2nd International Conference on Green Energy and Technology, September 2014 65

Proper Allocation and Utilization of Spectrum by

Using Cognitive Radio Networks: Bangladesh
Perspective
Khandaker Anamul Hoque1*, Shah Md. Rahmot Ullah2, Md. Mahmudul Hasan3, Shakil-Al-Monsur4, Md. Mostaqim
Billah Arnab5, Md. Monjurul Islam6, A S M ForhadulAlam7
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Dept. of EEE, Mymensingh Engineering College
6
Dept. of CSE, Mymensingh Engineering College
7
Dept. of Physics, Mymensingh Engineering College
Mymensingh, Bangladesh
*
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract—In recent years, spectrum scarcity is a major problem services, and the rapid expansion of. Most countries consider
in wireless communication system which has been brought to a RF spectrum as an exclusive property of the state. The RF
solution by using cognitive radio technology. This technology spectrum is a national resource, much like water, land, gas and
tends to increase the spectrum utilization. In this paper, an minerals. The purpose of spectrum management is to mitigate
energy detection method has been proposed for proper utilization radio spectrum pollution and maximize the benefit of usable
and allocation to the spectrum and also an overview of spectrum radio spectrum.
in Bangladesh. In real time system energy detection can be
broadly used as a signal detection method for its lower The key enabling technology of dynamic spectrum access
complexity characteristics. Our scheme helps any channel techniques is cognitive Radio technology. It provides the
distributor, by measuring the quantity of bandwidth that can be capability to share the wireless channel with licensed users in
provided at any given time to any unlicensed user. From result an opportunistic manner CR networks are envisioned to
we found that the output could be beneficial for the improvement provide high bandwidth to mobile users via heterogeneous
of spectrum scarcity problem, save money and can develop our wireless architectures and dynamic spectrum access
communication network system. techniques [10]. In cognitive radio terminology, PU can be
defined as the user who has license to use a specific part of the
Keywords—cognative radio, spectrum allocation, energy spectrum. On the other hand, secondary users (SU) or CR
detection, receiver characteristics(ROC), national frequency users do have license to use the spectrum but can use the
allocation plan(NFAP). spectrum when PU is absent. When PU is present CR user
shift its transmission to another frequency or changes other
I. INTRODUCTION modulation parameters and never causes interference to
Spectrum is a major national asset. It serves us a as a primary users. Therefore, SUs need to have cognitive radio
critical input to a wide range of services including mobile capabilities, such as sensing the spectrum reliably to check
communications, television and radio broadcasting services, whether it is being used by a PU and to change the radio
emergency services communications, air travel radar and parameters to exploit the unused part of the spectrum.
many more. Through these services, spectrum use delivers Spectrum sensing is the most important task among others for
substantial benefits to citizens and consumers. It is a finite the establishment of CRs because they need to sense the
resource but demand to use it is growing – both in terms of spectrum band for a spectrum hole decide to use the spectrum
new kinds of application and in terms of the amount needed to band or not. A number of different techniques have been
support more widespread and richer use of current uses such proposed for identifying the presence of the PU signal
as mobile broadband[1]. Spectrum is therefore an incredibly transmission. The existing spectrum sensing techniques can be
valuable raw material for technological development. broadly divided into three categories: energy detection,
matched filter detection, and cyclostationary detection [6].
In Recent, Spectrum Scarcity is the burning issue of the Matched filter energy detection and cyclostationary detection
communication world. Spectrum management is the process are widely used techniques as detection techniques [7].
of regulating the use of radio frequencies to promote efficient Among them, energy detection has been widely applied since
use and gain a net social benefit. The term radio spectrum it does not require any a priori knowledge of the primary
typically refers to the full frequency range from 3 kHz to signals and has much lower complexity than the other two
300 GHz that used for wireless communication [2]. Increasing schemes [5][8]. In addition, it does not need any prior
demand for services such as mobile telephones and many information about the PUs' signals. Therefore, it has been
others has required changes in the philosophy of spectrum thoroughly studied both in local spectrum sensing. In this
management. Demand for wireless broadband has soared due paper we studied energy detection technique to view its
to technological innovation, such as 3G and 4G mobile performance in sensing [9].

978-1-4799-6640-0/$31.00 © 2014 IEEE

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II. SPECTRUM MANAGMENT grown exponentially in the past five years. In 2012 3G mobile
service is introduced by state owned teletalk and 2013 all
A. Spectrum allocation mobile operator get 3G license.
The international Telecommunication Union (ITU) at the
world Radio communication conferences allocates spectrum
frequencies for the use of various. Allocations countries are
made on a regional basis and for different types of services. It
is mandatory for all administrations to adhere to these
allocations. For the purpose of spectrum allocation, each
member country submits its proposals to ITU, based on their
requirements and priorities for opening of the bands. During
the conference all the proposals are discussed and decisions
are taken for opening of the bands for new services or
extension of the existing bands. These decisions are reflected
in the international frequency allocation table of radio
regulation and other regulatory provisions for use of bands,
which forms the basis for allotment by the member countries.

B. Need for spectrum allocation

Spectrum allocation is necessary in order to ensure
interference free operation for each radio service. Each
frequency band is shared amongst various radio services but
the sharing is possible only with the use of similar systems.
Sharing is also possible by way of geographical separation,
time sharing and through technical solutions like smart antenna
and intelligent radio system.

C. National frequency allocation plan(NFAP) Fig. 1. Bangladesh telecommunication evolution.

Though spectrum is a limited natural resource the domain
of its need and use are enormous. It has huge demand all over
TABLE I. PRESENT AND PROSPECTIVE BANDS OF MOBILE OPERATION
the world. When same frequency is used in neighboring IN BANGLADESH
countries or by different technologies, there are possibilities of
interference. In order to avoid such occurrence, every country Total
Band Up link Down link
BW Status
has its own frequency allocation plan depending on (MHz) (MHz) (MHz)
(MHz)
technology based spectrum management in different ITU 15.6 MHz is free.
regions. This plan is known is National Frequency Allocation Allocated to Mobile
1800 1710-1785 1805-1880 75
plan (NFAP). After BTRC was established, NFAP was and one private
prepared by UK based consulting firm ‘Interconnect PSTN.
Communication’ in the year 2004,financed by the world aided 22.20 MHz is free.
Allocated to 03
project ‘strengthening the Regulatory Capacity of 1900 1880-1910 1960-1990 30
private PSTN but
ofBTRC’.Due to evolving technology,NFAP was modified 01 operative.
again in 2010 by another UK based consulting firm ‘Helios 2100 1920-1960 2110-2170 40 Free to allocate.
technologies ltd’. The 9 kHz to 1000 GHz frequency band has Free to allocate.
been reserved for various services in NFAP [4]. According to 2300 2300-2400 100
Allocated to
ITU Radio Regulation, currently frequency is allotted to the broadband
including Wi-max.
applicant after assessing the demand and consulting NFAP.
FDD portion
Best use of the precious national resource of ensured by giving (70MHz) is free.
highest priority to NFAP, while assigning it. 2500 2500-2690 190 TDD (35MHz) is
allocated to Wi-
Max.
III. BANGLADESH TELECOM EVOLUTION 3 MHZ is free.
The liberalization of Bangladesh’s telecommunication 450 450-457.5 460-467.5 7.5 Allocated to private
sector began with small steps in 1989 with the insurance of a PSTN.
UHF 698-806 108
licenses to a private operator for the provision of inter alia
Fully allocated.
cellular mobile services to compete with the previous Allocated to
monopoly provider of telecommunications services the 850 825-845 870-890 20
Mobile& private
Bangladesh telegraph and telephone board (BTTB) PSTN.
[3].Significant change in the number of fixed and mobile Fully allocated.
services deployed in Bangladesh occurred in the late 1990s 950 890-915 935-960 25 Allocated to Mobile
operator.
and the number of services in operation have subsequently
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TABLE II. PRESENT SANERIO MICROWAVE IN BANGLADESH IV. OUR PROPOSED MODEL
Band Frequency BW per ITU-T GP
GHz range (MHz) Channel available space permitted A. Energy detection
spots
This method uses a squaring device followed by an
2 2.025-2290 7
6 5.925-6.425 29.65
integrator, the output of which gives the decision variable.
7 7.425-7.90 28 8 4 This variable is then compared with a threshold and if it is
8 7.725-8.275 29.65 8 5 above the threshold, then the result of the detector is that a
11 10.70-11.70 40 12 6 primary user is present. Energy detection is very practical
13 12.75-13.25 28 8 since it requires no information about the primary user’s
15 14.50-15.35 14 30 3 signal.
18 17.70-19.70 13.75 70 7
23 22.0-23.60 14 41 6
26 24.50-26.50 14 64 B. System Model
38 37.0-39.50 14 80 6 • All users (whether primary or secondary) have 2
40-60 48.50-50.20 14 56 transmit antennas and a single receive antenna.
51.4-52.60 14 36
55.78-57 14 80 • Users employ Altamonte space time block codes while
55.7-57 14 36 transmitting No SIT, perfect CSIR.
57-59
• AWGN channel, Rayleigh block fading channel
(channels gains are constant over the block period) and
Nakagami fading channel are considered for Sensing.
• Cognitive Radio based nodes (secondary user) will
perform energy detection.
To start with, consider a low-pass process and a signal
with bandwidth W (energy is negligible outside this band),
which has an important feature that resulting from the
sampling theory. In order to represent the energy of in finite
number of terms over a duration T, we need approximately
2TW sample. The energy detector is a noise pre filter followed
by a squaring device and integrator that will give the test
statistics.

Fig. 2. Spectrum allocation (previous) of 1800 MHz Rearrangement.

Fig. 4. Block Diagram of Energy Detection.

V. SIMULATION RESULT
All simulation was done on MATLAB version R2011a
under AWGN channel. We use receiver characteristics (ROC)
analysis for the signal detection theory to study the
performance of the energy detector. ROC has been widely
used in the signal detection theory due to the fact that it is an
ideal technique to quantify the tradeoff between the
probability of detection (Pd) and the probability of false alarm
(pfa).

Fig. 3. Spectrum allocation (present) of 1800 MHz Rearrangement.

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detection probability varies based on the probability of false

alarm and time bandwidth factor. When u is 1000, then the
detection probability is better than other used time bandwidth
factor. When u 3500 is used, then the detection probability is
worse than the other used bandwidth factor. When u is 2000
then, the detection probability is better than u=3500 and worse
than u=1000. It shows that the probability of detection is
increased when false alarm probability is increased and
probability of detection is decreased when the time bandwidth
factor is increased.

VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have discussed the overview of spectrum
allocation in Bangladesh and use of cognitive radio to reduce
the spectrum scarcity. The problem of the spectrum detection
schemes was formulated which include energy detection
receiver characteristics (ROC) analysis for the signal detection
theory. ROC curves are used to plots of the probability of
detection vs. the probability of false alarm. The probability of
Fig. 5. Roc for different SNR & time bandwidth factor. detection varies based on SNR, false alarm probability and
various time bandwidth factors. SNR influences on the
Fig5 shows that ROC of spectrum sensing for different detection probability. When SNR increases, the detection
SNR and time bandwidth factor under AWGN channel. probability increases. When SNR=25dB is better where
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are drawn for detection probability 1. If time bandwidth factor increases the
several time-bandwidth products. From fig. 2 we saw that detection probability decreases. If false alarm increases, the
probability of detection is best for the signal to noise ratio detection probability increases. We can get accurate value of
from SNR=22dB to 24dB and detection is 1 for 25dB. For this desired value of spectrum allocation by using energy detection
again SNR from 0dB to 25dB is used for fig.5 Where technique of cognitive radio.
Pfa=0.01 and time bandwidth factor u is changed to 100, 500,
1000 and 2000. By changing u, it shows that probability of
detection is decreases when u increases.
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[1] Federal Communications Commission, “Notice of Proposed Rule
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[2] Federal Communications Commission’s “Notice of Proposed
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