Reinforced Concrete Design

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed 1. It has a very low tensile strength requiring the
rock, or other aggregates held together in a rocklike use of tensile reinforcing.
mass with a paste of cement and water. Sometimes one 2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place
or more admixtures are added to change certain until it hardens sufficiently.
characteristics of the concrete such as its workability, 3. The low strength per unit weight of concrete
durability, and time of hardening. leads to heavy members.
4. The low strength per unit of volume of concrete
As with most rocklike substances, concrete has means members will be relatively large, an
a high a compressive strength and a very low tensile important consideration for tall buildings and
strength. Reinforced Concrete is a combination of long-span structures.
concrete and steel wherein the steel reinforcement 5. The properties of concrete vary widely due to
provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete. variations in its proportioning and mixing.
Steel reinforcing is also capable of resisting Furthermore, the pacing and curing of concrete
compression forces and is used in columns as well as in is not as carefully controlled as is the
other situations. productions of other materials.

Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CONCRETE

building construction materials in every country AND REINFORCED CONCRETE AS
especially in the Philippines. Plain concrete and STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
reinforced concrete are used in buildings of all sorts,
underground structures, water tanks, wind turbine Lime and mortar was first used in structures in
foundations and towers, offshore oil exploration and the Minoan Civilization in Crete about 2000 B.C. and
production structures, dams, bridges, and even still used in some areas. About the third century B.C.,
ships.This material has tremendous advantage, these the Romans discovered a fine sandy volcanic ash that,
include the following: when mixed with lime mortar, gave a much stronger
mortar, which could be used under water.
1. It has considerable compressive strength.
2. Has a great resistance to the actions of fire and The English engineer John Smeaton discovered
water and, in fact, is the best structural material that a mixture of burned lime-stone and clay could be
available for situations where water is present. used to make a cement that would set under water and
3. It is very rigid. be water resistant. In the ensuing years a number of
4. A low-maintenance material. people used Smeaton’s material, but the difficulty of
5. Has a very long service life finding limestone and clay in the same quarry greatly
6. It is usually the only economical material restricted its use.
available for footings, basement walls, piers,
and similar applications. In 1824, Joseph Aspdin mixed ground
7. A special feature of concrete is its ability to be limestone and clay from different quarries and heated
cast into an extraordinary variety of shapes. them in a kiln to make cement. Aspdin named his
8. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for product Portland Cement because concrete made from
erection as compared to other materials. it resembled Portland stone, a high-grade limestone
from the Isle of Portland in the south of England.
To use concrete successfully the designer must be
completely familiar with its weak points as well as The first uses of reinforced concrete are not
with its strong ones. Among of its disadvantages are very well known. Much of the early work done by two
the following: Frenchmen, Joseph Lambot and Joseph Monier. In
about 1850 Lambot built a concrete boat reinforced with
a network of parallel wires or bars. Credit is usually

1
Reinforced Concrete Design
given to Monier, however, for the invention of  Maintenance of high ethical and professional
reinforced concrete. From 1867 to 1881 Monier standards in the practice of structural
received patents for reinforced concrete railroad ties, engineering.
floors slabs, arches, footbridges, buildings and other  Advancement of structural engineering
items in both France and Germany. knowledge
 Promotion of good public and private clientele
Another Frenchman, Francois Coignet, built relationship, and
simple reinforced concrete structures and developed  Fellowship among structural engineers and
basic method of design. He was the first person to professional relations with other allied
realize that the addition of too much water in the mix technical and scientific organizations.
greatly reduced concrete strength. Other Europeans who
were early experimenters with reinforced concrete PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
included the Englishmen William Fairbarn and William
B. Wilkinson, the German G. A. Wayss, and another Compressive Strength
Frenchman, Francois Hennebique.
The compressive strength of concrete 𝑓′ is
William E. Ward built the first reinforced determined by testing to failure 28 day old 6-in by 12-
concrete building in the United States in Port Chester, in concrete cylinders at a specified rate of loading.
N.Y., in 1875. In 1883 he presented a paper before the Although concretes are available with 28-day ultimate
American Society of Mechanical Engineers in which he strengths from 2500 psi up to as high as 10,000 to
claimed that he got the idea of reinforced concrete by 20,000 psi.
watching English laborers in 1867 trying to removed
hardened cement for their iron tools. Modulus of Elasticity

Thaddeus Hyatt, an American, was probably Concrete has no clear-cut modulus of elasticity.
the first person to correctly analyze the stresses in Its value varies with different concrete strengths,
reinforced concrete beam, and in 1877 he published a concrete age, type of loading, and the characteristics of
28 page book on the subject, entitled An Account of the cement and aggregates. Furthermore, there are
Some Experiments with Portland Cement Concrete, several different definitions of the modulus:
Combined with Iron as a Building Material. In this book
he praised the use of reinforced concrete and said that a. The initial modulus is the slope of the stress-
“rolled beams have to be taken largely on faith.” Hyatt strain diagram at the origin of the curve,
put a great deal of emphasis on the high resistance of b. The tangent modulus is the slope of a tangent to
concrete. the curve at some point along the curve-for
instance, at 50% of the ultimate strength of the
E.L. Ransome of San Francisco is supposed to concrete.
have used reinforced concrete in early 1870s and was c. The slope of a line drawn from the origin to a
the originator of deformed (or twisted) bars, for which point on the curve somewhere between 25%
he received a patent in 1884. These bars, which were and 50% of its ultimate compressive strength is
square in cross section, were cold-twisted with one referred to as a secant modulus.
compete turn in a length of not more than 12 times tha d. The apparent modulus or the long-term
bar diameter. modulus is determined by using the stresses and
strains obtained after the load has been applied
DESIGN CODES for a certain length of time.

The most important code in the Philippines for Poisson’s Ratio

reinforced concrete design the National Structural
Code of the Philippines (NSCP) which is published by As a concrete cylinder is subjected to
the Association of Structural Engineers of the compressive loads, it not only shortens in length but also
Philippines, Inc. (ASEP). This professional expands laterally. The ratio of this lateral expansion to
association is founded in 1961 to represent the structural the longitudinal shortening is referred to as Poisson’s
engineering community nationwide. The NSCP is Ratio. Its value from about 0.11 for the higher-strength
published in keeping with the association’s objectives: concretes to as high as 0.21 for the weaker grade
concretes, with average values of about 0.16.
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Reinforced Concrete Design
Creep DROP PANEL is a projection below the slab used to
reduce the amount of negative reinforcement over a
Under sustained compressive loads concrete column or the minimum required slab thickness, and to
will continue to deform for long periods of time. This increase the slab shear strength.
additional deformation is called creep or plastic flow. If
a compressive load is applied to a concrete member, an EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION is a distance
immediate or instantaneous or elastic shortening occurs. measured from extreme compression fiber to centroid of
tension reinforcement.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
HOOP is a closed tie or continuously wound tie. A
ANCHOR is a steel element either cast into concrete or closed tie, made up of one or several reinforcement
post-installed into a hardened concrete member and elements, each having seismic hooks at both ends. A
used to transmit applied loads to the concrete. closed toe shall not be made up of interlocking headed
deformed bars. Section 425.7.4.
BEAM is a member subjected primarily to flexure and
shear, with or without axial force or torsion; beams in a REINFORCEMENT is a steel element or elements
moment frame that forms part of the lateral-force- embedded in concrete and conforming to Sections 420.2
resisting systems are predominantly horizontal through 420.5. Prestressed reinforcement in external
members; a girder is a beam. tendons is also considered reinforcement.

COLUMN is a member, usually vertical or SHEAR CAP is a projection below the slab used to
predominantly vertical, used primarily to support axial increase the slab shear strength.
compressive load, but that can also resist moment,
shear, or torsion. Columns used as part of a lateral- SPACING is a center-to-center distance between
force-resisting system resist combined axial load, adjacent items, such as longitudinal reinforcement,
moment, and shear. Refer to moment frame. transverse reinforcement, prestressing reinforcement, or
anchors.
CONCRETE are mixture of Portland cement or any
other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse SPACING, CLEAR is a least dimension between the
aggregate and water, with or without admixtures. outermost surfaces of adjacent items.

CONCRETE, LIGHTWEIGHT is a concrete SPAN LENGTH is a distance between supports.

containing lightweight aggregate and an equivalent
density, as determined by ASTM C567, between 1440 STIRRUP is an reinforcement used to resist shear and
and 1840 kg/m3. torsion stresses in a structural member, typically
deformed bars, deformed wires, or welded wire
CONCRETE, NON-PRESTRESSED is a reinforced reinforcement either single leg or bet into L, U or
concrete with at least the minimum amount of non- rectangular shapes and located perpendicular to or at an
prestressed reinforcement and no prestressed angle to longitudinal reinforcement.
reinforcement; or any two-way slabs with less than the
minimum amount of prestressed reinforcement. STRENGTH, DESIGN is a nominal strength
multiplied by a strength reduction factor, Ø.
CONCRETE, SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH (𝒇 𝒄) is a compressive strength of STRENGTH, NOMINAL is strength of a member or
concrete used in design and evaluated in accordance cross section calculated in accordance with provisions
with provisions of the NSCP 2015, MPa. Whenever the and assumptions of the strength design method of this
quantity is under a radical sign, square root of numerical chapter before application of any strength reduction
value only is intended, and result has units of MPa. factors.

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH is a length of embedded TIE is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing
reinforcement, including prestressing strand, required to longitudinal reinforcement; a continuously wound bar
develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical or wire in the form of a circle, rectangle, or other
section. polygon shape without re-entrant corners is acceptable;

3
Reinforced Concrete Design
refer to stirrup or hoop; or a tension member in a strut- overall design satisfies the client’s needs within
and-tie model. the budget available.
3. Design of individual systems. Once the overall
DESIGN PROCESS layout and general structural concept have been
selected, the structural system can be designed.
A structural engineer is a member of a team that Structural design involves three main steps.
works together to design a building, bridges or other Based on the preliminary design selected in
structure. In the case of a building, an architect phase 2, a structural analysis is carried out to
generally provides the overall layout, and mechanical, determine the moments, shear, torques, and
electrical and structural engineers design individual axial forces in the structure. The individual
systems with the building. members are the proportioned to resist these
load effects. The proportioning, sometimes
The structure should satisfy four major criteria: referred to as member design, must also
consider overall aesthetics, the constructability
1. Appropriateness. The arrangement of spaces,
of the design, coordination with mechanical and
spans, ceiling height, access and traffic flow
electrical systems, and the sustainability of the
must complement the intended use. The
final structure. The final stage in the design
structure should fit its environment and be
process is to prepare construction drawings and
aesthetically pleasing.
specifications.
2. Economy. The overall cost of the structure
should not exceed the client budget. Frequently, CODES SPECIFIED IN THE NSCP Vol. 1 7th Ed.
teamwork in design will lead to overall
economies. Chapter 4 refers to the structural concrete
3. Structural Adequacy. Structural adequacy provision of the National Structural Code of the
involves two major aspects. Philippines, Volume 1 (NSCP Vol. 1), 7th Edition and
a. A structure must be strong enough to may be cited as such, and will be referred to herein as
support all anticipated loadings safely. “this code”
b. A structure must not deflect, tilt,
vibrate, or crack in a manner that This chapter provides minimum requirements
impairs its usefulness. for the design and construction of structural concrete
4. Maintainability. A structure should be elements of any building or other structure under
designed so as to a require minimum amount of requirements of the National Building Code of the
simple maintenance procedures. Philippines. This chapter also covers the strength
evaluation of existing concrete structures.
The design process is a sequential and iterative
decision-making process. The three major phases For structural concrete, 𝑓′ shall not be less
are the following: than 17 MPa. No maximum value of 𝑓′ shall apply
unless restricted by a specific code provision.
1. Definition of the client’s needs and priorities.
All buildings or other structures are built to
fulfill a need. It is important that the owner or
user be involved in determining the attributes of LOADS (Section 405)
the proposed building. These include functional
requirements, aesthetic requirements, and Loads shall include self-weight; applied loads; and
budgetary requirements. The latter include effects of prestressing, earthquakes, restraint of volume
initial cost, premium for rapid construction to change, and differential settlement. Loads and seismic
allow early occupancy, maintenance, and other zones shall be in accordance with the general building
life-cycle costs. code, or determined by another authority having
2. Development of project concept. Based on the jurisdiction in areas without a legally adopted building
client’s needs and priorities, a number of code. Live load reductions shall be permitted in
possible layouts are developed. Preliminary accordance with the general building code or, in the
cost estimates are made, and the final choice of absence of a general building code, in accordance with
the system to be used is based on how well the ASCE/SEI 7.

4
Reinforced Concrete Design
Load Factors and Combinations (Sec. 405.3) Slender walls shall be permitted to be analyzed in
accordance with Section 411.8 for out-of-plane effects.
Table 405.3.1
Load Combinations Diaphragms shall be permitted to be analyzed in
accordance with Section 412.4.2.
Primary
Load Designation Equation A member or region shall be permitted to be analyzed
Load
U = 1.4D (405.3.1a) D and designed using the strut-and-tie method in
U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5 (Lr accordance with Section 423.
(405.3.1b) L
or R)
Slenderness effects shall be permitted to be neglected if
U = 1.2D + 1.6 (Lr or R) +
(405.3.1c) Lr or R (a) or (b) is satisfied:
(1.0L or 0.5W)
U = 1.2D + 1.0W + 1.0L + a. For columns not braced against sidesway
(405.3.1d) W
0.5 (Lr or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L (405.3.1e) E 𝑘𝑙
≤ 22
U = 0.9D + 1.0W (405.3.1f) W 𝑟
U = 0.9D + 1.0E (405.3.1g) E
b. For columns braced against sidesway
Required strength, U, shall be at least equal to the 𝑘𝑙 𝑀
effects of factored loads in Table 405.3.1, with ≤ 34 + 12
𝑟 𝑀
exceptions and additions in Section 405.3.3 through
405.3.11. and
𝑘𝑙
≤ 40
𝑟

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS (Sec. 406) where (𝑀 /𝑀 ) is negative if the column is bent in

single curvature, and positive for double curvature.
Members and structural systems shall be permitted to be
modelled in accordance with Section 406.3. All The radius of gyration, 𝑟 , shall be permitted to be
members and structural systems shall be analyzed for calculated by (a), (b) or (c):
the maximum effects of loads including the
arrangements of live load in accordance with Section a. 𝑟=
406.4. b. 0.30 times the dimension in the direction
stability is being considered for rectangular
Methods of analysis permitted in this Section shall be columns.
(a) through (e). c. 0.25 times the diameter of circular columns.
a. The simplified methods for analysis of For composite columns, the radius of gyration, 𝑟, shall
continuous beams and one-way slabs for not be taken greater than:
gravity loads in Section 406.5;
b. First-order in Section 406.6; ( )
c. Elastic second-order in Section 406.7; 𝑟=
( )
d. Inelastic second-order in Section 406.8;
e. Finite element in Section 406.9. Longitudinal bars located within a concrete core
encased by structural steel or within transverse
Additional analysis methods that are permitted include reinforcement surrounding a structural steel core shall
Sections 406.2.4.1 through 406.2.4.4. be permitted to be used in calculating 𝐴 and 𝐼 .
Two-way slabs shall be permitted to be analyzed for T-beam Geometry (Sec. 406.3.2)
gravity loads in accordance with (a) or (b):
For non-prestressed T-beams supporting monolithic or
a. Direct design method in Section 408.10; composite slabs, the effective flange width 𝑏 shall
b. Equivalent frame method in Section 408.11 include the beam web width 𝑏 plus an effective
overhanging flange width in accordance with Table

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Reinforced Concrete Design
406.3.2.1, where ℎ is the slab thickness and 𝑠 is the Exterior 𝑤 𝑙
face of Two spans
clear distance to the adjacent web. 9
first
Table 406.3.2.1 interior More than two 𝑤 𝑙
Dimensional Limits for Effective Overhanging Flange support spans 10
Width for T-beams Face of
𝑤 𝑙
other All
Flange Effective overhanging Flange supports 11
Location Width, beyond face of web (a) Slabs with
8ℎ spans not
Each side of
Least of: 𝑠 /2 exceeding 3 m
web
𝑙 /8 (b) Beams
6ℎ Face of
One side of where ratio of
Least of: 𝑠 /2 all
web the sum of 𝑤 𝑙
supports
𝑙 /12 column 12
satisfying
stiffness to
(a) or (b)
beam stiffness
Simplified Method of Analysis for Non-Prestressed exceeds 8 at
Continuous Beams and One-way Slabs (Sec. 406.5) each end of
span
It shall be permitted to calculate Mu and Vu due to
gravity loads in accordance with this section for
continuous beams and one-way slabs satisfying (a) Vu due to gravity loads shall be calculated in
through (e): accordance with Table 406.5.4
a. Members are prismatic; Table 406.5.4
b. Loads are uniformly distributed; Approximate Shears for Non-Prestressed Continuous
c. 𝐿𝐿 ≤ 3𝐷𝐿 Beams and One-Way Slabs
d. There are at least two spans;
e. The longer of two adjacent spans does not Location Vu
exceed shorter by more than 20 percent. Exterior face of first 1.15𝑤 𝑙
interior support
2
Mu due to gravity loads shall be calculated in Face of all other 𝑤 𝑙
accordance with Table 406.5.2. supports
2
Table 406.5.2
Approximate Moments for Non-Prestressed Continuous Slenderness Effects, Moment Magnification Method
Beams and One-way Slabs (Section 406.6.4)
Moment Location Condition Mu Unless Section 406.2.5 is satisfied, columns and
Discontinuous stories in structures shall be designated as being
𝑤 𝑙
end integral
14 nonsway or sway. Analysis of columns in nonsway
with support
End Span frames or storeys shall be in accordance with Section
Discontinuous
Positive end
𝑤 𝑙 406.6.4.5. Analysis of columns in sway frames or
unrestrained 11 storeys shall be in accordance with Section 406.6.4.6.
Interior 𝑤 𝑙 It shall be permitted to analyze columns and stories in
All
Spans 16 structures as nonsway frames if (a) or (b) is satisfied:
Member built
integrally with 𝑤 𝑙 a. The increase in column end moments due to
Interior supporting 24 second order effects does not exceed 5 percent
face of spandrel beam pf the first order end moments;
Negative
exterior Member built b. 𝑄 in accordance with Section 406.6.4.4.1 does
support integrally with 𝑤 𝑙 not exceed 0.05.
supporting 16
column

6
Reinforced Concrete Design
Stability Properties (Section 406.4.4) 𝐶 = 0.6 − 0.4
The stability index for a storey, 𝑄 shall be calculated by: b. For columns with transverse loads applied
between supports.
∑𝑃 ∆
𝑄= 𝐶 = 1.0
𝑉 ℓ
Where ∑ 𝑃 and 𝑉 are the total factored vertical load M2 shall be at least M2,min calculated about each axis
and horizontal storey shear, respectively, in the story separately.
being evaluated, and ∆ is the first-order relative
lateral deflection between the top and the bottom of M2,min = 𝑃 (15 + 0.03ℎ)
that storey due to 𝑉 .
If M2,min exceeds M2, 𝐶 shall be taken equal to 1.0 or
The critical buckling load 𝑃 , shall be calculated by: calculated based on the ratio of the calculated end
𝜋 (𝐸𝐼) moments 𝑀 /𝑀 .
𝑃 =
(𝑘𝑙 )
Moment Magnification Method: Sway Frames (Sec.
The effective length factor 𝑘 shall be calculated using 406.6.4.6)
𝐸 in accordance with Section 419.2.2 and 𝐼 in
accordance with Section 406.6.3.1.1. For nonsway Moment M1 and M2 at the ends of an individual column
members, 𝑘 shall be permitted to be taken as 1.0 and shall be calculated by (a) and (b):
for sway members, 𝑘 shall be at least 1.0.
a. M1 = M1ns + 𝛿 M1s
For non-composite columns, (𝐸𝐼) shall be b. M2 = M2ns + 𝛿 M2s
calculated in accordance with (a), (b) or (c):
The moment magnifier 𝛿 shall be calculated by (a), (b),
.
a. (𝐸𝐼) = (406.6.4.4.4a) or (c). If 𝛿 exceeds 1.5, only (b) or (c) shall be
. permitted:
b. (𝐸𝐼) = (406.6.4.4.4b)
c. (𝐸𝐼) = (406.6.4.4.4c) a. 𝛿 = ≥1
b. 𝛿 = ∑ ≥1
For composite columns, (𝐸𝐼) shall be calculated by . ∑
Eq. 406.6.4.4.4b, Eq. 406.6.4.4.5, or from a more c. Second-order elastic analysis
detailed analysis.
.
(𝐸𝐼) = +𝐸 𝐼 (406.6.4.4.5)
EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT STRUCTURES
Moment Magnification Method: Nonsway Frames (Section 418)
(Sec.406.6.4.5)
This section shall apply to the design of non-prestressed
The factored moment used for design of columns and and prestressed concrete structures assigned to seismic
walls, Mc, shall be the first-order factored moment M2 zone 4, including, where applicable:
amplified for the effects of member curvature.
a. Structural systems designated as part of the
Mc = 𝛿M2
seismic-force-resisting system, including
Magnification factor 𝛿 shall be calculated by: diaphragms, moment frames, structural walls,
and foundations;
𝛿= ≥ 1.0 b. Members not designated as part of the seismic-
.
force-resisting system but required to support
𝐶 shall be calculated be in accordance with (a) or other loads while undergoing deformations
(b): associated with earthquake effects.

a. For columns without traverse loads applied

between supports:

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Reinforced Concrete Design
CONCRETE: DESIGN AND DURABILITY Lightweight Concrete (Section 419.2.4)
REQUIREMENTS (Section 419)
To account for the properties of lightweight concrete, a
Concrete Design Properties (Sec. 419.2) modification factor 𝜆 is used as a multiplier of 𝑓′ in
all applicable provision of this code.
The value of 𝑓′ shall be specified in construction
documents and shall be in accordance with (a) through The value of 𝜆 shall be based on the composition of the
(c): aggregate in the concrete mixture in accordance with
Table 419.2.4.2 or as permitted in Section 419.2.4.3
a. Limits in Table 419.2.1.1;
b. Durability requirements in Table 419.3.2.1;
c. Structural strength requirements. Table 419.2.4.2
Modification Factor
Table 419.2.1.1 Composition of
Concrete 𝜆
Limits for 𝑓′ Aggregates
Fine: ASTM C330M
Application Concrete Mi. 𝒇′𝒄 , Ma. 𝒇′𝒄 , All-lightweight 0.75
Coarse: ASTM C330M
MPa MPa Fine: Combination of 0.75
General Normal Lightweight,
ASTM C330M and C33M to
weight and 17 None fine blend
Coarse: ASTM C330M 0.85
lightweight Sand- Fine: ASTM C33M
Special Normal 0.85
21 None lightweight Coarse: ASTM C330M
moment weight Sand- Fine: ASTM C33M 0.85
frames and lightweight, Coarse: Combination of to
special coarse blend ASTM C330M and C33M 1.00
Lightweight 21 35[1]
structural Fine of Coarse: ASTM
walls Normal-weight 1.00
[1]
C33M
The limit is permitted to be exceeded where demonstrated by
experimental evidence that members made with lightweight
concrete provide strength and toughness equal to or exceeding those
of comparable members made with normal weight concrete o the STEEL REINFORCEMENT PROPERTIES,
same strength
DURABILITY, AND EMBEDMENTS
Modulus of Elasticity (Section 419.2.2) (Section 420)

Modulus of elasticity, 𝐸 , for concrete shall be This section shall apply to steel reinforcement, and shall
permitted to be calculated as (a) or (b): govern (a) through (c):

a. For values of 𝑤 between 1440 and 2560 a. Material properties;

kg/m3. b. Properties to be used for design;
c. Durability requirements, including minimum
𝐸 = 𝑤 . 0.043 𝑓′ specified cover requirements.
b. For normal weight concrete
𝐸 = 4700 𝑓′

Modulus of Rupture (Section 419.2.3)

Modulus of rupture, 𝑓 for concrete shall be calculated

by:

𝑓 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓′

Where the value of 𝜆 is in accordance with Section

419.2.4.

8
Reinforced Concrete Design
Specified Concrete Cover Requirements Table 420.6.1.3.2
Specified Concrete Cover for Cast-in-Place Prestressed
Table 420.6.1.3.1 Concrete Members
Specified Concrete Cover for Cast-in-Place Non-
Prestressed Concrete Members Specif
Concrete Reinforce- ied
Member
Specif Exposure ment Cover
Concrete Reinforce- ied , mm
Member
Exposure ment Cover Cast against
, mm and
Cast against permanently All All 75
and in contact
permanently All All 75 with ground
in contact Slabs,
with ground Exposed to joists,
All 25
20 mm dia. weather to and
through 58 50 weather or walls
Exposed to
mm dia. bars in contact
weather to
16 mm dia. with ground All other All 40
weather or All
bar, MW200
in contact
or MD200 40 Slabs,
with ground
wire, and joists
All 20
smaller Not and
40 mm dia. exposed to walls
Slabs, and 58 mm 40 weather or Beams, Primary
joists dia. bars 40
in contact columns, reinforcement
and 36 mm dia. with ground and
Not Stirrups, ties,
walls bar and 20 tension
exposed to spirals, and 25
smaller bars
weather or hoops
Beams,
in contact Primary
columns,
with ground reinforcement, For bundled bars, specified concrete cover shall be at
pedestal,
stirrups, ties, 40 least the smaller of (a) and (b):
and
spirals and
tension
hoops a. The equivalent diameter of the bundle;
bars
b. 50 mm

And for concrete cast against and permanently in

contact with ground, the specified cover shall be 75
mm.

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS

(Section 421)

Strength Reduction Factors for Structural Concrete

Members and Connections (Sec. 421.2)

Strength reduction factors, ∅, shall be in accordance

with Table 421.2.1, except as modified by Sections
421.2.2, 421.2.3, and 421.2.4.

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Reinforced Concrete Design
Table 421.2.1
Strength Reduction Factors, ∅

Action or Structural Element ∅ Exceptions

0.65 to 0.90 in Near ends of pretensioned members where
Moment, axial force, or combined
(a) accordance with strands are not fully developed, ∅ shall be in
moment and axial force
Section 421.2.2 accordance with Section 421.2.3
Additional requirements are given in
(b) Shear 0.75 Section 421.2.4 for structures designed to
resist earthquake effects.
(c) Torsion 0.75 -
(d) Bearing 0.65 -
(e) Post-tensioned anchorage zones 0.85 -
(f) Brackets and corbels 0.75 -
Struts, ties, nodal zones and bearing
(g) areas designed in accordance with 0.75 -
strut -and-tie method in Section 423
Components of connections of
(h) precast members controlled by 0.90 -
yielding of steel elements in tension
(i) Plain concrete elements 0.60 -
0.45 to 0.75 in
(j) Anchors in concrete elements accordance with -
Section 417

Table 421.2.2
Strength Reduction Factor, ∅, for Moment, Axial Force, or Combined Moment and Axial Force

∅
Net Tensile Type of Transverse Reinforcement
Classification
Stain, 𝜺𝒕 Spirals conforming to Sec.
Other
425.7.3
Compression
𝜀 ≤𝜀 0.75 (a) 0.65 (b)
controlled
𝜀 −𝜀 𝜀 −𝜀
𝜀 < 𝜀 < 0.005 Transition 0.75 + 0.15 (c) 0.65 + 0.25 (d)
0.005 − 𝜀 0.005 − 𝜀
𝜀 ≥ 0.005 Tension Controlled 0.90 (e) 0.90 (f)

𝑓 SECTIONAL STRENGTH (Section 422)

For deformed reinforcement, 𝜀 shall be 𝐸 . For
Grade 280 deformed reinforcement, it shall be permitted This section shall apply to calculating nominal strength
to take equal to 0.002. For all prestressed reinforcement at sections of members, including (a) through (g):
𝜀 shall be taken as 0.002.
a. Flexural strength;
b. Axial strength or combined flexural and axial
strength;
c. One—way shear strength;
d. Two-way shear strength;
e. Torsional strength;
f. Bearing;
g. Shear Friction
10
Reinforced Concrete Design
Sectional strength requirements of this chapter shall be Table 422.4.2.1
satisfied unless the member or region of the members is Maximum Axial Strength
designed in accordance with Section 423.
Transverse
Member 𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙
Design Assumptions for Concrete (Section 422.2.2) Reinforcement
Ties conforming to
Non- Section 422.4.2.4
0.80𝑃 (a)
Maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression
prestressed Spirals conforming
0.85𝑃 (b)
fiber shall be assumed equal to 0.003. to Section 422.4.2.5
Ties 0.80𝑃 (c)
Concrete stress of 0.85𝑓′ shall be assumed uniformly Prestressed
Spirals 0.85𝑃 (d)
distributed over an equivalent compression zone Composite steel
bounded by edges of the cross-section and a line parallel and concrete
to the neutral axis located a distance 𝛼 from the fiber of columns in All 0.85𝑃 (e)
maximum compressive strain, as calculated by: accordance with
Section 410
𝛼=𝛽𝑐
For non-prestressed members and composite steel and
Distance from the fiber of maximum compressive concrete members, 𝑃 shall be calculated by
strain to the neutral axis, 𝑐 shall be measured
𝑃 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝐴 − 𝐴 +𝑓 𝐴 (422.4.2.2)
perpendicular to the neutral axis.

Values of 𝛽 shall be in accordance with Table where 𝐴 is the total area of non-prestressed
422.2.2.4.3. longitudinal reinforcement.

Table 422.2.2.4.3 Tie reinforcement for lateral support of longitudinal

Values of 𝛽 for Equivalent Rectangular Concrete reinforcement in compression members shall satisfy
Stress Distribution Sections 410.7.6.2 and 425.7.2.

𝑓′ , MPa 𝛽 Spiral reinforcement for lateral support of longitudinal

17 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 28 0.85 (a) reinforcement in compression members shall satisfy
0.05(𝑓′ − 28) Sections 410.7.6.3 and 425.7.3.
28 < 𝑓 < 55 0.85 − (b)
7
𝑓 ≥ 55 0.65 (c) One-way Shear Strength (Section 422.5)

Axial Strength or Combined Flexural and Axial Nominal one-way shear strength at a section 𝑉 , shall be
Strength (Section 422.4) calculated by:

Nominal flexural and axial strength shall be calculated 𝑉 =𝑉 +𝑉 (422.5.1.1)

in accordance with the assumptions of Section 422.2.
Cross-sectional dimension shall be calculated to satisfy
Nominal axial compressive strength, 𝑃 , shall not Eq. 422.5.1.2.
exceed 𝑃 , in accordance with Table 422.4.2.1,
where 𝑃 is calculated by Eq. 422.4.2.2 for non- 𝑉 ≤ ∅ 𝑉 + 0.67 𝑓′ 𝑏 𝑑 (422.5.1.2)
prestressed members and composite steel and concrete
members, and by Eq. 422.4.2.3 for prestressed For non-prestressed members, 𝑉 shall be calculated in
members. accordance with Section 422.5.5, 422.5.6, or 422.5.7.

𝑉 shall be calculated in accordance with Section

422.5.10.

Effect of any openings in members shall be considered

in calculating 𝑉 .

11
Reinforced Concrete Design
Effect of axial tension due to creep and shrinkage in b. Axial welded wire reinforcement with wires
restrained shall be considered in calculating 𝑉 . located perpendicular to longitudinal axis of
members,
Effect of inclined flexural compression in variable c. Spiral reinforcement.
depth members shall be permitted to be considered in
calculating 𝑉 . 𝑉 for shear reinforcement in Section 422.5.10.5.1 shall
be calculated by:
For calculation of 𝑉 and 𝑉 in solid, circular sections, 𝑑
shall be permitted to be taken as 0.8 times the diameter 𝑉 = (422.5.10.3)
and 𝑏 shall be permitted to be taken as the diameter.
where 𝑠 is the spiral pitch or the longitudinal spacing of
The value of 𝑓′ used to calculate 𝑉 , 𝑉 , and 𝑉 for the shear reinforcement and 𝐴 is given in Section
one-way shear shall not exceed 8.3 MPa, unless allowed 422.5.10.5.5 or 422.5.10.5.6.
in Section 422.5.3.2.
For each rectangular tie, stirrup, hoop, or crosstic, 𝐴
For non-prestressed members without axial force, 𝑉 shall be the effective area of all bar legs or wires within
shall be calculated by: spacing 𝑠.

𝑉 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓′ 𝑏 𝑑 (422.5.5.1) For each circular tie or spiral, 𝐴 shall be two times the
area of the bar or wire within spacing 𝑠.
unless a more detailed calculation is made in accordance
with Table 422.5.5.1 Two-Way Shear Strength (Section 422.6)

For non-prestressed members with axial compression, Provisions Sections 422.6.1 through 422.6.8 apply to
𝑉 shall be calculated by: the nominal shear strength of two-way members with
and without shear reinforcement. Where structural steel
𝑉 = 0.17 1 + 𝜆 𝑓′ 𝑏 𝑑 (422.5.6.1) I- or channel-shaped sections are used as shear heads,
two-way members shall be designed for shear in
accordance with Section 422.6.9.
unless a more detailed calculation is made in accordance
with Table 422.5.6.1, where 𝑁 is positive for Nominal shear strength for two-way members without
compression. shear reinforcement shall be calculated by
One-way Shear Reinforcement (Section 422.5.10) 𝑣 =𝑣
At each section where 𝑉 > ∅𝑉 , transverse Nominal shear strength for two-way members with
reinforcement shall be provided such that Eq. shear reinforcement other than shear heads shall be
422.5.10.1 is satisfied calculated by

𝑉 ≥ −𝑉 (422.5.10.1) 𝑣 =𝑣 +𝑣
∅
Two-way shear shall be resisted by a section with a
For one-way members reinforced with transverse depth 𝑑 and an assumed critical perimeter 𝑏 as defined
reinforcement, 𝑉 shall be calculated in accordance with in Section 422.6.4.
Section 422.5.10.5.
𝑣 for two-way shear shall be calculated in accordance
One-way Shear Strength Provided by Transverse with Section 422.6.6. For two-way members with shear
Reinforcement (Section 422.5.10.5) reinforcement, 𝑣 shall not exceed the limits in Section
422.6.6.1.
In non-prestressed and prestressed members, shear
reinforcement satisfying (a), (b) or (c) shall be For calculation of 𝑣 , 𝜆 shall be in accordance with
permitted: Section 419.2.4.

a. Stirrups, ties, or hoops perpendicular to

longitudinal axis of member,
12
Reinforced Concrete Design
For two-way members reinforced with single or multi- Note: 𝛽 is the ratio of long side to short side of the column,
leg stirrups, 𝑣 shall be calculated in accordance with concentrated load, or reaction area and 𝛼 is given in Section
Section 422.6.7. 422.6.5.3.

For two-way members reinforced with headed shear The value of 𝑎 is 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge
stud reinforcement, 𝑣 shall be calculated in accordance columns, and 20 for corner columns.
with Section 422.6.8.
SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Two-way Shear Strength Provided by Concrete (Sec. (Section 424)
422.6.5)
For non-prestressed two-way members, 𝑣 shall be This section shall apply to member design for minimum
calculated in accordance with Section 422.6.5.2. For serviceability, including (a) through (d):
prestressed two-way members, 𝑣 shall be calculated in
a. Section 424.2 deflection due to service-level
accordance with (a) or (b):
gravity loads;
a. Section 422.6.5.2 b. Section 424.3 distribution of flexural
b. Section 422.6.5.5, if the conditions of Section reinforcement in one-way slabs and beams to
422.6.5.4 are satisfied control cracking;
c. Section 424.4. permissible stresses in
𝑣 shall be calculated in accordance with Table prestressed flexural members.
422.6.5.2.
Deflection calculated in accordance with Sections
Table 422.6.5.2
424.2.3 through 424.2.5 shall not exceed the limits in
Calculation of 𝑣 for Two-way Shear
Table 424.2.2.
𝑣
0.33𝜆 𝑓′ (a) Immediate deflection shall be calculated using methods
2 or formulas for elastic deflections, considering effects
Least of (a), 0.17 1 + 𝜆 𝑓′ (b)
(b) and (c): 𝛽 of cracking and reinforcement on member stiffness.
𝑎 𝑑
0.083 2 + 𝜆 𝑓′ ©
𝑏

Table 424.2.2
Maximum Permissible Calculated Deflection
Deflection
Member Condition Deflection to be considered
Limitation
Not supporting or attached to non- Immediate deflection due to [ ]
Flat roofs 𝑙 ⁄180
structural elements likely to be damaged maximum of 𝐿 and 𝑅
Floors by large deflections Immediate deflection due to 𝐿 𝑙 ⁄360
Likely to be That part of the total deflection
[ ]
damaged by large occurring after attachment of non- 𝑙 ⁄480
Supporting or deflections structural elements, which is the sum
Roof or floors attached to non- of the time-dependent deflection due
Not likely to be
structural elements to all sustained loads and the [ ]
damaged by large 𝑙 ⁄240
immediate deflection due to any
deflections
additional live load[2]
[1]
Limit not intended to safeguard against ponding. Ponding shall be checked by calculations of deflection, including added
deflections due to ponded water, and considering time-dependent effects of sustained leads, camber, construction tolerances, and
reliability of provisions for drainage.
[2]
Time-dependent deflections shall be calculated in accordance with Section 424.2.4, but shall be permitted to be reduced by
amount of deflection calculated to occur before attachment of non-structural elements. This amount shall be calculated on basis of
accepted engineering data relating to time-deflection characteristics of members similar to those being considered.
[3]
Limit shall be permitted to be exceeded if measures are taken to prevent drainage to supported or attached elements.
[4]
Limit shall not exceed tolerance provided for nonstructural elements

13
Reinforced Concrete Design
Non-Prestressed Reinforcement (Section 424.4.3)
For non-prestressed members, effective moment of
inertia, 𝐼 shall be calculated by Eq. 424.2.3.5a unless Deformed reinforcement to resist shrinkage and
obtained by a more comprehensive analysis, but 𝐼 shall temperature stresses shall conform to Table 420.2.2.4(a)
not be greater than 𝐼 . and shall be in accordance with Sections 424.4.3.2
through 424.4.3.5.
𝐼 = 𝐼 + 1− 𝐼 (424.2.3.5a) The ratio of deformed shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall satisfy
where 𝑀 is calculated by the limits in Table 424.4.3.2.

𝑀 = (424.2.3.5b) Table 424.4.3.2

Minimum Ratios of Deformed Shrinkage and
Temperature Reinforcement Area to Gross Concrete
For continuous one-way and beams, 𝐼 shall be
Area
permitted to be taken as the average of values obtained
from Eq. 424.2.3.5a for the critical positive and negative Reinforcement 𝒇𝒚 Minimum Reinforcement
moment sections. Type MPa Ratio
Deformed
<420 0.0020
For prismatic one-way slabs and beams, 𝐼 shall be bars
permitted to be taken as the value obtained from Eq. Deformed 0.0018 × 420
424.2.3.5a at mid-span for simple and continuous spans, bars or Greater 𝑓
≥ 420
and at the support for cantilevers. welded wire of:
reinforcement 0.0014

Calculation of Time-Dependent Deflection (Section

The spacing of deformed shrinkage and temperature
424.2.4.1)
reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of 5ℎ and 450
Unless obtained from a more comprehensive analysis, mm.
additional time-dependent deflection resulting from
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS (Section 425)
creep and shrinkage of flexural members shall be
calculated as the product of the immediate deflection
This section shall apply to reinforcement details
caused by sustained load and the factor 𝜆∆
including:
ℰ
𝜆∆ = (424.2.4.1.1) a. Minimum spacing;
b. Standard hooks, seismic hooks, and crossties;
In Eq. 424.2.4.1.1, 𝜌′ shall be calculated at mid-span for c. Development of reinforcement;
simple and continuous spans, and at the support for d. Splices;
cantilevers. e. Bundled reinforcement;
f. Transverse reinforcement;
In Eq. 424.2.4.1.1, values of the time dependent factor g. Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers.
for sustained loads, ℰ, shall be in accordance with Table
424.2.4.1.3. Minimum Spacing of Reinforcement (Sec. 425.2)

Table 424.2.4.1.3  For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a

Time-dependent Factor for Sustained Loads horizontal layer, clear spacing shall be at least the
greatest of 50 mm, db, and (4/3)dagg.
Sustained load Time-dependent factor,
 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in
duration, months 𝓔
two or more horizontal layers, reinforcement in the
3 1.0
upper layers shall be placed directly above
6 1.2
12 1.4 reinforcement in the bottom layer with a clear spacing
60 or more 2.0 between layers of at least 25 mm.
 For longitudinal reinforcement in columns, pedestals,
struts, and boundary elements in walls, clear spacing

14
Reinforced Concrete Design
between bars shall be at least the greatest of 40 mm,  Minimum inside bend diameters for bars used as
1.5db and (4/3)dagg traverse reinforcement and standard hooks for bars
used to anchor stirrups, ties, hoops, and spirals shall
Standard Hooks, Seismic Hooks, and Minimum Inside conform to Table 425.3.2. Standard hooks shall
Bend Diameters (Sec. 425.3) enclose longitudinal reinforcement.

 Standard Hooks for the development of deformed

bars in tension shall conform to table 425.3.1

15
Reinforced Concrete Design
 Seismic hooks used to anchor stirrups, ties, hoops, and of the hook equal to or greater than 0.17𝑑 𝑓 /
cross-ties shall be in accordance with (a) and (b): 𝜆 𝑓′ , with 𝜆 as given in Table 425.4.3.2;
a. Minimum bend of 90 degrees for circular hoops c. In joist construction, for 12 mm ∅ bar and
and 135 degrees for all other hoops; MD130 wire and smaller, a standard hook.
b. Hook shall engage longitudinal reinforcement
and the extension shall project into the interior of Anchorage of each leg of welded plain wire
the stirrup or hoop. reinforcement forming a single U-stirrup shall be in
accordance with (a) or (b):
Bundled Reinforcement (Section 425.6)
a. Two longitudinal wires spaced at a 50 mm
For Non-prestressed Reinforcement spacing along the member at the top of the U;
b. One longitudinal wire located not more than
 Group of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact 𝑑/4 from the compression face and a second
to act as a unit shall be limited to four in any one wire closer to the compression face and spaced
bundle. not less than 50 mm from the first wire. The
 Bundled bars shall be enclosed within transverse second wire shall be permitted to be located on
reinforcement. Bundled bars in compression members the stirrup leg beyond a bend, or on a bend with
shall be enclosed by transverse reinforcement at least an inside diameter of bend of at least 8𝑑 .
12 mm diameter in size.
 Bars larger than a 36 mm dia. shall not be bundled in Stirrups used for torsion or integrity reinforcement shall
beams. be closed stirrups perpendicular to the axis of the
 Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the member. Where welded wire reinforcement is used,
span of flexural members shall terminate at different transverse wires shall be perpendicular to the axis of the
points with at least 40db stagger. member. Such stirrups shall be anchored by (a) or (b):
 A unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar
with an area equivalent to that of the bundle and a a. Ends shall terminate with 135-degree standard
centroid coinciding with that of the bundle. hooks around a longitudinal bar;
b. In accordance with Section 425.7.1.3(a) or (b)
Transverse Reinforcement (Section 425.7) or Section 425.7.1.4, where the concrete
surrounding the anchorage is restrained against
Stirrups shall extend as close to the compression and spalling by a flange or slab or similar member.
tension surfaces of other member as cover requirements
and proximity of other reinforcement permits and shall Ties (Sec. 425.7.2)
be anchored at both ends. Where used as shear
reinforcement, stirrups shall extend a distance 𝑑 from Ties shall consist of a closed loop of deformed bar or
extreme compression fiber. deformed wire with spacing in accordance with (a) and
(b):
Between anchored ends, each bend in the continuous
portion of a single or multiple U-stirrup and each bend a. Clear spacing of at least 𝑑 ;
in a closed stirrup shall enclose a longitudinal bar or
b. Center-to-center spacing shall not exceed the
strand.
least of 16𝑑 of longitudinal bar, 48𝑑 of tie
bar, and smallest dimension of member.
Anchorage of deformed bar and wire shall be in
accordance with (a), (b), or (c):
Diameter of tie bar or wire shall be at least (a) or (b):
a. For 16 mm ∅ bar and MD200 wire, and smaller,
a. 10 mm Ø enclosing 32 mm Ø or smaller
and for 20 mm ∅ through 25 mm ∅ bars with
longitudinal bars;
𝑓 ≤ 280 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , a standard hook around
b. 12 mm Ø enclosing 36 mm Ø or larger
longitudinal reinforcement; longitudinal bars or bundled longitudinal bars.
b. For 20 mm ∅ through 25 mm ∅ bars with 𝑓 >
280 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , a standard hook around a Rectilinear ties shall be arranged to satisfy (a) and (b):
longitudinal bar plus an embedment between
mid-height of the member and the outside end
16
Reinforced Concrete Design
a. Every corner and alternate longitudinal bar Two-way slabs and footings:
shall have lateral support provided by the Shear carried by concrete, 𝑣 . 1+ 𝑓′
corner of a tie with an included angle of not
more than 135 degrees;
But not greater than . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝑓′
b. No unsupported bar shall farther than 150 mm
clear on each side along the tie from a laterally
3. Bearing on loaded area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3𝑓′
supported bar.
Tensile stress in reinforcement 𝑓 shall not exceed the
Spirals (Sec. 425.7.3)
following:
Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous bar or
1. Grade 280 reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . 140 MPa
wire with clear spacing conforming to (a) and (b):
2. Grade 420 reinforcement or greater and welded
wire fabric (plain or deformed) . . . . . 170 MPa
a. At least the greater of 25 mm and 𝑑 ;
3. For flexural reinforcement, ∅ 10 mm or less, in
b. Not greater than 75 mm. one-way slabs of not more than 4 m span but
not greater than 200 MPa . . . . . . . . . . 0.5𝑓
For cast-in-place construction, spiral bar or wire
diameter shall be at least 10 mm. Flexure (Section 429.6)
Volumetric spiral reinforcement ratio 𝜌 shall satisfy It shall be permitted to take the modular ratio, 𝑛 =
𝐸 /𝐸 , as the nearest whole number (but not less than
𝐴 𝑓′
𝜌 ≥ 0.45 −1 6). Except in calculations for deflections, value of 𝑛 for
𝐴 𝑓 lightweight concrete shall be assumed to be the same as
for normal weight concrete of the same strength.
Where the value of 𝑓 shall not be taken greater than
700 MPa. In doubly reinforced flexural members, an effective
modular ratio of 2𝐸 /𝐸 shall be used to transform
Spirals shall be anchored by 1-1/2 extra turns of spiral compression reinforcement for stress computations.
bar or wire at each end. Compressive stress in such reinforcement shall not
exceed permissible tensile stress.
ALTERNATE DESIGN METHOD (Section 429)
Shear and Torsion (Section 429.8)
Load factors and strength reduction factors shall be
taken as unity for members designed by the Alternate Design shear stress 𝑣 shall be computed by:
Design Method.
𝑣 = 𝑉/(𝑏 𝑑)
Permissible Service Load Stresses (Section 429.4)
where 𝑉 is design shear force at section considered.
Stresses in concrete shall not exceed the following:
When the reaction, in direction of applied shear,
1. Flexure introduces compression into the end regions of a
Extreme fiber stress in compression . . . . . . 0.45𝑓′ member, sections located less than a distance 𝑑 from
face of support shall be permitted to be designed for the
2. Shear
same shear 𝑣 as that computed at a distance 𝑑.
Beams and one-way slabs and footings:
Shear Stress Carried by Concrete (Section 429.8.4)
Shear carried by concrete, 𝑣 . . . . . . . . 𝑓′
For members subject to shear and flexure only, shear
Maximum shear carried by concrete plus shear
stress carried by concrete 𝑣 shall not exceed 0.09 𝑓′
reinforcement, 𝑣 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝑓′
unless a more detailed calculation is made in accordance
with Section 429.8.4.5.
Joists:
Shear carried by concrete, 𝑣 . . . . . . . . 𝑓′

17
Reinforced Concrete Design
Spacing Limits for Shear Reinforcement (Section When shear reinforcement consists of a single bar or a
429.8.5.4) single group of parallel bars, all bent up at the same
distance from the support:
Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to
axis of members shall not exceed 𝑑/2 nor 600 mm. 𝐴 =
( )
(429.8.5.6.4)

When (𝑣 − 𝑣 ) exceeds 𝑓′ , maximum spacing

where (𝑣 − 𝑣 ) shall not exceed 𝑓′
given in Section 429.8.5.4.1 and 429.8.5.4.2 shall be
reduced by one-half.
When shear reinforcement consists of a series of parallel
Minimum Shear Reinforcement (Section 429.8.5.5) bent-up bars or groups of parallel bent-up bars at
different distances from support, required area shall be
A minimum area of shear reinforcement shall be computed by Eq. 429.8.5.6.3.
provided in all reinforced concrete flexural members
Only the center three-quarters of the inclined portion of
where designed shear stress 𝑣 is greater than one-half
any longitudinal bent bar shall be considered effective
the permissible shear stress 𝑣 carried by concrete
for shear reinforcement.
except:
When more than one type of shear reinforcement is used
1. Slabs and footings;
to reinforce the same portion of a member, required area
2. Concrete joist construction defined by Section
shall be computed as the sum of the various types
408.8 of this section;
separately. In such computations, 𝑣 shall be included
3. Beam with total depth not greater than 250 mm,
only once.
2.5 times thickness of flange or one-half the
width of web, whichever is greatest.
Value of (𝑣 − 𝑣 ) shall not exceed 𝑓′
Minimum shear reinforcement requirements of Section
429.8.5.5.1 shall be permitted to be waived if shown by Special Provision for Slabs and Footings (Section
test that required ultimate flexural and shear strength 429.8.7)
can be developed when shear reinforcement is omitted.
Shear capacity of slabs and footings in the vicinity of
Where shear reinforcement is required by Section concentrated loads or reactions is governed by the more
429.8.5.5.1 or by analysis, minimum area of shear severe of two conditions:
reinforcement shall be computed by:
Beam action for slab or footing, with a critical section
𝐴 = 𝑏 𝑠/3𝑓 extending in a plane across the entire width and located
at a distance 𝑑 from face of concentrated load or
where 𝑏 and 𝑠 are in mm. reaction area. For this condition, the slab or footing shall
be designed in accordance with Section 429.8.1 through
Design of Shear Reinforcement (Section 429.8.5.6) 429.8.5.

Where design shear stress 𝑣 exceeds shear stress carried Two-way action for slab or footing, with a critical
by concrete 𝑣 , shear reinforcement shall be provided in section perpendicular to plane of slab and located so that
accordance with Section 429.8.5.6.2 through its perimeter is a minimum, but need not approach
429.8.5.6.8. closer than 𝑑/2 to perimeter of concentrated load or
reaction area. For this condition, the slab or footing shall
When shear reinforcement perpendicular to axis of be designed in accordance with Sections 429.8.7.2 and
member is used: 429.8.7.3

𝐴 = (𝑣 − 𝑣 )𝑏 𝑠/𝑓 (329.8.5.6.2) Design shear stress 𝑣 shall be computed by:

When inclined stirrups are used as shear reinforcement: 𝑣 = 𝑉/(𝑏 𝑑)

( ) where 𝑉 and 𝑏 , shall be taken at the critical section

𝐴 = ( )
(429.8.5.6.3)
defined in Section 429.8.7.1.2.
18
Reinforced Concrete Design
Design shear stress 𝑣 shall not exceed 𝑣 given by Eq. but 𝑣 shall not exceed 𝑓′ 𝛽 is the ratio of long side
429.8.7.3 unless shear reinforcement is provided
to short side of concentrated load or reaction area. When
lightweight aggregate concrete is used, the
𝑣 = 1+ 𝑓′ (429.8.7.3) modifications of Section 429.8.4.6 shall apply.

19