Riemann Sums and The Definite Integral: Basic Calculus Grade 12 Quarter 4 May, 2021
Riemann Sums and The Definite Integral: Basic Calculus Grade 12 Quarter 4 May, 2021
Activity 1:
Try to fill the following table using the illustration above:
Function Antiderivative Area of Shaded Region
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 𝑐𝑥0
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 1 2
𝑥
2
1 1
2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 (2 − 𝑥0 + 2)(𝑥0 )
2 2
We can see a striking relationship between the area of a region below the graph of a function and the antiderivatives of the
function. This means that the antidifferentiation has something to do with computation of areas below curves. We will
investigate how to approximate the area of the general region.
Notice that geometry provides formulas for the area of a region bounded by straight lines, like those above. However, it does
not provide formulas to compute for the area of a region below the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 using geometry alone. Even the formula
for the area of a circle 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 uses a limiting process. Before, since people only knew how to find the area of polygons, they
tried to cover the area of a circle by inscribing n-gons until the error was very small. This is called the method of Exhaustion.
The method of Exhaustion is attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Antiphon of Athens (5 th Century BCE), who
thought of inscribing a sequence of regular polygons, each with double the number of sides than the previous one, to
approximate the area of a circle.
We first partition [a, b] regularly, that is, into congruent subintervals. Similar to
the method of exhaustion, we fill R with rectangles of equal widths. The
Riemann Sum of f refers to the number equal to the combined area of
rectangles. Notice that as the number of rectangles increases, the Riemann
Sum approximation of the exact area of R becomes better and better. The
Riemann Sum depends on how we construct the rectangles and with how
many rectangles we fill the region. There are three basic types of Riemann
Sums: Left, Right and Midpoint.
In general, if [a, b] is subdivided into n intervals with partition points {𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , . .. , 𝑥𝑛 }, then the nth Riemann sum equals
Midpoint Riemann Sums
The nth midpoint Riemann sum 𝑀𝑛 is the sum of the areas of rectangles whose heights are the functional values of the
midpoints of the endpoints of each interval. For the sake of notation, we denote by 𝑚𝑘 the midpoint of two consecutive
partition points 𝑥𝑘−1 and 𝑥𝑘 ; that is
𝑥𝑘−1 + 𝑥𝑘
𝑚𝑘 =
2
Consider the following illustration. We subdivide the interval into three subintervals corresponding into three rectangles. Since
we are considering midpoints of the endpoints, the height of the first rectangle is 𝑓(𝑚1 ), the height of the second rectangle is
𝑓(𝑚2 ), and the height of the third rectangle is 𝑓(𝑚3 ).
In general, if [a, b] is subdivided into n intervals with partition points {𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , . .. , 𝑥𝑛 }, then the nth midpoint Riemann sums equals
𝑥𝑘−1+𝑥𝑘
where 𝑚𝑘 =
2
Activity 2:
Find the 4th left, right, and midpoint Riemann sums of the following functions with respect to particular partitioning of the
given intervals.
2 4 1 2 4 5
2. For the interval 𝐼 = [0,2], 𝑃3 = {0, 3 . 3 , 2} is not a refinement of 𝑃2 = {0,1,2}. However 𝑃4 = {0, 2 , 3 , 1, 3 , 3 , 2} is a refinement
of 𝑃3 .
1 2 3
3. Relative to the partition 𝑃 = {0, , , , 1} find the left, right, and midpoint Riemann sums of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 on the interval of
2 3 4
[0,1]
A. Assimilation (Time Frame: _____10 minutes___)
Show the solution and illustrate the graph of this.
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 be defined on [0,1]. Find the left, right, midpoint Riemann sum relative to rectangular partitions 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 , 𝑃4 . From
these three approximations, could you guess what is the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 and the x-axis on [0,1]?