Appendix D Conversions

Length
Multiply Centimeters Feet Inches Kilometers Nautical Meters Mils Miles Millimeters Yards
Number Miles
of
to
Obtain by
Centimeters 1 30.48 2.540 105 1.853 × 10 5 100 2.540 × 10 –3 1.609 × 105 0.1 91.44

Feet 3.281 × 10 –2 1 8.333 × 10 –2 3281 6080.27 3.281 8.333 ×10 –5 5280 3.281 × 10 –3 3

Inches 0.3937 12 1 3.937 × 10 4 7.296 × 10 4 39.37 0.001 6.336 ×10 4 3.937 × 10 –2 36

Kilometers 10 –5
3.048 × 10 –4
2.540 × 10 –5
1 1.853 0.001 2.540 × 10 –8
1.609 10 –6
9.144 × 10 –4

Nautical miles 1.645 × 10 –4 0.5396 1 5.396 ×10 –4 0.8684 4.934 ×10 –4

Meters 0.01 0.3048 2.540 × 10 –2 1000 1853 1 1609 0.001 0.9144

Mils 393.7 1.2 × 10 4 1000 3.937 × 10 7 3.937 × 10 4 1 39.37 3.6 × 10 4

Miles 6.214 × 10 –6 1.894 × 10 –4 1.578 × 10 –5 0.6214 1.1516 6.214 × 10 –4 1 6.214 × 10 –7 5.682 × 10 –4

Millimeters 10 304.8 25.40 105 1000 2.540 × 10 –2 1 914.4

Yards 1.094 × 10 –2 0.3333 2.778 × 10 –2 1094 2027 1.094 2.778 × 10 –5 1760 1.094 × 10 –3 1

Area
Multiply Acres Circular Square Square Square Square Square Square Square Square
Number Mils Centimeters Feet Inches Kilometers Meters Miles Millimeters Yards
of
to
Obtain by
Acres 1 2.296 × 10 –5 247.1 2.471 × 10 –4 640 2.066 × 10 –4

Circular mils 1 1.973 × 10 5 1.833 × 108 1.273 × 10 6 1.973 ×10 9 1973

Square
centimeters 5.067 × 10 –6 1 929.0 6.452 10 10 10 4 2.590 × 10 10 0.01 8361

Square feet 4.356 × 10 4 1.076 × 10 –3 1 6.944 × 10 –3 1.076 × 10 7 10.76 2.788 × 10 7 1.076 × 10 –5 9

Square inches 6,272,640 7.854 × 10 –7

0.1550 144 1 1.550 × 10 9
1550 4.015 × 10 9
1.550 × 10 –3
1296

Square
kilometers 4.047 × 10 –3 10 –10 9.290 × 10 –8 6.452 × 10 –10 1 10 –6 2.590 10 –12 8.361 × 10 –7

Square meters 4047 0.0001 9.290 × 10 –2 6.452 × 10 –4 10 6 1 2.590 × 10 6 10 –6 0.8361

Square miles 1.562 × 10 –3

3.861 × 10 –11
3.587 × 10 –8
0.3861 3.861 × 10 –7
1 3.861 × 10 –13
3.228 × 10 –7

Square
millimeters 5.067 × 10 –4 100 9.290 × 10 4 645.2 10 12 10 6 1 8.361 × 10 5

Square yards 4840 1.196 × 10 –4 0.1111 7.716 × 10 –4 1.196 × 10 6 1.196 3.098 × 10 6 1.196 × 10 –6 1

268
Appendix D Conversions

Volume
Multiply Bushels Cubic Cubic Cubic Cubic Cubic Gallons Liters Pints Quarts
Number (Dry) Centimeters Feet Inches Meters Yards (Liquid) (Liquid) (Liquid)
of
to
Obtain by
Bushels (dry) 1 0.8036 4.651 × 10 –4 28.38 2.838 × 10 –2

Cubic
centimeters 3.524 × 10 4 1 2.832 × 10 4 16.39 10 6 7.646 × 10 5 3785 1000 473.2 946.4

Cubic feet 1.2445 3.531 × 10 –5 1 5.787 × 10 –4 35.31 27 0.1337 3.531 × 10 –2 1.671 × 10 –2 3.342 × 10 –2

Cubic inches 2150.4 6.102 × 10 –2 1728 1 6.102 × 10 4 46,656 231 61.02 28.87 57.75

Cubic meters 3.524 × 10 –2 10 –6 2.832 × 10 –2 1.639 × 10 –5 1 0.7646 3.785 × 10 –3 0.001 4.732 × 10 –4 9.464 × 10 –4

Cubic yards 1.308 × 10 –6 3.704 × 10 –2 2.143 × 10 –5 1.308 1 4.951 × 10 –3 1.308 × 10 –3 6.189 × 10 –4 1.238 × 10 –3

Gallons
(liquid) 2.642 × 10 –4 7.481 4.329 × 10 –3 264.2 202.0 1 0.2642 0.125 0.25

Liters 35.24 0.001 28.32 1.639 × 10 –2 1000 764.6 3.785 1 0.4732 0.9464

Pints (liquid) 2.113 × 10 –3 59.84 3.463 × 10 –2 2113 1616 8 2.113 1 2

Quarts (liquid) 1.057 × 10 –3

29.92 1.732 × 10 –2
1057 807.9 4 1.057 0.5 1

Mass and Weight

Multiply Grains Grams Kilograms Milligrams Ounces† Pounds† Tons Tons Tons
Number (Long) (Metric) (Short)
of
to
Obtain by
Grains 1 15.43 1.543 × 10 4 1.543 × 10 –2 437.5 7000

Grams 6.481 × 10 –2 1 1000 0.001 28.35 453.6 1.016 × 10 6 10 6 9.072 × 10 5

Kilograms 6.481 × 10 –5 0.001 1 10 –6 2.835 × 10 –2 0.4536 1016 1000 907.2

Milligrams 64.81 1000 10 6

1 2.835 × 10 4
4.536 × 10 5
1.016 × 10 9
10 9
9.072 × 10 8

Ounces† 2.286 × 10 –3 3.527 × 10 –2 35.27 3.527 × 10 –5 1 16 3.584 × 10 4 3.527 × 10 4 3.2 × 10 4

Pounds† 1.429 × 10 –4 2.205 × 10 –3 2.205 2.205 × 10 –6 6.250 × 10 –2 1 2240 2205 2000

Tons (long) 9.842 × 10 –7

9.842 × 10 –4
9.842 × 10 –10
2.790 × 10 –5
4.464 × 10 –4
1 0.9842 0.8929

Tons (metric) 10 –6
0.001 10 –9
2.835 × 10 –5
4.536 × 10 –4
1.016 1 0.9072

Tons (short) 1.102 × 10 –6 1.102 × 10 –3 1.102 × 10 –9 3.125 × 10 –5 0.0005 1.120 1.102 1

†
Avoirdupois pounds and ounces

269
 Appendix D Conversions

Pressure or Force per Unit Area

Multiply Atmospheres† Bayres or Centimeters Inches Inches Kilograms Pounds Pounds Tons (short) Pascals
Number Dynes per of Mercury of Mercury of Water per per per per
of Square at 0°C§ at 0°C§ at 4°C Square Square Foot Square Square Foot
to Centimeter‡ Meter†† Inch‡‡
Obtain by
Atmospheres† 1 9.869 × 10 –7 1.316 × 10 –2 3.342 × 10 –2 2.458 × 10 –3 9.678 × 10 –5 4.725 × 10 –4 6.804 × 10 –2 0.9450 9.869 × 10 –6

Bayres or dynes
per square 1.013 × 10 6 1 1.333 × 10 4 3.386 × 10 4 2.491 × 10 –3 98.07 478.8 6.895 × 10 4 9.576 × 10 5 10
centimeter‡

Centimeters
of mercury 76.00 7.501 × 10 –5 1 2.540 0.1868 7.356 × 10 –3 3.591 × 10 –2 5.171 71.83 7.501 × 10 –4
at 0°C§

Inches
of mercury 29.92 2.953 × 10 –5 0.3937 1 7.355 × 10 –2 2.896 × 10 –3 1.414 × 10 –2 2.036 28.28 2.953 × 10 –4
at 0°C§

Inches of 406.8 4.015 × 10 –4 5.354 13.60 1 3.937 × 10 –2 0.1922 27.68 384.5 4.015 × 10 –3
water at 4°C

Kilograms
per square 1.033 × 10 4 1.020 × 10 –2 136.0 345.3 25.40 1 4.882 703.1 9765 0.1020
meter††

Pounds
per square 2117 2.089 × 10 –3 27.85 70.73 5.204 0.2048 1 144 2000 2.089 × 10 –2
foot

Pounds per 14.70 1.450 × 10 –5 0.1934 0.4912 3.613 × 10 –2 1.422 × 10 –3 6.944 × 10 –3 1 13.89 1.450 × 10 –4
square inch‡‡

Tons (short) per 1.058 1.044 × 10 –5 1.392 × 10 –2 3.536 × 10 –2 2.601 × 10 –3 1.024 × 10 –4 0.0005 0.072 1 1.044 × 10 –5
square foot

Pascals 1.013 × 10 5 10 –1 1.333 × 10 3 3.386 × 10 3 2.491 × 10 –4 9.807 47.88 6.895 × 10 3 9.576 × 10 4 1

†
One atmosphere (standard) = 76 cm of mercury at 0°C
‡
Bar
§
To convert height h of a column of mercury at t °C to the equivalent height h0 at 0°C, use h0 = h {1 – [(m – l ) t / 1 + mt]}, where m = 0.0001818 and l = 18.4 × 10 –6 if the
scale is engraved on brass; l = 8.5 × 10 –6 if on glass. This assumes the scale is correct at 0°C; for other cases (any liquid) see International Critical Tables, Vol. 1, 68.
††
1 gram per square centimeter = 10 kilograms per square meter
‡‡
psi = MPa × 145.038
psi/ft = 0.433 × g/cm3 = lbf/ft3/144 = lbf/gal/19.27

Density or Mass per Unit Volume Temperature

Multiply Grams per Kilograms Pounds per Pounds per Pounds per °F 1.8°C + 32
Number Cubic per Cubic Foot Cubic Inch Gallon
of Centimeter Cubic Meter °C 5
⁄9 (°F – 32)
to
Obtain by °R °F + 459.69

Grams per cubic centimeter 1 0.001 1.602 × 10–2 27.68 0.1198 K °C + 273.16

Kilograms per cubic meter 1000 1 16.02 2.768 × 104 119.8

Pounds per cubic foot 62.43 6.243 × 10–2 1 1728 7.479

Pounds per cubic inch 3.613 × 10 –2

3.613 × 10 –5
5.787 × 10 –4
1 4.329 × 10 –3

Pounds per gallon 8.347 8.3 × 10 –3 13.37 × 10 –2 231.0 1

270