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Riemann Sums and The Definite Integral: Basic Calculus Grade 12 Quarter 4 May, 2021

The document outlines a lesson plan on Riemann sums and the definite integral for a Grade 12 calculus class. The lesson plan aims to help students (a) define the definite integral as the limit of Riemann sums, (b) solve for the area under a curve using left, right, and midpoint Riemann sums, and (c) apply the concepts to real-life situations. The lesson includes activities to calculate different Riemann sums and approximations of the area under curves using increasing numbers of partitions.

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626 views4 pages

Riemann Sums and The Definite Integral: Basic Calculus Grade 12 Quarter 4 May, 2021

The document outlines a lesson plan on Riemann sums and the definite integral for a Grade 12 calculus class. The lesson plan aims to help students (a) define the definite integral as the limit of Riemann sums, (b) solve for the area under a curve using left, right, and midpoint Riemann sums, and (c) apply the concepts to real-life situations. The lesson includes activities to calculate different Riemann sums and approximations of the area under curves using increasing numbers of partitions.

Uploaded by

mina dote
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Learning Area Basic Calculus Grade Level Grade 12

W6 Quarter Quarter 4 Date May, 2021


I. LESSON TITLE Riemann Sums and the Definite Integral
II. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING The learner should be able to: (a) define the definite integral as Limit
COMPETENCIES (MELCs) of Riemann sums, (b) solve for the area of region under the curve
using Riemann sums (left, right and midpoint), and (c) apply in real-
life situations.
III. CONTENT/CORE CONTENT
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
I. Introduction (Time Frame: _____30 minutes___)
We know from our previous lesson that the derivative of a function represents the slope of the tangent line or its instantaneous
rate of change. Our question is what does antiderivative represent? To answer that, look at the following illustrations.

Activity 1:
Try to fill the following table using the illustration above:
Function Antiderivative Area of Shaded Region
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 𝑐𝑥0

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 1 2
𝑥
2

1 1
2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 (2 − 𝑥0 + 2)(𝑥0 )
2 2

We can see a striking relationship between the area of a region below the graph of a function and the antiderivatives of the
function. This means that the antidifferentiation has something to do with computation of areas below curves. We will
investigate how to approximate the area of the general region.

Notice that geometry provides formulas for the area of a region bounded by straight lines, like those above. However, it does
not provide formulas to compute for the area of a region below the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 using geometry alone. Even the formula
for the area of a circle 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 uses a limiting process. Before, since people only knew how to find the area of polygons, they
tried to cover the area of a circle by inscribing n-gons until the error was very small. This is called the method of Exhaustion.
The method of Exhaustion is attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Antiphon of Athens (5 th Century BCE), who
thought of inscribing a sequence of regular polygons, each with double the number of sides than the previous one, to
approximate the area of a circle.

D. Development (Time Frame: _____30 minutes___)


Through this lesson, we will assume that function f is a positive (that is, the
graph is above the x-axis), and continuous on the closed and bounded
interval [a, b]. The goal of this lesson is to approximate the area of the region
R bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏, and the x-axis.

We first partition [a, b] regularly, that is, into congruent subintervals. Similar to
the method of exhaustion, we fill R with rectangles of equal widths. The
Riemann Sum of f refers to the number equal to the combined area of
rectangles. Notice that as the number of rectangles increases, the Riemann
Sum approximation of the exact area of R becomes better and better. The
Riemann Sum depends on how we construct the rectangles and with how
many rectangles we fill the region. There are three basic types of Riemann
Sums: Left, Right and Midpoint.

Left Riemann Sums


The nth left Riemann sum 𝐿𝑛 is the sum of the areas of the rectangles whose heights are the function values of the left
endpoints of each subinterval. Consider the following illustration. We subdivide the interval into three subintervals
corresponding to three rectangles. Since we are considering left
endpoints, the height of the first rectangle is 𝑓(𝑥0 ), the height of the
second rectangle is 𝑓(𝑥1 ), and the height of the third rectangle is 𝑓(𝑥2 ).

Therefore, in this example, the 3rd left Riemann sums equals


𝐿3 = 𝑓(𝑥0 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥0 ) + 𝑓(𝑥1 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 )(𝑥3 − 𝑥2 )
= (𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ))∆𝑥

In general, if [a, b] is subdivided into n intervals with partition points


{𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , . .. , 𝑥𝑛 }, then the nth Riemann sum equals

We define the right and the midpoint Riemann sums

Right Riemann Sums


The nth right Riemann Sum 𝑅𝑛 is the sum of the areas of the rectangles whose
heights are the functional values of the right endpoints of each subinterval.
Consider the following illustration. We subdivide the interval into three
subintervals corresponding to three rectangles. Since we considering the right
endpoints, the height of the first rectangle is 𝑓(𝑥1 ), the height of the second
rectangle is 𝑓(𝑥2 ), and the height of the third rectangle is 𝑓(𝑥3 ).

Therefore, in this example, the 3rd right Riemann Sum equals

In general, if [a, b] is subdivided into n intervals with partition points {𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , . .. , 𝑥𝑛 }, then the nth Riemann sum equals
Midpoint Riemann Sums
The nth midpoint Riemann sum 𝑀𝑛 is the sum of the areas of rectangles whose heights are the functional values of the
midpoints of the endpoints of each interval. For the sake of notation, we denote by 𝑚𝑘 the midpoint of two consecutive
partition points 𝑥𝑘−1 and 𝑥𝑘 ; that is
𝑥𝑘−1 + 𝑥𝑘
𝑚𝑘 =
2

Consider the following illustration. We subdivide the interval into three subintervals corresponding into three rectangles. Since
we are considering midpoints of the endpoints, the height of the first rectangle is 𝑓(𝑚1 ), the height of the second rectangle is
𝑓(𝑚2 ), and the height of the third rectangle is 𝑓(𝑚3 ).

Therefore, in this example, the 3rd midpoint Riemann sum equals

In general, if [a, b] is subdivided into n intervals with partition points {𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , . .. , 𝑥𝑛 }, then the nth midpoint Riemann sums equals

𝑥𝑘−1+𝑥𝑘
where 𝑚𝑘 =
2

Activity 2:
Find the 4th left, right, and midpoint Riemann sums of the following functions with respect to particular partitioning of the
given intervals.

(a.) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 𝑜𝑛 [0,1] (b.) 𝑓(𝑥) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 [0, −1]

E. Engagement (Time Frame: _____60 minutes___)


The following activity shows that arbitrarily increasing the number of partition points does not necessarily give a better
approximation of true area of a region.
Activity 3:
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − │𝑥 − 1│and consider the closed region R bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and the x-axis on the interval [0,2].
Show that relative to regular partitioning, the second left Riemann sum 𝐿2 is a better approximation of the area of R
than the third left Riemann sum 𝐿3 of f on [0,2].

2 4 1 2 4 5
2. For the interval 𝐼 = [0,2], 𝑃3 = {0, 3 . 3 , 2} is not a refinement of 𝑃2 = {0,1,2}. However 𝑃4 = {0, 2 , 3 , 1, 3 , 3 , 2} is a refinement
of 𝑃3 .

1 2 3
3. Relative to the partition 𝑃 = {0, , , , 1} find the left, right, and midpoint Riemann sums of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 on the interval of
2 3 4
[0,1]
A. Assimilation (Time Frame: _____10 minutes___)
Show the solution and illustrate the graph of this.
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 be defined on [0,1]. Find the left, right, midpoint Riemann sum relative to rectangular partitions 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 , 𝑃4 . From
these three approximations, could you guess what is the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 and the x-axis on [0,1]?

V. ASSESSMENT (Time Frame: _________)


(Learning Activity Sheets for Enrichment, Remediation, or Assessment to be given on Weeks 3 and 6)
Answer the following questions:
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 be defined on [0,2]. Find the right Riemann sum relative to the regular partitions 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 , 𝑃4 . From this
these three approximations, could you guess what is the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 and the x-axis on
[0,2]?
1
2. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = be defined on [0,1]. Find the left, right, and midpoint Riemann sums relative to the regular partitions
𝑥+1
𝑃2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃3 .
3. Let 𝑓(𝑥) =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 defined on [0, 𝜋/4] . Find the left, right, and midpoint Riemann sums relative to the regular
partitions 𝑃2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃3 .

VI. REFLECTION (Time Frame: _________)


● Communicate your personal assessment as indicated in the Learner’s Assessment Card.
Personal Assessment on Learner’s Level of Performance
Using the symbols below, choose one which best describes your experience in working on each given task. Draw it in the column
for Level of Performance (LP). Be guided by the descriptions below:
 - I was able to do/perform the task without any difficulty. The task helped me in understanding the target content/ lesson.
- I was able to do/perform the task. It was quite challenging, but it still helped me in understanding the target content/lesson.
? – I was not able to do/perform the task. It was extremely difficult. I need additional enrichment activities to be able to do/perform this
task.
Learning Task LP Learning Task LP Learning Task LP Learning Task LP
Number 1 Number 3 Number 5 Number 7
Number 2 Number 4 Number 6 Number 8
VII. REFERENCES TEACHING_GUIDE_FOR_SENIOR_HIGH_SCHOOL_Basic_Calculus_CORE_SUBJECT
Commission_on_Higher_Education_in_collaboration_with_the_Philippine_Normal_University
Prepared by: Remily Jel B. Arena Checked by: Severa C. Salamat
Joralie J. Mendoza

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