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5.0 Introduction to Machine and Working Drawings

A technical person like an engineer should be able to use the graphic language as a powerful
means of communication with others to convey his ideas. Irrespective of language barriers, his
drawings should be used effectively in other countries outside the country he produces his
drawings. It would be impossible to produce machines and automobiles on a mass scale where
a number of assemblies or sub-assemblies are involved, without clear, correct and accurate
drawings.
Machine drawing is primarily the production of machine Parts Drawing, as well as producing
their Detailed and Assembly Drawings. Machine drawings are presented through a number of
orthographic views, so that the size and shape of all the components are fully understood. Parts
drawing is a detailed drawing of parts or components to facilitate their manufacture. The
detailed drawing is simply the Production drawing and should furnish all the dimensions,
limits, tolerances, and special finishing processes such as heat treatment, surface finish,
machining, welding, etc., to guide the craftsman on the shop floor in producing the
component(s). When parts drawing contains the parts’ production details, they are taken
as the production drawings or working drawings. Assembly drawing is the drawing showing
all the parts of a machine or system fitted together in their correct working positions. However,
your goal in the preparation of assembly drawing is to use as few views as possible to
completely describe how each part goes together with other parts in the assembly.

Figure 5.0: Assembly drawing in a single front view

Free Lecture Notes on GRE-222 (Engineering Drawing IV) prepared by C. O. Eleghasim – Chapter 5 (Machine &
Working Drawings)
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In many cases, a single front view is the only view necessary to describe the assembly, as
shown in figure 5.0. Full sections are always needed in assembly drawing, to expose most
or all the internal features, as shown figure 5.1a. If one section or view is not enough to

Figure 5.1a: Full section of an assembly

Figure 5.1b: parts list of components in the assembly drawing

show how the parts fit together, then a number of views or section can be necessary. In some
situations, a front view or group of views with broken-out sections are the best methods of
showing the external feature while exposing some of the internal features, as shown in figure
5.2.

Free Lecture Notes on GRE-222 (Engineering Drawing IV) prepared by C. O. Eleghasim – Chapter 5 (Machine &
Working Drawings)
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Figure 5.2: broken-out sections used in assembly drawings

Other elements of assembly drawings that make them different from detailed drawings,
are that they usually contain few or no hidden lines. Hidden lines should be avoided on
assembly drawings unless they are necessary for clarity. However, the common practice is to
draw an exterior view (like figure 5.3c) to clarify outside features and sectional views to expose
interior features (like figure 5.3d).

Free Lecture Notes on GRE-222 (Engineering Drawing IV) prepared by C. O. Eleghasim – Chapter 5 (Machine &
Working Drawings)
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(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 5.3: (a) assembly drawing in single front view, (b) sectioned view A-A, (a) exterior view to clarify outside
features marked Z, and (d) broken-out section from the sectioned view A-A, marked Y.

A complete set of working drawings contain three parts: detailed drawings of all parts, an
assembly drawing of parts, and a parts list. The parts list (as shown in figure 5.1b) identifies
all the parts marked with balloons (as shown in figure 5.1a and figure 5.3a) containing their
identification numbers in the assembly drawing. A balloon is a circle containing the

Free Lecture Notes on GRE-222 (Engineering Drawing IV) prepared by C. O. Eleghasim – Chapter 5 (Machine &
Working Drawings)
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identification number. Each balloon is connected to its related part with a leader line in the
assembly drawing. The identification number in a balloon relates to the same number in the
parts list identifying the part. The balloons are drawn between 10 – 25 mm each in diameter,
and they must be the same size in a drawing. Also, both balloon and the leader line pointing
to each part must be thin construction lines.
The parts list is the bill of materials or list of materials. The information that may be contained
in the parts list include: item number (or find number), quantity (number of that particular
part used on the assembly), part number (or drawing number referring the part back to the
detailed drawing), parts description (which could be part name, or complete description of a
purchased part, or stock specification including sizes or dimensions), material identification
(the material used to make the part), information about the vendor for purchased parts, and
sheet number. The first four elements listed are the most common items in a parts list.
The parts list can be placed above or to the left of the title block, in the upper-right or upper-
left corner of the sheet of the assembly drawing. The information on the parts list is presented
with the first item number followed by the consecutive item numbers. The listing of items in
parts list can start from bottom of list upwards or top of list downward.
Purchased parts are standard parts manufactured, and are available for purchase from vendors
or suppliers. Purchased parts are items such as bolts, nuts, keys, fasteners, washers, pins, and
other common products which are on the shelf in the market. Purchased parts do not usually
require detailed drawing, because a descriptive note completely describes them. Thus
purchased parts found in assembly drawing must clearly and completely be described in the
parts list
5.1 Simple Procedures in Machine Drawings
Sketches: Usually, the design of a product begins in research and development department of a
company. The engineer or designer can prepare engineering sketches like the one shown in
figure 5.4, to help generate concepts for the project. Such sketches could be rough but an
engineers do not waste time. However, it is the responsibility of an engineer to draft and prepare
the final working drawings in accordance with appropriate standards adopted in engineering
drawing.
Detailed and Assembly Drawings: Afterwards, the engineer’s or designer’s sketches go to the
drafting department for the preparation of formal drawings. Depending on the project, the
engineer can be working in a team with other engineers or designers, on various aspects of a
big project like an entire car assembly. Using the SCREW DRIVER of figure 5.4 as an
example, the engineer’s first task will be to complete the detailed drawings of both the driver
and the handle, as shown in figure 5.5a-b. As you can see in figure 5.6, the assembly drawing
has two process notes. The note on the left stipulates the HANDLE hole to be filled with epoxy
prior to assembly to help secure the DRIVER in the HANDLE. The note on the right is a
process note that drills hole through the HANDLE, matching the existing hole in the DRIVER.
The PIN is then pressed into the hole, providing additional connection between

Free Lecture Notes on GRE-222 (Engineering Drawing IV) prepared by C. O. Eleghasim – Chapter 5 (Machine &
Working Drawings)
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Figure 5.4: An engineer’s rough sketch containing unintentional errors. The sketch must be converted
to standard engineering drawing. All dimensions are in inches.

the HANDLE and the DRIVER. The PIN is a standard part and thus does not require a detailed
drawing since it can be purchased from a vendor or a supplier. The complete description of the
PIN is then provided in the Parts list for use by the purchasing department to purchase. When
the complete set of working drawings have been drawn and approved, it is released to
production department.

Free Lecture Notes on GRE-222 (Engineering Drawing IV) prepared by C. O. Eleghasim – Chapter 5 (Machine &
Working Drawings)
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Figure 5.5a: Detailed drawing of the Driver

Free Lecture Notes on GRE-222 (Engineering Drawing IV) prepared by C. O. Eleghasim – Chapter 5 (Machine & Working Drawings)
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Figure 5.5b: Detailed drawing of the Handle

Free Lecture Notes on GRE-222 (Engineering Drawing IV) prepared by C. O. Eleghasim – Chapter 5 (Machine & Working Drawings)
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Figure 5.6: Assembly Drawing of the Screw Drive

Free Lecture Notes on GRE-222 (Engineering Drawing IV) prepared by C. O. Eleghasim – Chapter 5 (Machine & Working Drawings)
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Homework Assignment 5 (Deadline: 1 week)

1. Using A2 size paper, prepare working drawings of the Cork Screw components with find
numbers 1, 2, 6 & 7, shown in figure 5A, with it’s parts dimensions specified in the
accompanying isometric views. Determine the tolerances and place them on all the mating
parts dimensions, if the fit between all the mating parts is a loose running fit designated as
H8/d9. All dimensions are in inches. Take 1 inch = 25.4 mm. (Elect & Food
Engineering)

2. Using A2 size paper, prepare working

drawings of the Cork Screw components
with find numbers 1, 3, 4 & 5, shown in
figure 5A, with it’s parts dimensions
specified in the accompanying isometric
views. Determine the tolerances and place
them on all the mating parts dimensions,
if the fit between all the mating parts is a
loose running fit designated as H8/d9. All
dimensions are in inches. Take 1 inch =
25.4 mm.
(Computer & Agric Engineering)

Figure 5A (Cork Screw)

Free Lecture Notes on GRE-222 (Engineering Drawing IV) prepared by C. O. Eleghasim – Chapter 5 (Machine & Working Drawings)
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Free Lecture Notes on GRE-222 (Engineering Drawing IV) prepared by C. O. Eleghasim – Chapter 5 (Machine & Working Drawings)
 12

All dimensions are in inches

Free Lecture Notes on GRE-222 (Engineering Drawing IV) prepared by C. O. Eleghasim – Chapter 5 (Machine & Working Drawings)
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Figure 5B (C – clamp)
3. Using A2 size paper, prepare working drawings of
the C-Clamp components shown in figure 5B.
Determine the tolerances and place them on the
dimensions of the mating parts with find numbers 1
& 3, if the fit between them is a slide running fit
designated as H8/c11.
Figure 5B (C-Clamp).
All dimensions are in inches (Mechanical & Civil Engineering)

Free Lecture Notes on GRE-222 (Engineering Drawing IV) prepared by C. O. Eleghasim – Chapter 5 (Machine & Working Drawings)
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Studio Work 4

1. Produce an Assembly drawing of the Cork Screw components with find numbers 1, 2, 6 &
7, shown in figure 5A, with it’s parts dimensions specified in the accompanying isometric
views. Take 1 inch = 25.4 mm. (Elect & Food Engineering)

2. Produce an Assembly drawing of the Cork Screw components with find numbers 1, 3, 4 &
5, shown in figure 5A, with it’s parts dimensions specified in the accompanying isometric
views. Take 1 inch = 25.4 mm. (Computer & Agric Engineer)

3. Produce an Assembly drawing of the C-Clamp components shown in figure 5B. Take 1 inch
= 25.4 mm. (Mechanical & Civil Engineering)

Free Lecture Notes on GRE-222 (Engineering Drawing IV) prepared by C. O. Eleghasim – Chapter 5 (Machine &
Working Drawings)