UK-Environmental Observation Framework (UK-EOF) Statement of Need

Lithosphere & Pedosphere Observation Requirements

Alongside development of Towards a Statement of Need, the UK-EOF has also
developed Observation requirements tables to capture more detailed information to
help articulate:
- The UK’s requirements for observing the natural environment
- The questions that we need to answer
- How close we are to being able to provide the evidence via a balanced suite
of observations.

For ease, information gathering has been split into environmental domains and for
each domain, what the specific issues or sub issues that are of importance for the
headline issues identified in the UK-EOF Statement of Need.

Information has been gathered from experts in their field via correspondence, a
workshop and open consultation. The tables are not final and some gaps exist in the
information. The UK-EOF will work to fill these gaps and revise the tables
accordingly.

Some of the sub-issues identified fall under several fundamental issues and there are
key dependencies with other environmental domains.

Observation requirements captured within the tables have not been prioritised in any
way, nor has current capability been identified. Prioritisation will be addressed via a
decision support framework which is also being developed under the UK-EOF and
capability or current activities are searchable within the UK-EOF Environmental
Observation Activity Catalogue (www.ukeof.org.uk).

Summary of Requirements (under each UK-EOF headline issue)

Pressure on all environments in the light of Population Growth and associated

pollution.
With increasing population, or changes in population density (as a result of
migration/immigration), there are increasing pressures on soils and the underlying
lithosphere. Such pressures include: pollution, increased demand for habitable land
or access to recreational areas, industrial intensification and waste management.
Some of the issues and pressures are also influenced by human behaviour, for
example the number of people living in the same household is decreasing, and as a
result there is increasing demand for housing stock and development. The
development of land itself raises issues such as which substrates will provide the
safest and most suitable ground conditions, what will be the percentage of soil
sealing and associated impacts for flooding or water supply, and should soils and
resources particularly suited for other functions (e.g. food production, strategically
valuable minerals) be sealed by development and permanently prevented from such
applications in the future? Population growth also places increasing demands on
suitable underground space for infrastructure and storage of resources or waste.

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Baseline information on subsurface properties and processes are needed along with
the ongoing monitoring of impacts from anthropogenic change.

There are increasing and diversifying demands for resources associated with the
lithosphere, such as minerals, energy, raw materials for infrastructure and
groundwater. To address these issues we need to monitor these pressures, their
interactions and impacts. Underwriting this, baseline mapping of resources,
monitoring and statistics of current usage and forecasts of future demands are all
required. Although much information is already collected for key resources, there are
significant gaps and it is apparent that collection is undertaken by a variety of
organisations (private and public). Therefore improved coordination and the
addressing of data discovery, access and interoperability issues need to be
addressed.

Supporting economic growth reconciled with sustainable use of natural

resources
Many of the issues require a better understanding of the properties, processes and
change in our soils, marine substrates and the deeper subsurface. In order to
determine whether our soils are ‘fit for purpose’ and can deliver the required goods
and services we must assess the condition of the soil, similar to the land suitability
surveys that are conducted for agriculture. By conducting assessments for other
services such as biodiversity or carbon storage information would be generated to
aid our understanding on how soils function and how threats may impact these
functions.

Spatial information on properties of soils, superficial deposits and bedrock provide

essential baseline information on ground and subsurface conditions. This can be
used for spatial planning and safe development both onshore and offshore. The
quality and resolution of baseline survey information on the UK’s lithosphere is
generally good. However significant gaps remain where augmentation is required to
ensure that the evidence base is fit for purpose in terms of policy, regulation and
wealth generation. Additional monitoring and periodic surveys are required in the
shallow subsurface zone of human interaction. This is where infrastructure
development, resource exploitation, waste disposal and a historical legacy of
uncontrolled contamination create a dynamically changing environment with complex
pathways for transport of resources and pollutants. The associated impacts and
risks are poorly understood and much relevant data is held by the private sector.
Bringing this data into the public domain is a key requirement.

Much of the information regarding where our geological resources are located are
also held by the private sector. To ensure security of supply in the long term,
baseline resource mapping needs to be coupled to the ongoing collection of
information on trends in global supply and demand. New technologies will create
new demands for raw materials e.g. rare earths and the UK will require strategic
access to these resources to support economic development and growth.

Soils and geology are intrinsically linked to water and water supply. As mentioned
under population growth, development and soil sealing can impact upon both water
and soil resources. There is a need to monitor how much land – and of what nature -
is being ‘lost to development’ and the impact that this is having on surrounding water

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supplies. Better understanding could lead to the development of effective mitigation
against the impacts of soil sealing.

As the UK moves towards alternative energy supplies, the impacts of increasing

biomass/biofuel production need to be understood. Other ‘renewables’ such as wind,
solar and tidal energy require full life cycle monitoring of impacts and footprints, much
of which will be offshore. The growing use of shallow geothermal energy requires
baseline knowledge and monitoring of subsurface properties and heat potential to
support effective resources evaluation, deployment and regulation.

Understanding future states of the Earth, particularly the Carbon Cycle (but not
excluding other element cycles)
There is a need to determine whether soils are acting as sinks or sources of carbon
and other greenhouse gases, and also to what extent? To answer questions
regarding the fluctuation, controls and potential mitigation options, long term
monitoring across the UK, which should include both marine sediments and salt
marshes, will be required. The erosion or exploitation of peat beds could also lead to
the release of carbon and greenhouse gases. To be able to determine the extent of
this issue periodic monitoring of the carbon content, spatial distribution and erosion
rates are necessary.

Work is in progress to identify potential carbon dioxide storage sites and capabilities
for the UK, (most or all of which will be offshore). This needs accelerating if the
power generation industry is to meet demands for emissions reduction. When sites
are selected and in use, real time monitoring programmes to assess whether there is
leakage will need to be put in place. Associated with this is a need to increase our
knowledge on how soils process carbon and other elements. Improved
understanding of their flows through the soil and the natural fluctuations could be
used to provide information surrounding the consequences and mitigation of potential
leakage from carbon dioxide storage sites.

Natural leakage of carbon dioxide and methane from permafrost melt and marine
hydrates also require monitoring to not only assess the rate of release, but also links
to climate forcing, feedbacks and tipping points. These issues are of great concern in
the Arctic and therefore cross-cut requirements within the cryosphere domain.
International collaboration may be needed to address such cross cutting issues.

Fisheries, Agriculture, Food Security and Water Supply

There is an important link between soil health, quality and functioning. Periodic soil
inventories could provide information on the health, quality and which soils are most
productive; the timescales for these will vary according to the parameters being
considered.

The relationship between productivity and function within different soils and for
example, water conservation, pollutant or climate buffering, are not well understood.
Nor do we adequately understand how threats and pressures may impact upon such
functioning. This is further complicated by the fact that different soils will respond
differently to threats and therefore the threats will vary across the country. Defra are
currently looking at soil functionality however it was suggested that broadscale
indicators could be used to identify when there is a problem - when triggered these
‘monitoring indicators’ could then trigger further investigation, which would provide an
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integrated view of what is happening within the system (akin to ‘Tier’ concepts).
Periodic surveys (e.g. every 5 years) could be undertaken however they may need to
be increased to address more precise questions.

Recently there have been moves to encourage local food sourcing. However some
areas are naturally nutrient or trace-element deficient and this could have impacts on
both land management and human health. Different forms of land management
themselves will have different impacts on different soil types and there is a need to
understand which techniques are most destructive or restorative for the different soil
types.

The UK has dependencies on food imports and as soil degradation overseas would
affect global food security, it could be a bigger threat to the UK than small changes in
UK soil productivity. Although the UK should focus on managing our own natural
resources, it is important that the UK has access to appropriate global observations
which monitor such issues and that there is a national capacity to respond to
associated threats (intelligence approach).

Forestry falls within this headline issue, however little information has been gathered
in this area and further work is needed to identify the relevant observation
requirements.

Human Health, Wealth and Wellbeing

Soils and the deeper lithosphere can be both a source and sink of pollutants and can
provide pathways, buffers or barriers for pollutant transport. Measurements to
determine which soils are the sources of pollutants are necessary both on a national
and local scale for soils that may be subject to pollution from waste disposal,
contaminated land or accidental spillages. The latter would require more frequent
(daily) monitoring, whereas information on pollutant loads could be collected via a
periodic inventory. Within the UK both soil and sediment inorganic geochemistry
baseline inventories are deficient and baseline information on organic or radiological
contaminants is absent for much of the nation.

Pathogens also reside in the soil and increased understanding of loads, risks and
potential spread via vectors in contact with the soil (for example by livestock - grazing
on the land) are required on both a regional and national level.

Atmospheric pollution caused by wind erosion of rock or soil dust is a problem for
respiratory disease and therefore links need to be made with observations carried out
for the atmosphere [environmental domain].

It is thought that there are links human wellbeing and the availability of green space,
land and soils for recreation. Measurements which would allow assessment and
quantification of their social value are necessary on both a local and national scale.
Mental health consequences, as a result of environmental disasters and perception
of risk are an area that is often overlooked. There may be benefit in increased
observations linked to research in the social and behavioural sciences. Although
previously out of scope for the UK-EOF, socio-economic observation requirements is
an area that the UK-EOF will be looking at in 2010.

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Understanding, avoiding and mitigating the effects of Extreme Events and
Disasters
For the lithosphere, the requirements for observations fall into 4 main categories:

• Monitoring of long term environmental change e.g. climate and its impact on
extreme event frequency, intensity and impact.
• Monitoring of day to day ‘background’ processes to identify signals, trends or
triggers that may indicate an imminent event.
• Monitoring of the events themselves to observe processes and impacts and
contribute to emergency responses and mitigation of aftermath and long term
impacts.
• Rapid response capability to follow up events and gather new observations to
support ongoing research on prediction, pre-emption and mitigation
strategies.

If monitoring systems are coupled to baseline information on lithosphere properties,

(which themselves provide spatial knowledge of hazard distribution and
susceptibility), they could be used to inform risk assessment, contingency and
mitigation strategies. For example, when considering landslides and subsidence,
information on the types of soil, rocks and structures most prone to landslides are
provided by baseline surveys and are used to map the distribution of, and
susceptibility to, hazards to life, property and infrastructure. Real time monitoring will
help to model and predict timing and/or impacts of individual events and by coupling
the information with models of climate change, could be used to develop scenarios of
how vulnerability and impacts will change in the future.

By increasing our understanding of which rocks, sediments or landforms are most

prone to erosion, we can determine which geographic regions will be at most risk to
coastal or soil erosion. Periodic monitoring/mapping could be undertaken using
remote sensing techniques and surveys linked to time series information on erosion
rates and how this could be impacted by temperature, rainfall and storminess. This
information could be fed into relevant planning cycles for future management.

Flooding incidents are becoming more common both within the UK and in some
regions of the globe. There is a need to understand the risk and identify which areas
are most prone. Measurements need to relate to the water storage capacity of soils
and water infiltration. Further information is also required to predict areas prone to
groundwater flooding and whether events will increase with a changing climate.
Conversely measurements to help us to understand how droughts could impact on
soil biodiversity and how we can best manage soils under drought conditions are also
needed.

In order to make contingency plans and predict the environmental impacts of a

nuclear disaster, further knowledge on how soils respond to radionuclides is needed.
This would include soil attenuation, buffering and resilience to the effects. Post
event monitoring would determine the extent of the effects and recovery.

Identification of the locations most suitable for burial of carcasses in the event of
pandemics requires extant knowledge of soil and lithology to avoid issues such as
groundwater pollution. Post-burial would also require site monitoring to confirm that
pollution was not occurring.
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Some extreme events may not be directly relevant to the UK itself but will have
relevance to UK overseas territories; this includes secondary seismic hazards (such
as tsunamis) and volcanic activity. Post event observations to determine the damage
and monitor further impacts are necessary along with relevant measurements to
predict and respond to events.

Understanding and reducing the impacts of environmental change on marine

and terrestrial biological diversity, ecosystems & services
Participants unanimously noted that ecosystems and ecosystem services are intrinsic
to the lithosphere and pedosphere and would therefore be covered under all of the
fundamental issues. Ecosystem functioning is a broad and complex subject requiring
many measurements to understand the relationships that are occurring within the
system. Continuous measurements are required to understand how change impacts
function and how resilient the system is to cope with change. For management
purposes periodic measurements would suffice.

As well as functioning of soils, there is a need to understand the biodiversity status

within the soils - whether this is changing (both taxonomically and functionally) and
the significance of these changes. Some relevant work has been done in this area
including the Countryside Survey, SNIFFER LQ09, National Soil Inventory and the
Environmental Change Biodiversity Network. Defra are also developing a series of
biological soil quality indicators. When these are prescribed, baseline data will be a
fundamental requirement. Information on the variability of ecosystems between soils
and also the importance of these soil ecosystems for terrestrial biodiversity are also
required.

High resolution baseline surveys of seabed substrate conditions and mobility are
required to model impacts of new marine infrastructure (e.g. renewable energy
installations, carbon capture and storage pipelines/ repositories) on marine benthic
communities.

Understanding climate variability and climate change within Earth System

Science.
Both the direct and indirect effects of climate change have impact upon the
lithosphere and pedosphere. Several issues link to those under extreme events such
as ground stability and erosion.

Coastal change is linked to erosion and landslides, as well as cross cutting issues
such as hazard management. Along with measurements to map erosion rates, there
are requirements to measure the seaward processes such as sediment distribution,
properties and transport. Current observations are adequate for local areas however
these are not coordinated and there is no national picture.

Climate impacts such as temperature on the biodiversity of soils and water content
are considered to be important issues as both affect the function and services of
soils. Water content and the risk of drought affect land management for arable land.
Measurements, for which there is some local but no national coverage, will help to
identify areas at risk. Climate change could also affect groundwater quality and
quantity for which real time measurements of key sites are needed, with lower
frequencies for wider areas.
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Scientific and Technological Advancement/Innovation
There is a need for more reliable measurements which can provide real time, in situ
data acquisition. Within the lithosphere and pedosphere there is large spatial
variability; soils vary widely across the country which makes up- or down-scaling and
extrapolation of measurements difficult. Monitoring networks should be integrated
and information intelligently processed. This can be enhanced by the sharing of
techniques across disciplines.

Many technological advancements developed in other areas of science are

applicable to soil science and geology. Out of the box thinking, to apply these to the
lithosphere or pedosphere, should be encouraged to stimulate new ideas.

Models for groundwater are relatively advanced however there is often a lack of
empirical data for verification, there is therefore a need to determine what
observations are required to test unified models.

Other Requirements and General Comments

As found with other environmental domains some of the issues are peripheral to
actual requirements for observations. Comparison of field methods across
programmes such as the National Soil Inventory and the Countryside Survey would
be beneficial to determine the comparability of results and drawing of conclusions.
Important issues surrounding data interoperability and re-purposing such as the use
of common standards, formats and information are valid and will be addressed by the
UK-EOF Data Initiative.

If we are to be resilient in terms of ‘expecting the unexpected’ and dealing with

unforeseen events or priorities that may arise then monitoring data that is not of
immediate and obvious utility is required. In order to be able to deal we need a
balanced suite of observations, and along with the collection, stringent, secure
archiving. Crucially such archiving does not only apply to data, but also to physical
samples. These need to be preserved appropriately and accordingly.

When considering the general use of soils, measurements to answer questions over
trade offs of soil functions and exploitation with minimal damage, would be complex
and would vary greatly with the specific questions being asked. However this is a
likely requirement for the future.

Within the requirements tables themselves, the primary use for the observation data
is dependent on who is asking the questions (i.e. scientist or policy maker); this is
also reflected on the frequency required for observations – often research will require
high frequency, whereas longer term monitoring may for various reasons including
cost, demand lower frequencies.

In terms of soil observations, there is a generic requirement for an accurate and

comprehensive monitoring of a range of soil physical, chemical and biological
properties in space and time. Biological data is currently extremely poorly
represented at a national scale. We have a strong appreciation of what the properties
should be for different contexts (i.e. the headline issues in the tables below), and an
increasing – but not yet adequate - understanding of what the spatial and temporal
scales should be. Existing soil surveys and inventories can be used to inform this
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process, but there is a requirement to duly understand what the caveats are to any
interpretations of such data. The challenge is that there can be no one monitoring
structure suited to all purposes, and soil monitoring is inherently expensive. Thus the
priority questions have to defined – with some urgency – and monitoring systems
implemented, otherwise there is a danger of delaying any action using the excuse of
“awaiting more understanding”. There is no doubt that the higher the spatial
resolution of such data, the potential effectiveness of applications increases
markedly, and data sets that can aid the prescription of the appropriate scale are in
existence.

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Lithosphere and Pedosphere Observation Requirement Table
Information captured in the table will help to articulate what the UK’s requirements are for observing the natural environment, what the questions are that we need
to answer and how close we are to being able to provide that evidence via a balanced suite of environmental observations.

For each environmental domain information has been collected on the specific issues or sub issues that are of importance for the headline issues identified in the
UK-EOF Statement of Need.

Consultation with the community has led to the population and validation of the following table. The tables are currently ‘work in progress’ and will continue to be
revised as requirements and priorities change. The requirements captured have not been prioritised in any way.

Table 1 Fundamental Issues (one table for every environmental domain) LITHOSPHERE PEDOSPHERE Version 2
Specific/Sub Issue What are the key Measurement Type Frequency of What What is the Are the current actions /
questions that require collection geographic primary use measurements sufficient to provide
answering in order to (variables that would need to coverage do we for the data? the evidence needed to address the
address the specific/sub be measured to provide
e.g.
issue? evidence to address the need? issue?
A continuous
specific issues) A) Basic Science
measurement for 1
B) characterising
week in Spring, A) UK If known, please list the current
environmental
repeated every 2 B) England programmes/sensors which are capable of
issues/solution
years. C) N. Ireland providing the evidence (e.g. for Sea Surface
s (influencing
Or D) Scotland Temperature AATSR, SLSTR. AVHRR, AMSR
policy)
A spot measurement, E) Wales and Modis satellites are capable of measuring
C) Direct env.
once a week, every F) Localised UK SST).
Management
week throughout the (e.g. part of
D) Modelling &
year. Wales)
Prediction
Or G) Europe (non UK)
E) Complying with
Irregular H) Global
Legislation
measurements as I) Other (please
F) Development
required i.e. extreme specify)
& Growth
event monitoring. J) Ocean/Sea
(please specify

GENERIC POINTS Generic question is soil Generically, detailed This needs reviewing in context of
suitability for particular land- soil inventory / auditing extant data when it is collated. Almost
use so that least damage is of the resource – universally, the answer is going to be
done to the soil resource spatial scale will vary ‘partly’, i.e. spatial or temporal
(i.e. sustainable use), and according to question resolution is often going to be
that given not all soils can as will the properties compromised, but ultimately depends

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 provide all functions needed … many on resolution of answer required to the
simultaneously, trade-offs properties = complex ! questions….
are optimised at (local and Temporal scale
?) and national levels explicitly covered by
next column… SNIFFER study (LQ09) provides good
Cost-effective survey, summary of soils data as of 2006
inventory and observation Getting the resolution
programmes needed that right to balance cost DEFRA Soil Indicators Consortium
balance multiplicity of user against diversity of (UK-SIC) has been working on
needs at local to national application. Evaluating defining pertinent soil indicators, less
resolutions and communicating so on optimised sampling and
uncertainty in frequencies (as noted, this is rather
observations and case-contingent).
models derived from
them. Prioritisation is Extent of development, vegetation
needed given that it will etc compromises value of remote
certainly be impractical sensing observation of lithosphere
to realise the ‘ideal’ at high resolution in UK. Airborne
scenario – but may geophysics a highly valuable tool
wish to consider for many applications but national
different levels of coverage is currently at too low
pragmatism, e.g. an resolution for environmental
‘imperative’, ‘important/ applications. In the future, this may
necessary’ and change with technological
‘desirable’ grading of developments.
scenarios
Population Growth (Pressure on all environments in the light of population growth and associated pollution)
Effects and Which soils are most suited Habitable land - Irregular Need a better mechanism for
A-G(H) given
Pressures on Soil to providing a platform colonisation of land A, B, C, D, E measuring loss of land to development
migration context
function? surface – Cite EEA report.
GMES Priority Service
Soil ‘Strength’ Much data held by geotechnical
community

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 Geological Functions Soil parent material map available,
much data in private sector on soil
physical properties
Likelihood of Flooding Susceptibility to groundwater flooding
available for parts of Thames valley,
no wider dataset
Rates of
Degradation/Recovery
Soil Sealing percentage 5 yearly
(see also economic
growth & Sustainability)
What are the future
requirements – related to
population growth &
projections?
What pressures will soils be Pollutants, baseline 5 yearly A, F Soil baseline geochemistry (inorganic)
under with respect to geochemistry available for central England and NI,
pollution given population stream sediment geochemistry for all
growth / intensification of UK except area to south of M4
industry? (approx). Lower resolution dataset
based on NSRI dataset available
2010?
How will increasing Population – spatially A-F (G,H if See also Agriculture table
population affect demands explicit demography modelling
for food production and includes global
national food security ? patterns which
will affect UK)
Impacts on How will urbanisation and Spatial distribution of Irregular for A, F & J for A, B, C, D, E Information can be used for 3D
resources changing resources baseline baselines modelling. BGS Capability – need to
demographics/socio- geoscience expand to improve superficial geology.
political factors impact on Character of resources surveys, ongoing Ongoing need to monitor resource
mineral/energy/groundwater near real time usage against demand

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 resources and Aquifers, recharge requirement for Funding ‘ring-fenced’ until the next
sterilisation/pollution? rates, baseflow monitoring CSR, but there is a danger of cuts and
aquifer response loosing a data collection season.
to urbanisation Much data in water industry, EA, BGS,
and increasing requires synthesis and modelling
Geology (including demand Ongoing and enlarging survey.
superficial) Baseline geology OK onshore, higher
resolution needed offshore for spatial
planning (offshore renewables,
infrastructure, benthic habitats.
Geochemistry Baselines deficient in Scotland and
Southern England (see above)
Geophysical mapping Higher resolution airborne EM and
radiometric data (equivalent to NI
TELLUS survey) required for rest of
UK
Groundwater levels Some data held in private sector (but
there are accessibility issues) BGS
holds national well records database,
EA has data, much data retained in
private sector (accessibility issues),
Temperature Groundwater temperature collected
and monitored by water companies,
need to investigate accessibility
Mines/Quarry Surveys Directory produced by BGS, every 2
years
Minerals Much data held in private sector
(accessibility issues). Need to involve
industry organisations. Funding ‘ring-
fenced’ until the next CSR, but there is
a danger of cuts and losing a data
collection season. BGS data on
Mineral Statistics and commodities
available through Minerals UK website

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 Chemistry 5 yearly re- Stream sediment chemistry available,
sampling for except southern England (see above),
pervasive hydrochemistry data in BGS, EA and
pollutants, private sector, gaps need to be
proxies investigated
estuarine/marine J (UK Low resolution marine geochemistry
sediment chemistry Continental data available for continental shelf,
Shelf) high- resolution data available for
Clyde estuary and parts of Thames
Are sufficient resources Requires estimation of Demands Information on commodities prices,
available? (Related to reserves, forecasts of change, so at usage statistics on minerals available
energy requirement to use demand least every five from BGS
resources) years
Infrastructure Are there sufficient raw Materials audit 1- 5 years A, G, H There is a need for improved auditing
materials for infrastructure (1-5 years) of consented minerals with
development? demand and availability. What are the
imports from overseas – Global
context?
Will there be a need for Engineering properties Geological maps available, but critical
using underground space? and processes in the information gap in shallow subsurface
subsurface needed to zone (0-40m) requires 3D datasets
inform spatial planning
decisions

Water Cycle/Supply How will changing Water Capacity Much data is in the private sector,
population growth affect the synthesised by EA
availability of water? Seasonal A, F, G, H A, B, C, D, E
Water Demand

Access/Recreational What are the conflicts Demand and impacts 5 yearly A, F A, B, C, D, E National Trust and National Parks
demand between access and have data??
recreational use?

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Waste How can the soil be best Contaminants See above? Monitoring of test sites
Disposal/Pollution used when considering would be useful to assess
waste disposal/ recycling? effectiveness of bio-remediation
5 yearly A, F A, B, C, D, E methods
Impacts

Economic Growth & Sustainability (Allowing Economic Growth and sustainable use of natural resources such as aggregates, minerals and
energy).
Condition of Soils Are soils ‘fit for purpose’, to Audit (monitoring) for 5 – 10 yearly A, F: UK wide A, B, C, D (not Partly – see overarching section
what extent can they deliver status & processes and regional E?)
the panoply of ecosystem
goods and services ?
Resources Where are geological Mapping, statistics Assessment of A, J (UK and B, C, D, E Information important for issues such
(geological, land, resources? E.g. Coal, Oil, extraction, reserves baseline Continental as CCS storage potential, geothermal
soils) Water, minerals, capacity, ongoing shelf) (see Carbon), minerals statistics
geothermal? need for stats on available from BGS but ongoing need
commodity usage
and availability,
2-5 year intervals
What is the vulnerability to Spatial distribution of Irregular baseline A-F, J for A, B, C, D, E Generally good baseline coverage of
the depletion/sterilisation of resources (type and surveys, 1-5yrs baselines basic geological data available for the
the following resources : resolution dependent for UK
• Minerals? on economic priorities) mines/quarries
• Energy? Available inventories, 1- Impacts mainly economic, complex
• Groundwater? resources/reserves in 5yrs for minerals relationships between supply, demand
• Oil? context of usage trends stats and sustainability needs to be
• Gas? and statistics addressed (loss of one resource
• Water? requires replacement by another).
• Coal? Foresight required to evaluate future
• Food? strategic supply/demands for raw
• Gas Hydrates? materials emerging from new
technologies e.g. batteries for fuel cell
powered vehicles

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 Is land safe for Engineering properties Baseline surveys A-F A-E 3d properties data lacking in shallow
development? and processes, of properties and subsurface, see above. Ongoing need
geohazards processes, for monitoring hazards and responding
ongoing to individual events, ongoing
monitoring of monitoring of unstable land and built
hazards by infrastructure to asses long term
various means climate change impacts
including remote
sensing,
geophysical
sensors,
integrated
Is the full life cycle of Requires integration A-E A-E Requires integrated assessment of
resource use considered at and interoperability of many environmental datasets
the outset (e.g. after use diverse EO datasets to
options, waste storage)? support decision-
making and spatial
planning
What impact has the legacy Inventories of mines/ See above See above See above Airborne infra-red good for mine
of mining on land use and quarries workings, also see above
development?
Mineral usage stats to See above See above See above
predict trends This is urgently required if the UK to
avoid importing aggregates and
Which minerals should the Mineral usage stats to See above See above See above
armour stone (coastal erosion).
UK seek to renew predict trends
Foundation What is the availability of Ground conditions, See above See above See above 3d properties data lacking in shallow
Conditions infinitely suitable areas for Engineering properties subsurface, see above. Ongoing need
built development? and behaviour of for monitoring hazards and responding
ground materials, to individual events, ongoing
geohazards monitoring of unstable land and built
infrastructure to asses long term
climate change impacts

Revised January 2010 15

Energy Can we harness Ground water heat National GIS on ground source heat
geothermal energy? exchange capacity , and geothermal energy
geothermal potential, being prepared by BGS; ground
ground heat flow source heat not regulated yet,
capacity supporting data requirements for
regulation not yet clear.
What is the impact of Requires integration
alternative energy such as: and interoperability of
• Biomass/biofuel diverse EO datasets to
production? support decision-
• Harnessing Solar power making and spatial
• Wind energy planning
• Tidal energy
Is this question too
general for specific
response?

Radioactive waste What is the level of Radioactivity, baseline Real time, one off F A, B, C, D, E Airborne radiometrics desirable for
storage radioactive waste survey of background baseline surveys new build sites (nuclear power
contamination, and if so, radiation of potential sites stations, waste sites),
what measures are required
to reduce levels?
Is the contamination Spatial mapping of Process related A, F A, B, C, D, E
bioavailable? transport pathways,
monitoring of
contamination
movement for individual
sites
CCS – See CO2 Storage under Carbon

Soil Sealing What is the impact of soil Area lost to 5 yearly A B Remote sensing?
sealing on water resources development

Revised January 2010 16

 & the reduction in soil Quality of area
resources?

Can development mitigate

the impacts of soil sealing?

Global impacts How do overseas events Requires integration

(interactions) impact the UK? (e.g. and interoperability of
interconnections with diverse EO datasets
food/water shortages)

Is this question too

general – are there more
specific questions that
need answering?
Geodiversity
Amenity
Carbon Cycle (Understanding future states of the earth, including element cycles, in particular the Carbon Cycle)
Carbon/ GHG Are soils acting as sources Soil C content (all Need to consider marine sediments,
sources and sinks or sinks of C, and to what forms, incl. organic & including salt-marshes (presently
extent (budgets for C DOC) with depth enormous uncertainty of inventories).
trading and targets) ? Bulk Density 3 – 10 per yr, i.e.
at appropriate It is uncertain which is the best
Stock (depth x BD x A, UK Wide method to use. Should however
resolution to
density C x area). F Localised consider loss of volume not just
allow A, B, C, D, E
Fluxes G Europe concentration.
intervention.
H Global
Are soils acting as sources As above for: Long term
or sinks of other GHGs? • Nitrous Oxide monitoring.
• Methane
• Oil
• Coal
• Gas

Revised January 2010 17

 What are the controls? Requires integration
and interoperability of
Again is this too general diverse EO datasets
and are there more
specific questions that
need answering?
What can be done to Requires integration
mitigate/ reduce the and interoperability of
effects? diverse EO datasets
Again is this too general
and are there more
specific questions that
need answering?
Condition of Permafrost distribution Initial baseline of Little info on changes in permafrost
Permafrost (See also permafrost thickness and linking permafrost
Cryosphere issues) distribution, retreat to methane release
annual to real
time monitoring Satellite TM? Airborne sniffer
What is the extent of at specific sites H(Arctic; Mainly Requires access to circumpolar
permafrost melt and Russia with territories for data acquisition
CO2/methane release? Permafrost thickness some other A, B, D, C
(Large policy implications) (changes) global locations)

Boreholes
Annual to real
Ground and Airborne time??
geophysics
Gas Sniffer???

Marine Methane What are the Spatial distribution of Survey of spatial H, J (continental A, B, D Limited surveys of UK coastal margin
Hydrate impacts/gains/feedbacks of host sediments distribution. slope and shelf, in progress, past events being
climate change on stability Quantity (of host especially the mapped (pock marks etc), seismicity
and methane hydrate sediments) Arctic) being monitored, no systematic

Revised January 2010 18

 release? Stability (of host monitoring of monitoring of events
sediments) landslide/seismic
What are the links between events
releases and events? (e.g. Methane release Monitoring of
seismicity, landslides, Ocean temperature events and
ocean temperature etc.) triggers (temp,
Pressure pressure,
seismiciity
Condition of Peats, How will the distribution, Spatial distribution Baseline survey Do we need soil observatories in
organo-mineral & thickness and erosion rates (time series mapping) of distribution different agro-climatic zones across
mineral soils of peat/mineral soils be the UK?
impacted by climate Erosion rates 5 year Can we relate extreme erosion events
change? (This equates to frequency? (via e.g. bog bursts to carbon fluxes?
stock and baseline A, F, G, H
Remote (Regional and
condition). sensing)? National UK, A, B, C, D
Carbon content (all Europe & Global)
forms: DOC, POC, DIC,
Total C Stock
Will methane and other GHG Fluxes
GHG be released from
peats and at what rate?
CO2 Storage What are the capacities and Spatial distribution Baseline analysis A, B, C, D, E Work in progress nationally but
sites for safe geological of storage inventory of safe storage sites needs
storage of CO2? Physical properties capacity, linked accelerating if power generation
Porosity permeability of to assessment of A-F, J industry is to meet demands for
reservoirs capture needs, emissions reduction
sources and
Cap rock integrity
sinks
Are geological storage sites CO2 leakage (gas/fluid Real time NB this is not just confined to carbon
intact or is there escapes) dioxide but also radioactive waste
leakage/contamination? F (see Other section). In SAR could be
used for monitoring ground elevation
changes resulting from gas storage

Revised January 2010 19

 Ground water No systematic measurement yet at
displacement/ fluxes in demonstration sites
saline aquifers used for
storage
What are the capacities and As above for Soils
sites for safe soil storage of
carbon (e.g. biochar)?
How do soils process Wide range of A, F Extant soil inventories provide modest
carbon? biogeochemical precedent data but inadequate plans
measurements currently in place.

Is carbon leaked from To be developed? Process related A, F

storage sites in a
bioavailable form?
Can we estimate the level To be developed for 1 to 5 years for
of carbonate precipitation? CCS reservoirs, operational sites?
seismic anisotropy may
be solution
Carbon and What direction and rate Spatial Distribution Process based A, F, G, H A, B, C, D, E
Nitrogen Flows does carbon and nitrogen (Local & National
flow through the soil/rock? UK, Europe &
Flow rate Global)

Agriculture, Food Security & Water Supply (The effects of environmental change on agriculture, food security and water supply)
Soil Which soils are most Soil inventory: Annual A, F (UK Wide A, B, C, D, E Partly – see overarching section
Productivity/Quality/ appropriate to deliver (C and nutrients, pH, and Localised
Health production function? bulk density)
Yield data (plant and Must exist – a National Statistic
livestock) (ADAS ?) but where does this
reside now and who has the current
remit for tracking national yield
data ?
Microbial diversity 5-10 y A-F A-D(E) No

Revised January 2010 20

 Microbial function ?? A-F A-D(E) No
Is the production capacity of As above 5 y (??) A-F A-D(E) No
soils being sustained?

What is the relationship

between
productivity/function and:
a) water conservation
b) pollutant buffering
in different soils?
(and how would pressures
affect this relationship – see
pressures below).
Forestry Storage? Or Loss? Extent Annual A, F, G, H. (UK A, B, C, D, E
local and
national, Europe
and Global)
Water Storage/ What is propensity of soils Storage capacity Event Based A, F (UK Wide A, B, C, D, E
Flooding to store water / mitigate and localised)
flooding ?

How will ground instability Changes in ground Monthly A, F, G (UK wide A, B, C, D, E PS –InSAR (Permanent Scatter,
impact on flooding e.g. level & sea level and localised, inferometric synthetic aperture radar)
coastal subsidence (integrated) Europe & Global) – observes crustal strain accumulation
(technique used to reveal
subsidence), GPS, Gravity, Tide
gauges.
Will Soils harvest rainwater Storage Capacity
and to what degree?

Revised January 2010 21

Climate Buffering How do soils buffer GHG fluxes Continuous A, F, G, H A, B, C, D, E Partly – national audits are occurring
climate? (e.g for ammonia, and others (?)) –
Which ones are relevant here?

Pressures What is the impact of Erosion rates of soil 5 years A, F (All scales A, B, C, D, E
erosion on soil types and resolutions)
productivity/functioning for Links to soil Indicators of
different soil types? productivity/quality for quality/structure/disturbance due to
specific soil type erosion required
What is the impact of Soil productivity 5 years A, F (All scales A, B, C, D, E
organic matter decline on Organic Matter content and resolutions) Indicators of soil quality/structure
soil productivity/ functioning required
for different soil types?
What is the impact of Soil Productivity 5 years A, F (All scales A, B, C, D, E
acidification on soil and resolutions)
productivity/functioning for Soil Acidity Indicators of soil
different soil types? quality/structure/acidity required
What is the impact of Soil Productivity 5 years A, F (All scales A, B, C, D, E
salinisation on soil and resolutions)
productivity/functioning for Soil Salinity Indicators of soil
different soil types? quality/structure/salinity required
(may become relevant with
sea level rise)
What is the impact of Soil Productivity 5 years A, F (All scales A, B, C, D, E
drought on soil and resolutions)
productivity/functioning for Soil Water Content Indicators of soil
different soil types? quality/structure/water content
required
How do the various Pollutant
pressures affect pollutant concentrations
buffering within different soil
types

Revised January 2010 22

Land Management What forms of land Soil Quality of A UK Wide
management are most managed land (with F Localised
destructive/restorative to known management
different soil types? techniques)
Where can we learn from Desk studies H Global See FAO website.
techniques developed
elsewhere e.g.
Conservation Agriculture
Biomass/Biofuels – see Energy under Economic Growth
Food sourcing There is increasing
pressure to source food
locally, however some
areas are nutrient deficient
– what implications does
this have for human health?
Human Health (Consequences of environmental change for human health, wealth and well being)
Pollution Which soils are sources of Surface flow Daily A, F UK Wide, C
pollutants? Subsurface flow Catchment
monitoring
What are pollutant loads in Soil inventory - metal, 5 – 10 y A, F UK Wide A, B, C, D, E Soil and stream sediment
soils, and associated risks? POP and Localised geochemistry inventory deficient in
(With respect to proximity to southern England (see above),
habitation ?) organics information patchy

What is the contribution of Baseline Geochemical Baseline survey NB Link to Atmosphere. Soils, rocks
metals to air and water mapping (continuation) and superficials to dust – PM10s and
contamination in natural nanoparticles.
Air/water particulate Irregular,
rock and superficials?
composition and following up
Loads vs. concentrations
distribution, linked to weather, flood
forensic and pollution
characterisation of events
superficials/soils,

Revised January 2010 23

 Calibration of
industrial/environmental
change.
Pathogens What are pathogen loads in Soil Inventory – A, F: UK Wide
soils and what are the pathogen loads and Localised
associated risks?
Remote Sensors?
Are soil pathogens linked to Pathogen A, F UK Wide
the spread of animal genome/DNA. and Localised
disease (blue tongue or
other vector borne diseases Pathogen
– malaria) spread/distribution in
soil
How can we resolve
conflicts with recycling and
private/public water
supplies?
Hazardous Gas Will climate driven changes Monitoring of individual Real time A, F UK wide D, E Data may already be available?
in ventilation/air properties, and localised Where?
conditioning systems raise representative sample (representative
susceptibility to type sample types)
environmental radon and Remote Sensing?
other hazardous gases?
Extreme Events – (see specific section) e.g. Earth quakes, Volcanoes, Landslides, Tsunamis
Recreation /Human What is status of soils for
Well being recreation ?

What is the importance of Green space (area) (Human Health data is out of scope for
green spaces for human the UK-EOF however environmental
well being? (and therefore data on the amount of greenspace is
the social benefits of soil)? in scope).
Social Aspects

Revised January 2010 24

 What is the impact on
health (including mental)
and well being of
soil/lithosphere events and
changes in condition?
Waste Disposal What are the sources, and Geochemical Daily A, F UK Wide Needs operation of source pathway
sinks of heavy metals and monitoring and regional. receptor principle, and hence
organics from sites / in ?? interoperable datasets
Dust
Are there conflicts with
recycling?

Wind Erosion To what extent is wind Wind erosion rates

erosion linked to respiratory
Dust
issues?
Extreme Events & Disasters
Much of the monitoring for extreme events/disasters will be event driven sampling or for use in the development of pre-emptive infrastructure.

Ground Instability What soils, rock types and Soil inventory: annual ? A-F C, B, D Information can be used to determine
e.g. Landslides and structures are most prone • Structure & Sub Soil the risk to life, property and
Subsidence to landslides / bog bursts? • Bulk Density infrastructure.
• Sediment loads
• Erosion rates

Where and when do As above and Event based A, F (high risk A, B, C, D Remote Sensing – Lidar
landslides occur? Mapping of landslides areas) Monitoring (strain, groundwater levels,
ground resistivity) available for some
major landslides, more needed to
assess risks
How will Climate change As above and Annual to real A, F (high risk A, B, C, D InSAR, ground lidar measurements,
affect Ground stability (and meteorological time & event areas) ground resistivity
therefore landslides, conditions based (survey
subsidence, foundation changes,
Land movement
stability)? damage)

Revised January 2010 25

 Saturation
What will be the impacts of
Shrink Swell
ground instability on
Climate change impacts? Mineralogy

Ground Water Regime

Erosion Which geological areas Mapping InSAR, ground lidar measurements.

(sediment types, landforms, Current datasets adequate for
physically distinct bodies) insurance purposes not for
are most prone to coastal development
erosion? Insitu electrical In situ electrical resistivity monitoring
resistivity 5 years (planning
A B, C
Cliff retreat monitoring cycle?) Remote sensing: lidar, AP, InSAR
Rock physical
properties data
Engineered Very little monitoring of critical
embankments/dams, infrastructure. Much data in private
movement, stability sector.
What are the rates and Comprehensive Soil 5 years A A, B, C, D, E
geographical extent of soil monitoring programme
erosion?

What are the impacts of Soil Mass (depth) A (UK Wide) A, B, C, D, E

changes in temperature, 3-10 years F (Localised)
Bulk density

Revised January 2010 26

 rainfall, hydrology and land Particulate export High frequency Relevant information is collected by
use on soil stability? the EA (for Water Quality until 2015).
Although collected for a different
reason this could be used.
SEPA

Could use river sediment

concentrations.
Pollution incidents What is the attenuation Inventory of aquifer Baseline, rapid Available for major aquifers, limited for
(groundwater) function of superficial physical and chemical response and minor aquifers and non-aquifers
deposits, aquitards? properties follow on
monitoring to
contamination
events
Tracer tests Irregular tracer F (vulnerable
tests aquifers)

Ground water Baseline, rapid

chemistry response and
follow on
monitoring to
contamination
events
What are the impacts of Range of sensors/ Capability exists to follow-up individual
pollutants and risks of tracer tests around incidents with short term monitoring
contamination? incident sites and assessments, long term
monitoring of impacts also needed
Groundwater Which areas are most Monitoring of events Event based F A, B, C, D, E Partially adequate in some flood prone
Flooding prone to groundwater areas, sensor networks need
flooding? expanding in other risk zones
Groundwater levels Monthly??
Contribution of Run off
Baseflow

Revised January 2010 27

 Spatial Distribution,
topography
Post event Survey Event based
(extent and impact)
How long will inundation As above
last?
How will groundwater As Above
flooding change with
climate change?

Earthquakes Can we predict timing of Earthquake monitoring Real time National network probably adequate
earthquakes?
Post event monitoring Post event
How can we learn from of aftershocks. damage surveys A, F, J
A, B, C, D, E
earthquakes and
incorporate this knowledge
into the built environment? Micro-seismic arrays on Real time Information could be displayed on a
vulnerable public website for community input.
infrastructure

Secondary Seismic Slope Stability National risk assessment provided for

hazard e.g. Tsunami Spatial distribution of DEFRA, probably adequate for level of
What areas will be most
potential hazard A, F, G, H, J A, B, C, D, E risk
vulnerable?
Post event surveys of Event based
damage
Space Weather Update of global Real time A, F, G, H A, B, C, D Current monitoring systems probably
What are the impacts of geomagnetic reference adequate
geomagnetic storms? (e.g. field
effects to power generation, Solar event monitoring,
communications and
navigation). Geomagnetic field
monitoring
Volcanic Hazards What are primary and (Individual) Volcano Real time, rapid G, H, J A, B, C, D, E
secondary risks from monitoring: response to
eruptions • Gas events
• Uplift

Revised January 2010 28

 • Seismicity
• Eruptions
• Aftermath – ash, lava
flows, tsunamis etc.

Surface Water What is the risk of flooding Infiltration Event response? A, F A, B, C, D, E

Flooding from surface water?
(Related to the water Assessments to
storage capacity and Calculate risk
infiltration) and identify high
risk areas

Water Storage
Capacity, topography
Pollutant transfer, Baseline survey Baselines of environmental
spatial distribution of contaminants distribution available
contaminants with including soil and stream sediment
respect to flood geochemistry. Little systematic data
vulnerability on organics
Nuclear (Chernobyl Soil Attenuation Event based
type) Events What is the soil response to capacity (effects and
Soil Buffering Capacity recovery) A, F B, C, D
radionuclides?
Resilience
Drought How will soils respond to Soil Moisture B, C, D
drought?
Howe can we manage soils C
under drought conditions?
What is the impact of Biodiversity changes B, C, D
droughts on soil biodiversity (under drought
(and other biodiversity)? conditions)

Revised January 2010 29

Fire What is the impact of
wildfire on peat or managed
heathland?

Ozone, HFCs, etc What is the relative Mean and peak events Real time A, F, G, H A, B, C, D, E
importance and impacts of
Ozone and HFCs to
soil/rocks?

Biological Diversity (Impacts of environmental change on biological diversity. N.B. Ecosystems and Ecosystem services are covered in other
questions)
Biodiversity What is biodiversity status Inventory of biotic (c.f. DEFRA Soil Quality Indicators)
of soils and how is it status: Require Baseline Data, however need
changing (taxonomically & genotype a priori data to be able to determine
functionally)? frequency of collection for such data.
phenotype
5-10 Yrs Population abundance is important if it
function (different scales A, F; UK wide impacts on the ability of the organisms
A, B, C, D, E
of temporal and regional. to perform functions & resilience
dynamics)
ECBN Linked to ECN.
Countryside survey (2007 data
available, new survey underway)
SNIFFER LQO9
NSIS2 (completes 2010)
What are the significance of As above Resistance to change.
the changes (and what do
they mean)?

How variable are soil Microbiology Seasonal/Annual/ A, F: UK wide A, B, C, D, E

ecosystems (re. genes, Decadal and regional
species & communities) in
Invertebrates (in Soil)
space and over time?

Revised January 2010 30

 How important is soil Link with terrestrial
biodiversity for above- monitoring
ground biodiversity?

How do field sampling Comparison of

methods compare? methods

Ecosystem What are the functional Multiple measurements Continuous A-J A, B, C, D, E

functioning consequences of the to understand and (understanding)
(N.B. this is a broad changes & therefore what is manage relationships
and complex the resilience of the Periodic
category, and system? (c.f. the delivery of (management)
EGS)

Climate Change (Understanding climate variability and climate change within earth system science)
Carbon and What role do soils play in Inventory of C, N and
nitrogen content Carbon and nitrogen cycling process in context of
now and in the future? NPP – c.f. climate 3 - 10 y (frequent
A (UK Wide) & F
change model for intervention A, B, C, D, E
Localised.
requirements (existing management)
and new)…. (i.e. other
properties likely
needed)

Revised January 2010 31

 Broad suite of
biogeochemical
measurements
including P, S etc.
Biological
Measurements?
Predicting future Can we predict future Isotopic analysis of Irregular A, F, G, H, J A, B, C, D, E Inventory of
changes (for climate changes and their climate proxies in geological/geoarcheoleogical data
Climatologists) impacts using geological geological record needed, much exists but not
records? (observation of past synthesised/interpreted from
events) & palaeoclimates standpoint
characterisation of the
Anthropocene
Can we predict future Monitoring of Soil
climatic changes and their Structure
impacts (directly via climatic
factors and indirectly via A, F, G, H, J A, B, C, D, E
changes in land use and Soil biogeochemistry
land management, cropping
etc)?
Land Management Increased drought risk, Moisture holding Every 5 years Good local coverage, not national
A (UK Wide)
(Particularly Arable workability and trafficability
capacity C, D
F (Localised)
Systems)
Ground Stability – See Ground Instablity under Extreme Events and Disasters
Soil Erosion – See Erosion under Extreme Events and Disasters
Soil Biology What are the impacts of Microbiology
changes in temperature,
Annual to sub- A (UK Wide)
rainfall, hydrology and land A, B, C, D, E
Soil invertebrates annual F (Localised)
use on macro & micro flora
and fauna?
Coastal Change What will be the changes Sediment distribution Annual to sub- BFS, CEFAS, UKHO, MCA, Private
A (UK Wide)
associated with Climate annual, irregular A, B, C, D, E Sector.
F (Localised)
Change? follow up to storm Good local coverage but not National.

Revised January 2010 32

 Sediment properties events BGS, Private Sector.
Good Local coverage but not National.
Sediment transport NERC, Private Sector.
Good local coverage but not National.
Coastal Change Needs offshore systems in place to
including coastal retreat monitor impacts of extreme events
Groundwater Ground water levels Real time for key Access to private sector data an issue,
sites coupled to opportunities for citizen science
lower frequency observations (springs etc)
Chemistry for wider areas

How will climate change Storage

A (UK wide), F
impact groundwater A, B, C, D, E
(Localised)
quality/quantity? Recharge

Baseflow/ Springflow

Temperature

Scientific & technological advancement/innovation

Attaining Reliable In situ systems These measurements will help to fulfil
measurements A, F (localised all applications on the other sheets.
(pedosphere) Remote systems insitu), G (EU), H For in situ and remote systems – there
How to appropriately (space, aircraft and (Global – is a need for networks, integration and
measure and assess a on/in ground) measurements intelligent processing.
particularly variable (spatio- Digital Soil Mapping Automated from space) A, B, C, D, E
temporally) resource systems In situ systems should be linked to
New Detectors (Coverage auto alert communications
should allow
scaling). Remote systems need to be
connected/integrated
Attaining Reliable How to appropriately In situ systems A, F (localised in These measurements will help to fulfil
A, B, C, D, E
measurements measure and assess a situ), G (EU), H all applications on the other sheets.

Revised January 2010 33

(Lithosphere) particularly variable (spatio- Remote systems (Global – For in situ and remote systems – there
temporally) resource (space, aircraft and measurements is a need for networks, integration and
on/in ground) from space) intelligent processing.
Digital Soil Mapping Automated
systems (Coverage Insitu systems should be linked to
New Detectors should allow auto alert communications
scaling).
Real time Remote systems need to be
measurements connected/integrated.
Sharing of techniques How can sharing of Aspirations are there but funding
across disciplines techniques across models remain essentially divisive and
disciplines be encouraged? myopic.

Stimulating ideas How can new ideas be as above

(fewer constraints) stimulated?

How can disasters stimulate Disasters provide imperatives which

ideas? must be reacted to, rather than
instigating proactive or pre-emptive
activity.
Developing/Testing What new observations do
Models we need to test Unified
models?

How do we ensure data

integration/interoperability

Others
Others: Comparison How do field sampling Comparison of A comparison of field sampling
of Field Sampling methods compare? methods methods would be useful: NSIS2, CS,
methods SHS, NSI, NSIS.

Revised January 2010 34

Soils (general use) Can soil suitability for a Generic, detailed soil (spatial scale will Very complex. The properties needed
particular land use be inventory (audit of vary with will vary with questions being asked.
‘exploited’ so that the least resource). Questions being But this links back to the top-level
damage is done to the soil asked) questions at the start of this chart.
resource (sustainable use). Much of what is here would be / needs
to be underpinned by an appropriate-
resolution auditing and monitoring
programme feeding into a spatially
and temporally explicit biophysical
model of the UK land resources.
Not all soils can provide all
functions simultaneously,
therefore can trade offs be
optimised at local, regional
and national levels?
Can cost effective, Essential to get the correct resolution
inventory and observation to balance cost against diversity of
programmes be developed application. Evaluating and
that balance the multiplicity communicating uncertainty in
of user needs at local to observations and models derived from
national resolutions? them. Determining the priorities is key!
Capacity to respond What is the resilience of the Long term collection 5 yearly A, F, G, H A, B, C, D, E This is linked to the question of how
to currently system to change? and archiving of can security and longevity of archives
unforeseen samples, monitoring be secured? (Data and samples)
questions data
Data knowledge/ Can we use common
interoperability standards, formats and
information systems to
enhance data knowledge
and interoperability?

Revised January 2010 35