO (Optional),
RF Jamming, GNSS
Elbit Systems ReDrone Israel IR (Optional), Radar Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming
(Optional)

Elbit Systems SupervisIR Israel IR Ground-based: Fixed

RF, EO (Optional),
ReDrone Vehicular RF Jamming, GNSS
Elbit Systems Israel IR (Optional), Radar Ground-based: Mobile
Tactical System Jamming
(Optional)

RF Jamming, GNSS
ELT-Roma ADRIAN Italy RF, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

ELTA North America GNSS Jamming, RF

Drone Guard Israel Radar, EO, IR, RF Ground-based: Fixed
(IAI) Jamming

ELTA North America

MARS-K USA Radar Ground-based: Fixed
(IAI)

ELTA North America

MADS-K USA Radar Ground-based: Fixed
(IAI)

Jamming, Electromag-
Epirus Leonidas USA "Visual," Radar Ground-based: Fixed
netic Pulse

25
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

RF Jamming, GNSS
RF, Radar, Acoustic,
esc Aerospace escCUAS Germany Jamming, Electromag- Ground-based: Fixed
EO
netic Pulse

EWA Government EWA Counter UAS RF Jamming, GNSS

USA Radar, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Systems System Jamming

Exponent Drone Hunter UAE EO, IR UAV

Finmeccanica – Selex RF Jamming, Spoof-

Falcon Shield Italy EO, IR, Radar Ground-based: Fixed
ES (Leonardo) ing

RF Jamming, GNSS
Flex Force DroneBuster Block 3 USA Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Flex Force DroneBuster FS USA Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

FLIR Systems Ranger R8SS-3D USA Radar Ground-based: Fixed

FLIR Systems Argus USA Radar, IR Ground-based: Fixed

Fortem Technologies Drone Hunter USA Radar Net UAV

Fortem Technologies TrueView R30 USA Radar Ground-based: Fixed

Fortem Technologies TrueView R20 USA Radar Ground-based: Fixed

RF Jamming, GNSS
Fortunio Drone Hunter Hungary Ground-based
Jamming

Fovea Aero CCOD USA Net UAV

Portable Counter
RF Jamming, GNSS
Fuyuda Drone Defence China Ground-based: Mobile
Jamming
System

General Atomics Fencepost USA Acoustic Ground-based: Fixed

PITBULL Ultra Light

General Robotics Remote Weapon Sys- Israel Radar, EO, IR Projectile Ground-based
tem (ULRWS)

GEW Technologies SkyScan 2 South Africa RF Ground-based: Fixed

Gewerbegebiet
AARTOS Germany RF Ground-based: Fixed
Aaronia

Counter-UAS by Spoofing, RF Jam-

Gradiant Spain RF, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Gradiant ming, GNSS Jamming

Gradiant smartHack Spain RF Spoofing Ground-based: Fixed

Gradiant smartEar Spain RF Ground-based: Fixed

Gradiant smartEye Spain EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed

RF Jamming, GNSS
Gradiant smartJam Spain Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

Groupe ADP/DSNA
Hologarde France Radar, RF, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Services

26
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

Groupe Assman MTX-8 France Net UAV

Groupe Assman/Ma- Drone Interceptor

France Net UAV
lou Tech MP200

Gryphon Sensors
Skylight USA Radar, RF, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
(SRC)

Gryphon Sensors
Skylight Mobile USA Radar, RF, EO, IR Ground-based: Mobile
(SRC)

Guangdong Guo-An
RF Jamming, GNSS
Intelligent Aviation Anti-Drone Jammer China Handheld
Jamming
Company

Drone Detection
Hanwha Systems South Korea Radar Ground-based: Fixed
Radar

Harp Arge Drone Savar Turkey RF Jamming Handheld

Hensoldt SPEXER 2000 Germany Radar Ground-based

Hensoldt SPEXER 500 Germany Radar Ground-based

RF Jamming, GNSS
Hensoldt UK Germany Radar, E/O, RF Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Hensoldt Xpeller Rapid Germany Radar, E/O, RF Ground-based: Mobile
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Hensoldt Xpeller Gear Germany RF Ground-based: Mobile
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS Ground-based, Hand-

Hertz Systems Hawk Poland Radar, EO
Jamming held

HGH Infared Systems Spynel M France IR Ground-based

HGH Infared Systems Spynel S France IR Ground-based

HGH Infared Systems Spynel X France IR Ground-based

Defender Series UAV- RF Jamming, GNSS

Hikvision China Handheld
D04JAI Jamming

Defender Series UAV- RF Jamming, GNSS

Hikvision China Handheld
D04JHI Jamming

HP Marketing and RF Jamming, GNSS

HP 3962 H Germany Ground-based: Fixed
Consulting Jamming

HP Marketing and RF Jamming, GNSS

HP 47 Germany Handheld
Consulting Jamming

Multi-sensor
Hunan NovaSky Elec-
Anti-UAV Defense China RF, EO RF Jamming
tronic Technology
System Solution

EO, IR, RF, Acoustic,

IACIT DRONEBlocker 0100 Brazil RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed
Radar

27
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

EO, IR, RF, Acoustic,

IACIT DRONEBlocker 0200 Brazil RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed
Radar

Radar, EO (Optional), Optional: RF Jam-

IDS Black Knight Italy Ground-based: Fixed
IR (Optional) ming, GNSS Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Red Sky 2 Drone
IMI Systems Israel Radar, EO, IR Jamming, Laser (Op- Ground-based: Fixed
Defender System
tional)

RF Jamming, GNSS
Indra ARMS Spain Radar, RF, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming, Spoofing

The Ghoul Tool Full RF Jamming, GNSS

Invisible Interdiction USA Handheld
Spectrum Jamming

Commercial Hand- RF Jamming, GNSS

Invisible Interdiction USA Handheld
held Terminator Jamming

Commercial Termina- RF Jamming, GNSS

Invisible Interdiction USA Ground-based: Fixed
tion Module Jamming

Ghoul Tool Short- RF Jamming, GNSS

Invisible Interdiction USA Ground-based: Fixed
Range Module Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
IPB Systems Drone-Hunter Spain Acoustic, RF, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming, Spoofing

Israel Aerospace
POPSTAR Israel EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Industries

ITHPP Drone Sniper France RF Jamming Handheld

RF Jamming, GNSS
IXI Technology Drone Killer USA Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-2065 China Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-2065H China Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-2085H China Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-1040H China Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-4001P China Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-4002P China Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-3076B-UAV China Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-4035-UAV China Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-3060N-UAV China Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

28
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-3040-OMN China Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-N3076-HGA China Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-3076B-HGA China Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-5030-UAV China Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-5040R-UAV China Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-6067-UAV China Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-8078AR China Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-8078ATW-HGA China Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jammers4u CT-N3060-OMN China Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
JCPX Drone Fighter France Handheld
Jamming

JCPX Development/
DSNA Services/ UWAS Monaco Radar, EO, IR "Counter measures" Ground-based: Fixed
Aveillant

Jiangsu Digital Eagle

RF Jamming, GNSS
Technology Devel- QR-07S3 China Handheld
Jamming
opment

Jiangsu Digital Eagle

RF Jamming, GNSS
Technology Devel- QR-12 China RF Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming
opment

Jiangsu Digital Eagle

Technology Devel- QR-09 China RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed
opment

Jiangsu Digital Eagle

RF Jamming, GNSS
Technology Devel- QR-10 China Handheld
Jamming
opment

Jiangsu Digital Eagle

RF Jamming, GNSS
Technology Devel- QR-08 China Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming
opment

Jiangsu Digital Eagle

RF Jamming, GNSS
Technology Devel- QR-07S SPEC China Handheld
Jamming
opment

Jiangsu Digital Eagle

RF Jamming, GNSS
Technology Devel- QR-07S2 SPEC China Handheld
Jamming
opment

29
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

RF Jamming, GNSS
Jiun An Technology Raysun MD1 Taiwan Handheld
Jamming

JSC Concern
Spoofing, RF Jam-
Radio-Electronic Leer-3 Russia UAV
ming, GNSS Jamming
Technologies

K9 Electronics DJ500C UK RF Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
K9 Electronics Terminator 3000 UK Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
K9 Electronics DJ500F UK Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

Kalashnikov/ZALA RF Jamming, GNSS

REX 1 Russia Handheld
Aero Group Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Kaspersky Antidrone Russia Laser Scanning Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

KB Radar Design RF Jamming, GNSS

Groza-R2 Belarus Handheld
Bureau Jamming

KB Radar Design RF Jamming, GNSS

Groza-R Belarus Handheld
Bureau Jamming

KB Radar Design RF Jamming, GNSS

Groza-S Belarus RF Ground-based: Mobile
Bureau Jamming, Spoofing

KB Radar Design RF Jamming, GNSS

Groza-Z Belarus RF Ground-based: Fixed
Bureau Jamming

Kelvin Hughes SMS-D UK Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed

Kineti GeoDome CDS Go Netherlands RF Ground-based: Fixed

GeoDome CDS
Kineti Netherlands RF RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed
Advance

RF Jamming, GNSS
Kirintec Recurve UK Ground-based
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Kirintec Sky Net Longbow UK Ground-based
Jamming

Kongsberg Geospa-
tial/Echodyne/uAvi- Argus CUAS Canada/USA Radar, E/O, RF Ground-based: Fixed
onix

Konsortium Engi-
neering Activities & UAS Jammer France EO, IR Jamming
Security (KEAS)

Kratos Defense &

Rocket Support Kratos Tethered UAS USA EO, RF UAV
Services

RF Jamming, GNSS
Kvertus KVS ANTIDRON-H Ukraine Handheld
Jamming

30
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

RF Jamming, GNSS
Kvertus KVS ANTIDRON-M Ukraine Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Kvertus Veil Ukraine Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Kvertus Typhoon Ukraine Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Kvertus KVS ANTIDRON-C Ukraine Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

KVS ANTI- RF Jamming, GNSS

Kvertus Ukraine Ground-based: Fixed
DRON-C/M Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Kvertus KVS ANTIDRON-RC Ukraine Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

Kvertus KVS-AD-1 Ukraine RF Ground-based: Fixed

RF Jamming, GNSS
Kvertus FOG X6 Ukraine Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Kvertus MIST Ukraine Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

L3Harris Technolo- RF Jamming, GNSS

Drone Guardian USA Radar, EO, IR, RF Ground-based: Fixed
gies Jamming

Time Integrated Giga-

High Power Micro-
Leidos watt Electromagnetic USA Ground-based: Fixed
wave
Response (TIGER)

Multi-Mission Hemi-
Leonardo DRS USA Radar Ground-based: Fixed
spheric Radar

Mobile Low, Slow

Unmanned Aerial
Leonardo DRS/Moog Vehicle Integrated USA Radar Projectile Ground-based: Fixed
Defense Systems
(MLIDS)

Leonardo DRS/Moog SABRE USA Radar Projectile Ground-based: Mobile

Liteye/Blighter Counter-UAS Detec-

Surveillance Systems/ tion and Identification USA Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Chess Dynamics System (ADIS)

Liteye/Blighter
Surveillance Systems/ Mobile Anti-UAV
RF Jamming, GNSS
Chess Dynamics/ Defense System USA/UK Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Mobile
Jamming
Enterprise Control (M-AUDS)
Systems

RF Jamming, Pro-
Liteye/Orbital ATK T-REX USA Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Mobile
jectile

Lockheed Martin ADAM USA EO, IR Laser Ground-based

Lockheed Martin ATHENA USA EO, IR Laser Ground-based

31
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

RF Jamming, Spoof-
Lockheed Martin ICARUS USA RF, EO, Acoustic Ground-based
ing

Miniature Hit-to-Kill
Lockheed Martin USA Radar Projectile Ground-based: Mobile
(MHTK)

High Energy Laser

and Integrated Opti-
Lockheed Martin USA Laser, Dazzling Ground-based: Fixed
cal-dazzler with Sur-
veillance (HELIOS)

Lockheed Martin/
Falcon USA Radar Interceptor rockets Ground-based: Mobile
Saab/Diehl Defence

RF Jamming, GNSS
LocMas STUPOR Russia Handheld
Jamming

LX Photon Drone Jammer Luxemburg Jamming Handheld

LX Photon Drone Spoofer Luxemburg Spoofing Ground-based: Fixed

LX Photon Drone Detector Luxemburg RF Ground-based: Fixed

Magna Detection Solution Israel EO, IR, Acoustic Jamming, Spoofing Ground-based

Marduk Technologies Shark Estonia EO Laser Ground-based

Marine Anti-Drone Optional: RF Jam-

RF, Radar (Optional), Ground-based: Mar-
Martek Marine System (MADS) UK ming, GNSS Jam-
EO, IR (Optional) itime
Portable ming, Spoofing

Marine Anti-Drone
RF, Radar (Optional), RF Jamming, Spoof- Ground-based: Mar-
Martek Marine System (MADS) UK
EO, IR (Optional) ing (Optional) itime
Fixed

High Energy Laser

MBDA Deutschland Germany Laser Ground-based: Fixed
Weapon System

MC TECH MC-Horizon Israel RF, Radar, EO, IR RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed

MC-CLIC Anti-UAV Rifle Monaco RF Jamming Handheld

MC2 Technologies Scrambler 1000 France RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed

MC2 Technologies Nerod F5 France RF Jamming Handheld

MC2 Technologies Scrambler 300 France RF Jamming Handheld

Reconfigurable Jam-
MC2 Technologies France RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed
ming System

RF Jamming, GNSS
Meritis RTX-300P2/P6 Switzerland Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Meritis RTX-2000M6 Switzerland Ground-based: Mobile
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Meritis RTX-3000X Switzerland Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Meritis SkyCleaner Switzerland Handheld
Jamming

32
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

Meritis ADS-2000 Switzerland Acoustic Ground-based: Fixed

Meritis SC-1000T Switzerland EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed

Meritis SC-1500T Switzerland EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed

Meritis SR-9000S Switzerland Radar Ground-based: Fixed

METIS Aerospace SKYPERION UK RF, Other Ground-based: Fixed

Microflown AVISA SKYSENTRY Netherlands Acoustic Ground-based: Fixed

Mikran Carnivora Russia Net, Ammunition UAV

Drone Detection
Miltronix UK Radar Ground-based: Mobile
Radar

Drone Deterrence
Mitsubishi Electric Japan RF RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed
System

MyDefence Commu-
EAGLE Denmark Radar Ground-based: Fixed
nication

MyDefence Commu- Optional: RF Jam-

KNOX Denmark RF, Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
nication ming, GNSS Jamming

MyDefence Commu-
WATCHDOG Denmark RF Ground-based
nication

MyDefence Commu-
WOLFPACK Denmark RF Ground-based: Fixed
nication

MyDefence Commu-
Wingman 100 Denmark RF Handheld
nication

MyDefence Commu-
Wingman 101 Denmark RF Handheld
nication

MyDefence Commu-
Wingman 103 Denmark RF Handheld
nication

MyDefence Commu- RF Jamming, GNSS

PITBULL Denmark Handheld
nication Jamming

MySky Technologies Australia Collision Drone UAV

MySky Technologies Australia Machine Learning Ground-based: Fixed

Programmable ammu-
Nammo Norway
nition

NEC Japan EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed

Necom Telecommuni- RF Jamming, GNSS

DJ200 China Handheld
cation Technologies Jamming

Necom Telecommuni- RF Jamming, GNSS

DJ100 China Ground-based: Fixed
cation Technologies Jamming

Necom Telecommuni- RF Jamming, GNSS

CPJX6105UAV China Ground-based: Fixed
cation Technologies Jamming

33
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

Netline Communica- C-GUARD

Israel RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed
tions DRONENET

Netline Communica- WOODPECKER

Israel RF Ground-based: Fixed
tions LIGHT

New Telecommunica- RF Jamming, GNSS

Harpoon-2M Russia Handheld
tion Technologies Jamming

NNIIRT 1L121-E Russia Radar Ground-based: Mobile

Joint Counter
Radio-Controlled
Northrop Grumman Improvised Explosive USA RF Jamming Handheld
Device Electronic
Warfare (JCREW)

Mobile Application
Northrop Grumman for UAS Identification USA Acoustic Handheld
(MAUI)

Drone Restricted
Northrop Grumman Access Using Known USA RF Jamming Ground-based
EW (DRAKE)

Mobile Application
Northrop Grumman USA Acoustic Handheld
for UAS Identification

Northrop Grumman Venom USA Laser Designator Ground-based: Mobile

OpenWorks Engi-
Skywall 100 UK Net Handheld
neering

OpenWorks Engi-
Skywall 200 UK Net Handheld
neering

OpenWorks Engi-
Skywall 300 UK Net Ground-based: Fixed
neering

OpenWorks Engi- SkyWall Auto Re-

USA Net Ground-based: Mobile
neering sponse

RF Jamming, GNSS
Optix Anti-Drone Bulgaria Handheld
Jamming

Orad DROM Israel RF RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed

Orelia Drone Detector France Acoustic RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed

Panasonic Drone Finder Japan Acoustic, EO Ground-based: Fixed

Patria MUSCL Finland Radar Ground-based

PDA Electronics Repulse 24 UK RF Jamming Ground-based: Mobile

PDA Electronics Repulse 2458E UK RF Jamming Ground-based: Mobile

Repulse 2458H
PDA Electronics UK RF Jamming Handheld
Handheld

PDA Electronics Repulse 360 UK RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed

34
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

PDA Electronics Repulse 160 UK RF Jamming Ground-based: Mobile

PDA Electronics Spi-24 UK RF Ground-based: Mobile

Phantom Technolo- Eagle108 Tactial RF Jamming, GNSS

Israel RF Ground-based: Fixed
gies Drone Jammer Jamming

Phantom Technolo- RF Jamming, GNSS

Phantom Dome Israel Radar, EO, IR, RF Ground-based: Fixed
gies Jamming

Poly Technologies Silent Hunter China EO, IR Laser Ground-based: Mobile

RF Jamming, GNSS
Poly Technologies LANU-M1 China Ground-based: Mobile
Jamming

Prime Consulting & RF Jamming, GNSS

GROK Jammer Denmark Ground-based: Fixed
Technologies Jamming

Prime Consulting & RF Jamming, GNSS

GROK Mobile Gun Denmark Handheld
Technologies Jamming

Prime Consulting & Mini-range count-

Denmark EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Technologies er-UAV system

Prime Consulting & Small-range count-

Denmark Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Technologies er-UAV system

Prime Consulting & GROK X-band drone

Denmark Radar Ground-based: Fixed
Technologies detection radar

Prime Consulting & GROK Ku-band drone

Denmark Radar Ground-based: Fixed
Technologies detection radar

Prime Consulting & Medium-range count-

Denmark Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Technologies er-UAV system

Prime Consulting & Long-range count-

Denmark Radar, EO, IR, RF Ground-based: Fixed
Technologies er-UAV system

RF Jamming, GNSS
Proximus Bukovel Mini-FX Ukraine RF Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Proximus Bukovel Ukraine RF Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
QiLing UAV Air Guard-200 China RF, Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

QinetiQ OBSIDIAN UK Radar Ground-based: Fixed

Quantum Aviation DroneProtect UK RF, EO, IR, Radar Ground-based: Fixed

Quantum Technology Vector QA-100 Seismic Acoustic De-

USA Ground-based: Fixed
Sciences SADAR tection and Ranging

RADA Electronic
MHR Israel Radar Ground-based: Mobile
Industries

RADA Electronic
RPS-42 Israel Radar Ground-based: Fixed
Industries

RADA Electronic
ieMHR Israel Radar Ground-based
Industries

35
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

RADA Electronic
xrMHR Israel Radar Ground-based
Industries

RADA Electronic
eCHR Israel Radar Ground-based
Industries

Rafael Advanced
I-Dome Israel Radar Projectile Ground-based: Mobile
Defense Systems

Rafael Advanced RF Jamming, GNSS

Drone Dome Israel Radar, EO, IR, RF Ground-based: Fixed
Defense Systems Jamming, Laser

Rajant MANET USA Swarming UAV

Raytheon MRZR USA EO, IR Laser Ground-based: Mobile

High Power Micro-

Raytheon Phaser USA EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
wave

Explosive Collision
Raytheon Coyote USA UAV
Drone

Raytheon High Energy Laser USA Laser Ground-based: Fixed

Raytheon KuRFS USA Radar Ground-based, Mobile

Explosive Collision
Raytheon Howler USA Radar, RF Ground-based, UAV
Drone

Raytheon Skyler USA Radar Ground-based: Fixed

Optional: Spoofing,
Radar, RF, Acoustic, RF Jamming, GNSS
Raytheon Windshear USA Ground-based: Fixed
EO, IR Jamming, High Power
Microwave

Remote Sensing
UAV Detection Radar Turkey Radar Ground-based
Technologies

RF Jamming, GNSS
Rheinmetall "Jammer" Germany Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

Rheinmetall Radshield Germany EO, IR, Radar Ground-based: Fixed

HEL Effector Wheel

Rheinmetall Germany Radar Laser Ground-based
XX

Rinicom Sky Patriot UK EO,IR Ground-based

Robin Radar Systems Elvira Netherlands Radar Ground-based: Fixed

Robodub N/A USA UAV UAV

RoboTiCan Goshawk Israel Collision Drone UAV

Rohde & Schwarz ARDRONIS-I Germany RF Ground-based: Fixed

Rohde & Schwarz ARDRONIS-D Germany RF Ground-based: Fixed

Rohde & Schwarz ARDRONIS-R Germany RF RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed

Rohde & Schwarz ARDRONIS-P Germany RF RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed

36
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

Rohde & Schwarz ARDN-WF Germany RF RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed

Rohde & Schwarz/ RF Jamming, GNSS

Guardion Germany Radar, RF, EO, IR Ground-based
ESG/Diehl Jamming

Laser, Electromagnet-
Roketsan Alka Turkey Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
ic pulse

Ruseletronics Russia Radar Handheld

Saab Group Giraffe 1x Sweden Radar Ground-based: Mobile

Anti-Drone Gun (안 RF Jamming, GNSS

Samjung Solution South Korea Handheld
티드론건) Jamming

SC Scientific and
Technical Center of Repellent-1 Russia RF RF Jamming Ground-based: Mobile
Electronic Warfare

SCG/Van Cleve &

DroneRANGER Switzerland Radar RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed
Associates

SCI Technology AeroGuard USA Net UAV

SDT Space and De- Radar, RF, EO, IR, RF Jamming, GNSS
Avci Turkey Ground-based: Fixed
fense Technologies Acoustic Jamming

Search Systems Sparrowhawk UK Net UAV

Sensing Products Osprey Air Australia Radar Ground-based

Sensofusion Airfence Finland RF Ground-based: Fixed

SESP Group Drone Defeater UK EO, IR, RF RF Jamming Ground-based: Mobile

SESP Group Drone Defeater UK RF, EO, IR RF Jamming Ground-based

Shen Zhou Ming Da RF Jamming, GNSS

DZ 03 China Handheld
High Technology Jamming

Shen Zhou Ming Da

DZDF-3A4D China RF Ground-based: Fixed
High Technology

Shen Zhou Ming Da

LionPAR E500-1011C China Radar Ground-based: Fixed
High Technology

Shen Zhou Ming Da

LionPAR E500-1014C China Radar Ground-based: Fixed
High Technology

Shen Zhou Ming Da LionPAR E3000-

China Radar Ground-based: Fixed
High Technology 2164C

Shen Zhou Ming Da

DZ-OF1 China EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
High Technology

Shen Zhou Ming Da RF Jamming, GNSS

DZ-DN1 China Ground-based: Fixed
High Technology Jamming

Shen Zhou Ming Da RF Jamming, GNSS

DZ-02 Pro China Handheld
High Technology Jamming

37
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

Shenzhen Jeair Avia- RF Jamming, GNSS

JA-CD01 China Handheld
tion Technology Jamming

Shenzhen Jeair Avia-

JA-CD02 China RF Ground-based
tion Technology

Shenzhen Jeair Avia-

JA-F01 China Radar Ground-based: Fixed
tion Technology

Shenzhen Sharphy Portable Shield Shape RF Jamming, GNSS

China
Electronic Jammer Jamming

Sierra Nevada Corpo- Handheld, Ground-

SkyCAP USA RF Jamming
ration based

eXpeditionary Mobile
Sierra Nevada Corpo-
Air Defense Integrat- RF Jamming, GNSS
ration/RADA/Ascent USA/Israel Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
ed System (X-MAD- Jamming
Vision Technologies
IS) FS

Sierra Nevada Corpo-

RF Jamming, GNSS
ration/RADA/Ascent X-MADIS Mobile USA/Israel Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Mobile
Jamming
Vision Technologies

Sierra Nevada Corpo-

RF Jamming, GNSS
ration/RADA/Ascent X-MADIS OTM USA/Israel Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Mobile
Jamming
Vision Technologies

Three Dimensional
Signal Systems Cor-
Acoustic Sensing Unit USA Acoustic Ground-based: Fixed
poration
(3DASU)

Counter UAV/UAS Radar, EO, IR, Illumi- RF Jamming, GNSS

Silent Sentinel UK Ground-based: Fixed
Platform nators Jamming

SkyCope SkyCope Canada RF RF Jamming Ground-based

RF Jamming, GNSS
Optional: Radar, EO,
SkyLock SkyLock Israel Jamming, Laser (Op- Ground-based, Mobile
IR, RF
tional)

SkyLock Safe Skies Israel Radar Airborne

360° Drone Detection

SkyLock Israel Radar Ground-based: Fixed
Radar

360° RF Drone Detec-

SkyLock Israel RF Ground-based: Fixed
tion System

RF Jamming, GNSS
SkyLock RF Anti-drone jammer Israel Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
SkyLock KNIGHT`S DOME Israel Handheld
Jamming

Counter Drone Net

SkyLock Israel Net UAV
Catcher

Counter Drone Laser

SkyLock Israel Laser Ground-based: Fixed
Burner

38
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

SkyLock ULRWS Israel Projectile Ground-based

Spoofing, RF Jam-
SkySafe Skysafe USA RF Handheld
ming, GNSS Jamming

Skysec Sentinel Catch Switzerland Net UAV

Skysec Sentinel Catch&Carry Switzerland Net UAV

Smart Shooter SMASH 2000 Israel Rifle Fire Control Handheld

Smart Anti-Vehicle
Ground-based: Fixed
SmartRounds Aerial Guided En- USA Projectile
or UAV
gagement (SAVAGE)

Snake River Shooting Drone Munition USA Projectile Handheld

Sohgo Security
Japan Acoustic Ground-based: Fixed
Services

RF Jamming, GNSS
Sozvezdie Borisoglebsk 2 Russia RF Ground-based, Mobile
Jamming

Sozvezdie Concern RF Jamming, GNSS

Solaris-N Russia RF Ground-based: Fixed
(Rostec) Jamming

SpotterRF A-150 USA Radar Ground-based: Fixed

SpotterRF A-600 USA Radar Ground-based: Fixed

SpotterRF A-3000 USA Radar Ground-based: Fixed

SpotterRF A-2000 USA Radar Ground-based: Fixed

SpotterRF 3D-500 USA Radar Ground-based: Fixed

Squarehead Discovair G2 Norway Acoustic Ground-based: Fixed

RF Jamming, GNSS
SRC Silent Archer USA Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Mobile
Jamming

ST Engineering SkyArcher Singapore RF, EO Spoofing Ground-based

ST Kinetics C-UAS Grenade Singapore Projectile Ground-based

Star Defence Logis- RF Jamming, GNSS

Estrella Spain Handheld
tics & Engineering Jamming

SteelRock Technol- RF Jamming, GNSS

Odin Xpeller UK RF Ground-based: Fixed
ogies Jamming, Spoofing

SteelRock Technol- RF Jamming, GNSS

NightFighter UK Handheld
ogies Jamming

SteelRock Technol- RF Jamming, GNSS

NightFighter L UK Handheld
ogies Jamming

SteelRock Technol- RF Jamming, GNSS

NightFighter X UK Handheld
ogies Jamming

System Drone/Em-
Spain Spoofing UAV
bention

39
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

SYT technologies XMR France EO, IR Ground-based

Tarsier Tarsier USA EO, IR Ground-based

RF Jamming, GNSS
Tayyar Systems Sa'aq Gun (SG3) Oman Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Tayyar Systems Sa'aq Gun (SG2) Oman Handheld
Jamming

TCI Blackbird USA RF Ground-based

Technology Service Aquila Seeker USA RF Collision Drone UAV

Tactical Expeditionary
Technology Service Mobile Protection USA Radar Ground-based: Mobile
Radar (TEMPR)

TeleRadio Engineer-
SkyDroner 1000 Singapore EO, Other Ground-based: Fixed
ing

TeleRadio Engineer-
SkyDroner 500 Singapore EO, Other Ground-based: Fixed
ing

RF Jamming, GNSS
Terra Hexen DBS Poland Ground-based
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
Terra Hexen SAFESKY Poland Radar, EO, Acoustic Ground-based
Jamming

Unidirectional Neu- RF Jamming, GNSS

Terra Hexen Poland Handheld
tralizer Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS Ground-based, Hand-

Textron Systems StrongArm USA
Jamming held

Thales Gecko France IR Ground-based: Fixed

Thales Margot 8000 France EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed

Thales Squire France Radar Ground-based: Fixed

RF Jamming, GNSS
Thales Horus Captor Spain Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

Thales Gecko M France IR Ground-based: Mobile

"AN/MPQ-64F1
Thales/Raytheon France Radar Ground-based: Fixed
Improved Sentinel"

Excipio Aerial Netting

Theiss UAV Solutions USA Net UAV
System

ThirdEye Systems Meduza Israel Radar, EO, IR Ground-based: Fixed

Tianjin Rongfei Intel- Tri-band Anti drone RF Jamming, GNSS

China Handheld
ligent Technology Rifle Jamming

Torrey Pines Logic Beam 220 USA EO, IR (Optional) Ground-based

Drone Detection
Toshiba Japan RF, EO Ground-based: Fixed
System

40
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

RF Jamming, GNSS
TRD Consultancy Orion-7 ++ Singapore Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
TRD Consultancy Orion-H Drone Slayer Singapore Handheld
Jamming

TRD Consultancy Orion-D Singapore RF Handheld

RF Jamming, GNSS
TRD Consultancy Orion-9 Singapore Handheld
Jamming

TRD Consultancy Orion-V Singapore RF Ground-based: Mobile

RF Jamming, GNSS
TRD Consultancy Orion-T Singapore Handheld
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS
TRD Consultancy Orion-B Singapore Ground-based: Mobile
Jamming

RF Jamming, GNSS Ground-based, Hand-

TRD Consultancy Orion Singapore RF, Radar, EO, IR
Jamming held

TrustComs DroneBlocker France TBA TBA Ground-based: Fixed

UAVOS Interception System Hong Kong Net UAV

RF Jamming, GNSS
Ukroboronprom Suricatta Ukraine RF Ground-based
Jamming

UkrSpecTechnika Anklav Ukraine GNSS Jamming Ground-based: Fixed

RF Jamming, GNSS
Unknown Valdai Russia RF Ground-based: Fixed
Jamming

Van Cleve & Asso-

cSENTRY USA Radar, EO, IR Dazzling Ground-based: Fixed
ciates

Vector Solutions Artemis USA RF Spoofing Ground-based

Version2 Portable Drone Sentry Canada RF Ground-based: Mobile

Version2 V2 Sentry Canada RF Ground-based: Fixed

Verus Technology
SkyView-DI USA RF Ground-based: Fixed
Group

Verus Technology
SkyView-MP USA RF Ground-based: Mobile
Group

Vigilant Drone
DDU-1 USA RF Ground-based
Defense

Vigilant Drone
DD-SP1 USA RF Jamming Ground-based: Mobile
Defense

Vigilant Drone
HH-SP1 USA RF Jamming Handheld
Defense

Vigilant Drone
DD-SP160 USA RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed
Defense

41
COUNTER-DRONE SYSTEMS 2nd Edition

Company Name Product Name Country of Origin Detection Interdiction Platform

Vigilant Drone
DD-SP360 USA RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed
Defense

Vigilant Drone
LRP-1 USA RF Jamming Handheld
Defense

Vigilant Drone
LRP-2 USA RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed
Defense

Vigilant Drone
LRY-2 USA RF Jamming Ground-based: Fixed
Defense

Vorpal VigilAir Drone Israel RF UAV

Vorpal VigilAir Israel RF Ground-based: Fixed

VigilAir Extract &

Vorpal Israel RF Spoofing Ground-based: Fixed
Control

WhiteFox Defense Dronefox Fortify USA RF Spoofing Ground-based: Fixed

WhiteFox Defense Dronefox Tactical USA RF Spoofing Ground-based: Mobile

WhiteFox Defense Scorpion USA RF Jamming Handheld

ZALA Aero Group Zont Russia GNSS Jamming Handheld

42