Program Schedule and Abstract Book: Intermag 2021 April 26 - 30, 2021
Program Schedule and Abstract Book: Intermag 2021 April 26 - 30, 2021
INTERMAG 2021
April 26 - 30, 2021
The Program Report was last updated February 09, 2021 at 12:08 AM EST. To view the most recent meeting
schedule online, visit https://intermag2021.abstractcentral.com/planner.jsp
Monday, April 26, 2021
3:00 PM-4:00 PM, Live Q&A Sessions, TU. Tutorial: Magnetism and the Environment,
Special Session, Chair: Johan Paulides, [email protected], Advanced Electromagnetics
Group
5:00 PM-6:30 PM, Live Q&A Sessions, AA. Progress and Prospects of Advanced Magnetic
Microscopies, Symposium, Chair: Olivier Fruchart, [email protected], Univ. Grenoble
Alpes, CNRS, CEA
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, AB. Magnetic Microscopy and lmaging, Oral,
Chair: Trevor Almeida, [email protected], CEA-SPINTEC
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, AD. Hysteresis Modelling, Oral, Chair:
Salvatore Perna, [email protected], University of Naples Federico II
AD-02. A dynamic model for the hysteresis of CoPt multilayers and its
use for the interpretation of MOKE hysteresis loops aquired at
12:00 AM-12:00 AM
different field ramp rates J. Haupt; G. Atcheson; K. Borisov; N.
Teichert; J. Bespas; W. Wernsdorfer; P.S. Stamenov
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, AS. Electric Drive Applications, Transformers
and Wireless Power Transfer II, Poster, Chair: Kyung-Hun Shin, [email protected], Chonnam
National University
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, AT. Magnetic Bearings and Magnetic Levitation,
Poster, Chair: Somporn Ruangsinchaiwanich, [email protected], Naresuan University,
Thailand
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, AU. Electric Drive Applications, Transformers
and Wireless Power Transfer III, Poster, Chair: Kazuhiro Muramatsu, [email protected]
u.ac.jp, Saga University
AU-01. Magnetoelectric inductor tuned by electric and magnetic fields
12:00 AM-12:00 AM
D.V. Savelev; L.Y. Fetisov; D.V. Chashin; Y.K. Fetisov
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, AV. Vibration Analysis and Energy Harvesting
Applications, Poster, Chair: Daniele Davino, [email protected], Universita degli Studi del
Sannio Dipartimento di Ingegneria
AV-01. Dependence of the Vibration Energy and Frequency on the
12:00 AM-12:00 AM Charging Characteristics and the Damping Characteristics of the
Linear Synchronous Generator T. Azuma; T. Maruyama; S. Ohashi
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, BB. Dual Winding and Permanent Magnet
Memory Machines, Oral, Co-Chair: Jonathan Bird, [email protected], Portland State
University; Co-Chair: Johan Paulides, [email protected], Advanced Electromagnetics Group
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, BC. High-Speed Machines and Reluctance
Machines, Oral, Chair: Jian-Xin Shen, [email protected], Zhejiang University
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, BE. Magnetic Bearings and Motor Material
Modelling , Oral, Co-Chair: Jonathan Bird, [email protected], Portland State University;
Co-Chair: Wei Qin, [email protected], Beijing Jiaotong University
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, BG. Surface Mounted and Interior Mounted
Permanent Magnet Electrical Machines, Oral, Chair: Thierry Lubin, thierry.lubin@univ-
lorraine.fr, Lorraine University
BH-11. Optimal IPT System Design Using Spiral Rectangular Coils for
12:00 AM-12:00 AM
E-Tricycle Scooters Charging E. Yildiriz; S.B. KEMER; B. Murat
BJ-01. New Core Loss Model for Ferrite Cores Based on a Meta-
12:00-12:00 AM
Material Approach T. Dimier; J. Biela
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, BK. Vibration Analysis and Energy Harvesting
Applications, Oral, Chair: Mauro Zucca, [email protected], INRIM
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, BP. Permanent Magnet Electrical Machines for
Electric Vehicle, Poster, Chair: Rong-Jie Wang, [email protected], Stellenbosch University
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, BQ. High-Speed Machines and Energy Storage
Machines, Poster, Co-Chair: Chang-Hung Hsu, [email protected], Oriental Institute of
Technology; Co-Chair: H. T. Lee, [email protected], Nanyang Technological University
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, BR. Surface Mounted and Interior Mounted
Permanent Magnet Electrical Machines, Poster, Chair: Smail Mezani, smail.mezani@univ-
lorraine.fr, Université de Lorraine
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, BT. Vernier and Flux Modulated Machines,
Poster
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, BU. Magnetic Gears and Vernier Machines,
Poster
BU-05. Design and Analysis of a Novel Active Magnetic Gear for Low-
12:00 AM-12:00 AM
Speed Large-Torque Applications Y. Chen; W. Fu; S. Ho; S. Niu
BU-08. Series Coupled Coaxial Magnetic Gear Design for High Gear
12:00 AM-12:00 AM
Ratio and High Torque Density E. Park; S. Jung; Y. Kim
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, BV. Wound Rotor, Axial Flux and Memory
Motors, Poster, Co-Chair: Mi-Ching Tsai, [email protected], National Cheng Kung
University; Co-Chair: Jen-Yuan (James) Chang, [email protected], National Tsing
Hua University
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, BW. Design and Control of Reluctance
Machines and Induction Machines, Poster, Co-Chair: Duc-Kien Ngo,
[email protected], Vinh University of Technology Education; Co-Chair: Seng-Chi
Chen, [email protected], Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, CB. Spin Injection and Spin Transfer Torques,
Oral, Chair: Tao Wang, [email protected], Huazhong University of Science and Technology
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, CC. Spin Orbit Torques, Oral, Co-Chair:
Shiheng Liang, [email protected], Hubei University; Co-Chair: Kaiming Cai,
[email protected], IMEC
CD-11. Independence of the inverse spin Hall effect with the magnetic
phase in thin NiCu films P. Noël; S. Varotto; M. Cosset-Cheneau; C.
12:00-12:00 AM Grezes; Y. Fu; F. Binda; C. Murer; C. Avci; C. Lambert; P. Warin; A.
Brenac; C. Rinaldi; J. Jacquot; S. Gambarelli; V. Baltz; L. Vila; J.
Attané; P. Gambardella
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, CG. Exploratory STT/SOT MRAM Materials,
Devices and Technology , Oral, Chair: Shunsuke Fukami, [email protected],
Tohoku University
+
CG-09. Spin orbit torque driven multi-level switching in He irradiated
12:00-12:00 AM W-CoFeB-MgO Hall bars with perpendicular anisotropy X. Zhao; M.
Sall; J. Langer; b. ocker; g. jakob; M. Klaui; W. Zhao; D. Ravelosona
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, CP. Spintronics Fundamentals, Poster, Co-
Chair: Xin Fan, [email protected], University of Denver Division of Natural Sciences and
Mathematics; Co-Chair: Shuyuan Shi, [email protected], Beihang University
CP-10. Influence of the spin pumping induced inverse spin Hall effect
12:00 AM-12:00 AM on spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance measurements Q. LIU; Y.
Zhang; L. Sun; B. Miao; X. Wang; H. Ding
CP-11. Determination of Spin Torque Efficiency in ferromagnetic
12:00 AM-12:00 AM metals via Spin-Torque Ferromagnetic Resonance W. Yang; J. Wei;
C. Wan; Y. Xing; Z. Yan; X. Wang; C. Fang; C. Guo; G. Yu; X. Han
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, CQ. Novel Imaging and Measurement
Techniques I, Poster, Chair: Jose Mardegan, [email protected], Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, CR. Novel Imaging and Measurement
Techniques II, Poster, Chair: Chuanpu Liu, [email protected], Colorado State
University
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, CS. Magnetic Modelling, Poster, Chair:
Benjamin Ducharne, [email protected], Institut National des Sciences
Appliquees de Lyon
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, DB. Spins in Graphene Other 2D Materials,
Oral, Chair: Ivan Vera-Marun, [email protected], The University of
Manchester
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, DC. Spins in Topological Insulators and 2D
Materials, Oral, Chair: Claudia Felser, [email protected], Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, DD. Magnetism in Curvilinear and Cylindrical
Geometries, Oral, Chair: Oksana Chubykalo-Fesenko, [email protected], Instituto de
Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, DE. Multiferroics and Magnetoelectric Materials,
Oral, Chair: Julius de Rojas, [email protected], Universitat Autonoma de
Barcelona
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, DG. Spin Liquids and Novel Spin Systems,
Oral, Chair: Shawn Pollard, [email protected], The University of Memphis
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, EB. Fundamental Magnonic Phenomena, Oral,
Chair: Benjamin Jungfleisch, [email protected], University of Delaware
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, EC. Hybrid Magnonic Structures, Oral, Chair:
Mathias Weiler, [email protected], Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, ED. Magnon Spintronics, Oral, Co-Chair:
Satoshi Iihama, [email protected], Tohoku Daigaku; Co-Chair: Sergiu Ruta,
[email protected], University of York
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, EE. Nanoscale and Applied Magnonics, Oral,
Co-Chair: Oleksandr Dobrovolskiy, [email protected], University of
Vienna; Co-Chair: Qi Wang, [email protected], Universitat Wien
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, EP. Magnonics I, Poster, Chair: Alexandr
Sadovnikov, [email protected], Saratov State University
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, EQ. Magnonics II, Poster, Chair: Jaroslaw Klos,
[email protected], Uniwersytet im Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
EQ-01. Magnetization Dynamics and Spin Wave Excitation in Strain-
mediated Multiferroic Heterostructures with the Interfacial
12:00 AM-12:00 AM
Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction D. Nian; M. Zhu; H. Yang; Y. Qiu;
G. Yu; H. Zhou
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, ER. Microwave and Millimeter Wave Devices,
Poster, Chair: Nian Sun, [email protected], Northeastern University
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, FB. Spin Pumping, Resonance and THz
Dynamics, Oral, Co-Chair: Kyusup Lee, [email protected], National University of
Singapore; Co-Chair: Raghav Sharma, [email protected], National University of
Singapore
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, FC. Ghz to THz precessional magnetization
dynamics , Oral, Chair: Matthieu Bailleul, [email protected], Universite de
Strasbourg
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, FD. Ultrafast magnetization dynamics, damping
and nutation, Oral, Chair: Justin Shaw, [email protected], National Institute of Standards
and Technology
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, FE. Electric Field Effects and Magnetization
Switching, Oral, Chair: Dennis Meier, [email protected], Norges teknisk-
naturvitenskapelige universitet
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, FH. Antiferromagnetic Spintronics II, Oral,
Chair: Vito Puliafito, [email protected], Universita degli Studi di Messina
FH-12. Cavity Magnon Polaritons and Inverse Spin Hall Effect in Easy
12:00-12:00 AM -Axis Antiferromagnets I. Boventer; H.T. Simensen; A. Anane; M.
Kläui; A. Brataas; R. Lebrun
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, FP. Magnetization Dynamics, Damping and
Ultrafast Switching, Poster, Chair: Vijaysankar Kalappattil, [email protected],
Colorado State University
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, GB. Neuromorphic Computing, Oral, Co-Chair:
Alice Mizrahi, [email protected], Unite Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales; Co-Chair:
Dedalo Sanz Hernandez, [email protected], Unite Mixte de Physique
CNRS/Thales
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, GD. Novel Recording and Domain Wall
Devices, Oral, Chair: See-Hun Yang, [email protected], International Business
Machines Corp
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, GP. MRAM and Neuromorphic Computing,
Poster, Chair: Shouzhong Peng, [email protected], Beihang University
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, HC. Skyrmions: DMI and Dynamics, Oral,
Chair: Chun-Yeol You, [email protected], Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and
Technology
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, HD. Skyrmions: Potential Applications, Oral,
Chair: Sebastian Diaz, [email protected], Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, HP. Skyrmions, Poster, Chair: Soong-Geun Je,
[email protected], Chonnam National University
2
IA-09. 317 Gb/in Recording Areal Density on Strontium Ferrite Tape
S. Furrer; P. Ebermann; M. Lantz; H. Rothuizen; W. Haeberle; G.
12:00-12:00 AM Cherubini; R.D. Cideciyan; S. Tsujimoto; Y. Sawayashiki; N. Imaoka;
Y. Murata; T. Ueyama; Y. Akano; T. Kaneko; H. Suzuki; M. Shirata; K.
Naoi; T. Koike; H. Doshita
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, IB. Magnetic Field Sensors I, Oral, Chair: Paulo
Freitas, [email protected], International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, IC. Non-destructive Evaluation & Other Sensors
I, Oral, Chair: Gui Yun Tian, [email protected], Newcastle University
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, ID. Magnetics for IoT & Emerging Applications,
Oral, Chair: Galina Kurlyandskaya, [email protected], Universidad del Pais Vasco -
Campus Bizkaia
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, IE. Magnetoresistance, Oral, Chair: Xia Hong,
[email protected], University of Nebraska-Lincoln
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, IG. Multilayered and Patterned Films, and
Exchange Bias, Oral, Chair: Aidan Hindmarch, [email protected], University of
Durham
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, IH. Thin Films and Surface Effects, Oral, Chair:
Hideto Yanagihara, [email protected], Tsukuba University
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, IP. Domain Walls, Energy-assisted Recording
and Recording Physics, Poster, Chair: Phanwadee Chureemart, [email protected],
Mahasarakham University
IP-10. Very fast current driven and reverse domain wall motion in a
rare-earth free compensated ferrimagnetic Mn Ni N. S. Ghosh; T.
4-x x
12:00 AM-12:00 AM Komori; A. Hallal; J.A. Peña Garcia; T. Gushi; T. Hirose; H. Mitarai; H.
Okuno; J. Vogel; M. Chshiev; J. Attané; L. Vila; T. Suemasu; S.
Pizzini
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, IQ. Electric Field Effects and
Magnetoresistance, Poster, Chair: Hélène Béa, [email protected], CEA-SPINTEC
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, IR. Thin Films and Interface Effects, Poster, Co
-Chair: Yu Shiratsuchi, [email protected], Osaka University; Co-Chair:
Maciej Dabrowski, [email protected], University of Exeter
IR-17. Layered Ni/Ge Thin Films: The Ni-Ge Interface Effect in The
12:00 AM-12:00 AM
Films Magnetic Properties A. Chernichenko; Y.E. Samoshkina
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, IS. Magnetic Field Sensors II, Poster, Co-Chair:
Pavel Ripka, [email protected], Ceske vysoke uceni technicke v Praze; Co-Chair: Dirk
Meyners, [email protected], University of Kiel
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, IT. Non-destructive Evaluation & Other Sensors
II, Poster, Chair: Nicholas Jones, [email protected], U.S. Department of Energy
IT-01. High spatial resolution flaw detector based on the GMR eddy-
12:00 AM-12:00 AM
current probe H. Nguyen; J. Jeng; V. Doan; C. Dinh; D. Dao; T. Pham
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, JA. Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Soft
Magnets and Applications, Oral, Chair: Rastislav Varga, [email protected], Univerzita
Pavla Jozefa Safarika v Kosiciach
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, JB. Crystalline Soft Magnets, Oral, Chair: Paul
Ohodnicki, [email protected], University of Pittsburgh
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, JC. RE-based Permanent Magnets, Oral,
Chair: Hossein Sepehri-Amin, [email protected], Busshitsu Zairyo Kenkyu Kiko
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, JD. RE-free Permanent Magnets, Oral, Chair:
Yusuke Hirayama, [email protected], National Institute of Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology (AIST)
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, JE. Magneto-caloric Materials and Devices I,
Oral, Chair: Radhika Barua, [email protected], Virginia Commonwealth University
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, JH. Magnetic Particles, Magnetic Fluids, and
Separation, Oral, Co-Chair: Jungjin Park, [email protected], University of Maryland at College
Park; Co-Chair: Oscar Iglesias, [email protected], University of Barcelona
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, JI. Nanoparticles and Nanowires, Oral, Chair:
Tomoyuki Ogawa, [email protected], Tohoku Daigaku
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, JP. Bio-applications of Magnetism II, Poster,
Co-Chair: Arantxa Fraile Rodríguez, [email protected], Universitat de Barcelona,
Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, ES, academic; Co-Chair: Jonathan Leliaert,
[email protected], Ghent University
JP-01. Neural Network Model for Estimation of the Induced Electric
12:00 AM-12:00 AM Field during Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation O.F. Afuwape; O.O.
Olafasakin; D.C. Jiles
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, JQ. Bio-magnetism, Magnetic Fluids, and
Separation, Poster, Chair: Horia Chiriac, [email protected], National Institute of
Research and Development for Technical Physics
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, JR. Nanoparticles and Nanowires, Poster,
Chair: Mariana Proenca, [email protected], IFIMUP (Portugal) and ISOM-UPM (Spain)
JR-01. Magnetic vortex formation of cubic Fe O submicron particles
3 4
12:00 AM-12:00 AM E. Nomura; M. Chiba; S. Matsuo; S. Kobayashi; J. Manjanna; Y.
Kawamura; J. Suzuki; K. Ohishi; K. Hiroi
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, JT. Magneto-caloric Materials and Devices II,
Poster, Chair: Jia-Yan Law, [email protected], Universidad de Sevilla
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, JU. Magneto-elastic Materials and Devices,
Poster, Chair: Dhritiman Bhattacharya, [email protected],
Georgetown University
JU-01. The Design and Output Characteristics of Ultrasonic
12:00 AM-12:00 AM Transducer Based on Rare-earth Giant Magnetostrictive Material Y.
Li; W. Huang; B. Wang
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, JW. RE-based and RE-free Permanent
Magnets, Poster, Co-Chair: Alberto Bollero, [email protected], IMDEA
Nanoscience; Co-Chair: Kinjal Gandha, [email protected], Iowa State University
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, JX. Soft Magnetic Alloys and Oxides, Poster,
Co-Chair: Tianxiang Nan, [email protected], Tsinghua University; Co-
Chair: Raju Ramanujan, [email protected], Nanyang Technological University
JX-09. Antisite disorder and defect phase segregation and its role in
12:00 AM-12:00 AM
magnetic properties of Mn NiSn S.V. Malik; A. Nigam; K. Priolkar
2
JX-10. High Entropy Alloys: The next big thing in functional magnetic
12:00 AM-12:00 AM alloys J. Harris; M. Anis; R. Osman; R. Rowan-Robinson; A. Quinata-
Nedelcos; Z. Leong; N. Morley
JX-11. Heat treatment investigations of Fe-based alloys M.G. Ozden;
12:00 AM-12:00 AM
Z. Leong; N. Morley
12:00 AM-12:00 AM, On-Demand Sessions, JY. Soft Magnetic Materials and Applications,
Poster, Co-Chair: Paola Tiberto, [email protected], INRIM; Co-Chair: Carlo Stefano Ragusa,
[email protected], Politecnico di Torino
10:30 AM-11:30 AM, Live Q&A Sessions, YA. Focus Session: Bench to Bedside Transition
of Biomagnetic Research: How Close Are We?, Special Session, Chair: Ravi Hadimani,
[email protected], Virginia Commonwealth University
4:30 PM-5:30 PM, Live Q&A Sessions, YB. Focus Session: Magnetorheological Composite
Materials and Applications, Special Session, Chair: Norman Wereley, [email protected],
University of Maryland
9:00 AM-10:30 AM, Live Q&A Sessions, BA. Electrical Machines and Drives 2020 and
Beyond, Symposium, Chair: Amr Adly, [email protected], Cairo University
3:00 PM-4:30 PM, Live Q&A Sessions, CA. Spin Conversion Efficiency by Various Methods
Towards Device Applications, Symposium, Chair: Atsufumi Hirohata,
[email protected], University of York
3:00 PM-4:30 PM CA-06. Spin transport driven by emergent magnetic fields M. Matsuo
2:00 AM-3:30 AM, Live Q&A Sessions, DA. 2D Materials for Spintronics, Symposium, Chair:
Hyunsoo Yang, [email protected], National University of Singapore
5:00 PM-6:30 PM, Live Q&A Sessions, EA. Spin Angular Momentum Transport: Spin Waves
Pushing New Frontiers, Symposium, Co-Chair: Timo Kuschel, [email protected]
bielefeld.de, Bielefeld University; Co-Chair: Matthias Althammer,
[email protected], Walther-Meißner-Institut
8:00 AM-9:30 AM, Live Q&A Sessions, FA. Terahertz Spintronics, Symposium, Co-Chair:
Alina Deac, [email protected], Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Co-Chair: Paul
Nutter, [email protected], Manchester University
3:00 PM-4:30 PM, Live Q&A Sessions, GA. Spintronics for Probabilistic Computing,
Symposium, Chair: Olga Kazakova, [email protected], National Physical Laboratory
Digest Body: Magnetic materials are key components in energy technologies, robotics, sensors and information
technology. Magnets are inseparable from our everyday life. “Green” energy technologies such as wind turbines, elec-
tro-mobility and solid state cooling, rely on high performance magnetic materials which have to be available in bulk
quantities, at low-cost and with tailored magnetic hysteresis. Gas-vapour compression technology for refrig- eration,
heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning has remained unchallenged for more than 120 years. Energy spent for
domestic cooling is expected to outreach that for heating worldwide over the course of the twenty-first century.
There is a huge demand for a smarter, more flexible and more effi- cient cooling technology. Magnetic refrigeration
could be that alternative working without gas-based refrigerants. The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is the reversible
temperature change of a magnetic material upon applica- tion and removal of a magnetic field. Its potential for room-
temperature refrigeration utilizing a regenerative cycle was initially demonstrated using the heavy rare earth element
gadolinium. I will introduce the basics of the magnetocaloric effect, illustrate its great potential in magnetic
refrigeration, will derive the required materials attributes of a magnetic heat exchanger, give guidelines for material
selection and will look into the challenges of developing an efficicient prototype. Further, I will address the criticality
of strategic metals in magnetic cooling, their potential for substitution and how the ecological footprint of the magnetic
fridge can be improved by using recycled permanent magnets. Finally, a brief outlook will be given into Heusler
compounds for multifunctional applications with special emphasis on their elastocaloric, barocaloric, and
magnetocaloric properties. Their multi-responsiveness to stimuli such as strain, pressure and magnetic field enable a
variety of new design concepts for sensors, actuators and caloric cooling concepts. Acknowledgements: Funded by
the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – Project-ID 405553726 – TRR 270.
This work was also supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020
research and innovation programme (Grant No. 743116-project Cool Innov).
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refrigeration, Adv. Funct. Mater. 27 (2017) 1606735. D. Benke, M. Fries, T. Gottschall, I. Radulov, K. Skokov, A. I.
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magnets and free rare earth magnetocaloric La-Fe-Si, Energy Technology, submitted.
J. Liu, T. Gottschall, K.P. Skokov, J.D. Moore, O. Gutfleisch, Giant magnetocaloric effect driven by structural
transition, Nature Mat. 11 (2012) 620. T. Gottschall, A. Gracia-Condal, M. Fries, A. Taubel, L. Pfeuffer, L. Manosa, A.
Planes, K.P. Skokov, O. Gutfleisch, A multicaloric cooling cycle that exploits thermal hysteresis, Nature Materials
(2018).
Final ID: TU-02
Magnetics of Motor Drive System for Electrical Vehicle
1
K. Fujisaki; ;
1. Toyota Kogyo Daigaku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
Digest Body: Rare earth elements (REE) are crucial for many applications including clean energy, transportation, high-
tech devices, medicine, advanced manufacturing and military. The most important usage of REE by value is the
NdFeB permanent magnet. Rare earths recycling was always presented as a negligible amount (<1%) and the low
price of REO was blamed for that. On the other hand, China has been recycling REE from magnetic scrap for over a
decade and the amounts are growing. What are the main drivers of REE recycling in China vs the main prohibitors of
REE recycling outside of China? What are the advancements in REE recycling from permanent magnets outside of
China? What are the main feeds that are recycled and how can one drive an increase of REE recycling in the future?
Final ID: AA-01
Advanced Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy for the Investigation Magnetic Phenomena
2, 1
M. Weigand; ; S. Wintz; 1; J. Gräfe; 1; G. Schütz; 1;
1. Max-Planck-Institute Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
2. Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fur Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Digest Body: X-ray circular magnetic dichroism (XMCD) is a powerful tool for highly-sensitive and element-specific
investigations of magnetic materials. This effect can be utilized in Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) in
the soft X-ray range for magnetic imaging at spatial resolutions down to 20 nm. When combined with a pump-probe
excitation and single-photon detection scheme, magneto-dynamic imaging can be achieved with a stroboscopic time-
resolution of the order of 20 ps. These capabilities have been widely used in the field of magnetism, including vortex
core dynamics [1], magnonics in real-space on the scale of tens of nm[2,3,4] and room temperature skyrmionics [5,6]
As a photon-based technique, STXM is very tolerant to the sample environments and allows for diverse detection
methods. For example, the use of strong magnetic fields can be combined with surface sensitive electron yield
imaging, as well as with helium cryostats to provide sample temperatures down to 20K at multi-GHz bandwidths for
dynamic excitation.
Examples for research utilizing these features will be presented, as well as recent developments such as CCD-
Ptychography for super-resolution or using a high- repetition-rate laser as an optical pump source for time-resolved
measurements. As an outlook, it will be discussed how STXM can profit from the current developments in high-
brilliance x-ray sources.
References: [1] Van Waeyenberge et al., Nature 444, 461 (2006).
[2] S Wintz et al., Nat. Nanotech. 11, 948 (2016).
[3] V. Sluka et al., Nat. Nanotech. 14, 328 (2019).
[4] N. Träger et al., Phys. Status Solidi RRL , 14: 2000373 (2020).
[5] S Woo et al., Nat. Mater. 15, 501 (2016).
[6] K Litzius et al., Nat. Phys. 13, 170 (2017).
[7] S. Mayr et al. (unpublished) (2020).
Schematics and time-resolved STXM image (normalized snapshot) revealing the coherent flow of magnons in a
ferrimagnetic insulator [7]
Final ID: AA-02
Quantum Sensing of Quantum Materials using NV-Center Microscopy
1
A. Yacoby; ;
1. Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.
Digest Body: The magnetic fields generated by spins and currents provide a
unique window into the physics of correlated-electron materials and devices. Proposed only a decade ago,
magnetometry based on the electron spin of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects in diamond is emerging as a
platform that is exceptionally suited for probing condensed matter systems [1]: it can be operated from
cryogenic temperatures to above room temperature, has a dynamic range spanning from DC to GHz, and
allows sensor-sample distances as small as a few nanometers. As such, NV magnetometry provides access to
static and dynamic magnetic and electronic phenomena with nanoscale spatial resolution. While pioneering
work focused on proof-of-principle demonstrations of its nanoscale imaging resolution and magnetic field
sensitivity, now experiments are starting to probe the correlated-electron physics of magnets and
superconductors and to explore the current distributions in low-dimensional materials [1]. In this talk, I will
review some of our recent work that uses NV center magnetometry to image skyrmions in thin magnetic films
[2], measure the spin chemical potential in magnetic insulators [3], and image hydrodynamic electron flow in
layered materials [4,5].
References: 1. F. Casola et al., Nat. Rev. Mater. 2018
2. Y. Dovzhenko et al., Nature Comm. 2018.
3. C. Du et al., Science 2017.
4. M. Ku et al., Nature 2020.
5. Uri Vool et al., arXiv2009.04477
Final ID: AA-03
Imaging 3D magnetic configurations with X-rays
1 2 2 2 3, 4
C. Donnelly; ; M. Guizar-Sicarios; ; S. Gliga; ; S. Finizio; ; K. Metlov; ; V. Scagnoli; 2, 5; M. Holler; 2; A.
2, 5
Hrabec; ; S. Mayr; 2, 5; N. Bingham; 2, 5; N. R. Cooper; 1; J. Raabe; 2; L. Heyderman; 5, 2;
1. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom.
2. Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, SH, Switzerland.
3. Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering, Donetsk, Ukraine.
4. Institute for Numerical Mathematics RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation.
5. Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, ZH, Switzerland.
Digest Body: Three dimensional magnetic systems promise significant opportunities for applications, for example
providing higher density devices and new functionality associated with complex topology and greater degrees of
freedom [1,2]. For the experimental realisation of these new properties, appropriate characterisation techniques are
required to determine both the three-dimensional magnetic structure, and its response to external stimuli. In this talk, I
will describe our recent progress in the development of new capabilities for the imaging of three-dimensional magnetic
systems, and their dynamic behaviour.
For three-dimensional magnetic imaging, we have developed X-ray magnetic nanotomography [3]. By measuring high
resolution 2D XMCD projections [4] of the sample for many angles about a dual rotation axis experimental setup, and
combing these with a new iterative reconstruction algorithm [5], we determine the complex three-dimensional
magnetic patterns within the bulk of a micrometre-sized soft magnetic pillar with 100 nm spatial resolution, as shown
in Figure 1. The internal magnetic configuration reveals a complex network of topological magnetic features such as
vortices, antivortices and domain walls and, at the crossing points of these structures, we observe the presence of
Bloch point singularities [3].
The identification, and interpretation, of nanoscale topological objects within the complex reconstructed magnetic
configurations – that consist of millions of pixels – represents a significant challenge. To address this, we have
recently implemented calculations of the magnetic vorticity [6,7], a vector that represents the flux of the skyrmion
number density, and thus encodes the topology of the magnetic configuration. In this way, not only can we locate and
identify the presence of topological structures (Figure 1e,f), but we gain new insights into 3D magnetic solitons,
leading to the first observation of magnetic vortex rings [7], as shown in Figure 1g.
Lastly, in addition to the static magnetic configuration, the dynamic response of the 3D magnetic configuration to
excitations is key to our understanding of both fundamental physics, and applications. With our recent development of
X-ray magnetic laminography [8,9] (Figure 2), it is now possible to determine the magnetisation dynamics of a three-
dimensional magnetic system [8]. In this way, we have been able to map the dynamics of a magnetic microdisc in
response to the excitation of a 500 MHz magnetic field, revealing the motion of vortex domain walls within the bulk of
the structure, as well as mapping the coherent rotation modes of the magnetisation in three dimensions (Figure 2c,d),
with spatial and temporal resolutions of 50 nm and 70 ps, respectively.
These new experimental capabilities of X-ray magnetic imaging open the door to the elucidation of complex three-
dimensional magnetic structures, and their dynamic behaviour.
References: [1] A. Fernández-Pacheco, et al., “Three-dimensional nanomagnetism” Nat. Comm. 8, 15756 (2017)
[2] C. Donnelly & V. Scagnoli, “Imaging three-dimensional magnetic systems with X-rays” J. Phys. D: Cond. Matt.
(2019).
[3] C. Donnelly et al., “Three-dimensional magnetization structures revealed with X-ray vector nanotomography”
Nature 547, 328 (2017).
[4] C. Donnelly et al., “High-resolution hard x-ray magnetic imaging with dichroic ptychography” PRB 94, 064421
(2016).
[5] C. Donnelly et al., “Tomographic reconstruction of a three-dimensional magnetization vector field” NJP 20, 083009
(2018).
[6] N. R. Cooper, “Propagating magnetic vortex rings in ferromagnets.” PRL. 82, 1554 (1999).
[7] C. Donnelly et al., “Experimental observation of vortex rings in a bulk magnet” Nat. Phys. (2020)
[8] C. Donnelly et al., “Time-resolved imaging of three-dimensional nanoscale magnetization dynamics”, Nat. Nano.
15, 356 (2020).
[9] K. Witte et al., “From 2D STXM to 3D Imaging: Soft X-ray Laminography of Thin Specimens”, Nano Lett. 20, 1305
(2020).
Figure 1. X-ray magnetic tomography of a GdCo micropillar (a) reveals a complex internal magnetic configuration. A
horizontal slice (b) contains a number of vortices (c) and antivortices (d). Through calculations of the magnetic vorticity
vector, we can identify the presence of topological structures (e) and magnetisation singularities (f) within the bulk of
the micropillar. By plotting the magnetic vorticity, we identify magnetic vortex rings of circulating vorticity (g). a-d are
reproduced from [3], and e-g are reproduced from [8].
Figure 2 Pump-probe X-ray magnetic laminography (a) allows for the mapping of the magnetization dynamics of a
magnetic microdisc (b) with spatial and temporal resolutions on the order of nanometers and picoseonds, respectively.
Coherent rotation modes of the magnetization are shown for a cross section (c) and a lower slice of the structure
containing vortex domain walls (d). a-d reproduced from [8].
Final ID: AA-04
3D Mapping of Magnetic Nanotextures with Nanometer Resolution Using Holographic Vector-Field Electron
Tomography
1 2 3 4 5 1
D. Wolf; ; I. Andersen; ; S. Schneider; ; A. Kovacs; ; L. Rodriguez; ; A. Lubk; ;
1. Leibniz-Institut fur Festkorper- und Werkstoffforschung Dresden eV, Dresden, Sachsen, Germany.
2. Centre d'Elaboration de Materiaux et d'Etudes Structurales, Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France.
3. Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Sachsen, Germany.
4. Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Julich, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
5. Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
Digest Body: The increasing exploration of nanomagnetism into the third dimension lead to the discovery of novel
frustration mechanisms and ensuing magnetic configurations and textures, many with unprecedented properties [1].
The fundamental understanding of these configurations and the interactions stabilizing them requires a quantitative
microscopy technique revealing 3D magnetic structures with a spatial resolution below characteristic magnetic length
scales pertaining to a given problem. In our contribution we introduce holographic vector-field electron tomography
(VFET), a combination of off-axis electron holography (EH) and electron tomography in the transmission electron
microscope (TEM), facilitating sub-10 nanometer spatial resolution [2, 3]. Off-axis EH utilizes an interferometric setup
to determine the phase shift of an electron wave that passed through the sample. The Aharonov-Bohm phase shift of
ferro-magnetic samples is proportional to projections of both electric potential (mainly mean inner potential) and
magnetic flux density (B-field), which allows to reconstruct them in 3D from a tilt series of 2D phase images by
tomographic methods [2]. The principle and workflow of holographic VFET is illustrated in Fig. 1. In addition to the
comprehensive workflow of recording and reconstructing the 3D data, crucial steps of alignment and image
processing, e.g., precise displacement correction of 2D projections and 3D tomograms, phase unwrapping, denoising,
etc. are addressed.
Fig. 2 shows two examples, how holographic VFET is applied to reveal 3D magnetic configurations in nanoscale
magnetic materials. In Figs. 2a,b, we present 3D remanent states in a Co-rich CoNi cylindrical nanowire (NW) with a
diameter of 70 nm and the hcp c-axis oriented almost perpendicular to the NW axis [4]. We observed two different
remanent states after the application of an external saturation field of 2 T perpendicular (Fig. 2a) and parallel (Fig. 2b)
to the NW axis. The external field direction perpendicular to both the wire axis and the magnetocrystalline easy axis
resulted in a transverse-vortex chain configuration, whereas a field direction parallel to the wire axis produced
longitudinal vortex domains with their cores aligned along the applied field, but with alternately opposite chirality.
Micromagnetic simulations confirm our findings and enable us to understand the origin of the observed complex
magnetic states, in particular, reveal a large influence of the NW morphology on the remanent state. In Fig. 2c, the
first 3D reconstruction of Bloch-Skyrmions in a FeGe needle-shaped FIB sample taken at 90K temperature is
depicted. The reconstructed textures provide insights into a variety of previously unseen local deviations from a
homogeneous Bloch character within the skyrmion tubes (SkTs), details of the collapse of the skyrmion texture at
surfaces, and a correlated modulation of the SkT in FeGe along their tube axes. [5]
References: [1] A. Fernandez-Pacheco et al., Nat Commun 8, p.15756 (2017)
[2] D. Wolf et al., Chem Mater 27, p. 6771 (2015)
[3] D. Wolf et al., Comm Phys 2, p. 87 (2019)
[4] I.M. Andersen et al., submitted (2021)
[5] D. Wolf et al., to be submitted (2021)
[6] DW and AL have received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the Horizon 2020 research
and innovation program of the European Union (grant agreement number 715620). AL, and SS acknowledge financial
support through the Priority Program SPP2137 of the German Research Foundation (DFG) within projects LU-2261/2-
1 and RE-1164/6-1.
Principle and workflow of holographic vector-field electron tomography (VFET) in the transmission electron
microscope (adapted from Ref. [3]). (1) Modulation of electron waves by magnetic sample, (2) Interference of
modulated object wave with unmodulated reference wave by an electrostatic biprism building up an electron
hologram, (3) Reconstruction of hologram yielding amplitude and phase shift of object wave, (4) Acquisition of two tilt
series around two tilt axes, X and Y, providing two (ideally 360°) phase tilt series, (5/6) Calculation of half the
sum/difference of opposite projections (green/red arrow) resulting in electric/magnetic phase tilt series, (7) 3D
reconstruction of electric potential from electric phase tilt series, (8) 3D Reconstruction of the two magnetic B-field
components B (B ) from the derivatives in y (x) - direction of the magnetic phase tilt series, (9) Computation of B
x y z
component by solving divB=0.
Holographic VFET of magnetic nanostructures. (a,b) Volume rendering of the B component of the reconstructed
y
magnetic induction B of two remanent magnetic states (a) and (b) in a Co-rich CoNi nanowire (70 nm diameter) after
external field H applied perpendicular (a) and parallel (b) to the wire axis. The magnified regions with vectors slices
Sat
show transverse vortex chains in (a) and longitudinal vortex domains of alternating chirality separated by a domain
wall in (b). (c) Volume rendering of the in-plane components B , B according to the colorwheel and iso-surface of the
x y
mean inner potential reconstruction highlighting the FeGe FIB-prepared specimen shape (grey, bottom half only). The
magnified views visualize a single skyrmion tube (SkT) in which the three vectors slices plot the 3D spin texture inside
the SkT at different z-heights.
Final ID: AA-05
Progress in Magnetic Force Microscopy
1 1, 2
A. Asenjo; ; E. Berganza; ; M. Jaafar; 1, 3;
1. ICMM, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
2. Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
3. Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Facultad de Ciencias, Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Digest Body: Since its early days, magnetic force microscopy (MFM) has become a truly widespread and commonly
used characterization technique that has been utilised in a variety of fundamental and applied research and in
industrial applications.
In this work, we review the current state-of-the-art, analyse the challenges and outline the future of this fascinating
field [1]. In comparison to other magnetic imaging techniques, MFM presents some advantages: high spatial
resolution, down to 10nm; ability to work in different environments as vacuum, air or liquids [2] (despite the technical
difficulties that are solved, MFM in liquids facilitates the study of biomagnetic materials) and under applied magnetic
fields [3] (to study the magnetization reversal process of thin films, nanoparticles and nanostructures). Additionally,
MFM exhibits high versatility and simplicity in operation.
Advanced operation modes based on Variable Field MFM have proven to be very useful to visualize the magnetization
reversal process [4] in one dimensional nanostructures (Figure 1). Isolated multisegmented nanowires (120nm in
diameter) formed by segments of FeCo with variable length (increasing from 250nm at the left edge to 400nm the right
edge) separated by Cu segments of 30nm have been characterized. The reversal process propagates always
unidirectionally (ratched effect) irrespectively of the external field direction, due to the broken symmetry induced by the
increasing length of the magnetic segments. Moreover, MFM studies allow us to determine the pinning centers
(associated to Cu layers) that may vary from scan to scan. The so called 3D MFM imaging is used is these
experiments to obtain a non-standard image where the slow scan corresponds to a continuous variation of the
external magnetic field.
Some emerging aspects of MFM imaging are also tackled in this work. It is worth mentioning the challenging
quantitative and accurate interpretation of the MFM images [5], the probe-engineering alternatives [6] (including the
analysis of the active role of the probe what could be used to gain information about the sample stray field with ultra-
high resolution) or the MFM experiments on complex magnetic configurations as the skyrmionic states [7,8].
Variable Field MFM and customized MFM probes [6] (growth by Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition onto
AFM probes) have been used for studying skyrmionic states. Figure 2 shows that permalloy hemispherical nanodots
with a diameter of 70 nm and height of 30 nm (prepared by hole mask colloidal lithography) are able to host half-
hedgehog spin textures with non-zero topological charge. Notice that they are observed at room temperature, in
absence of DMI interaction and they can be further stabilized by the magnetic field arising from the Magnetic Force
Microscopy probe. The movement of the structure core depends on its chirality and it is controlled by the tip stray field.
Micromagnetic simulations have been used to determine the low energy magnetic configuration compatible with the
MFM results.
Future perspectives of MFM imaging as the characterization of 2D materials and devices for spintronic or straintronic
are also address in this work; namely, the in situ combination of magnetic imaging with magnetoelectric,
thermoelectric or thermomagnetic characterization.
References: [1] O. Kazakova et al., J. Appl. Phys. 125, 060901 (2019)
[2] P. Ares et al., Small, 11, 4731-4736 (2015)
[3] E. Berganza et al., Sci. Rep. 7,11576 (2017)
[4] C. Bran et al., Acs. Nano. 12, 5932-5939 (2018) ,
[5] D. Martínez–Martín et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 257203 (2010)
[6] M. Jaafar, et al., Nanoscale 12 , 10090-10097 (2020)
[7] M. Baćani et al., Sci Rep 9, 3114 (2019).
[8] E. Berganza et al., Nanoscale,12, 18646-18653 (2020)
Fig1: 3D MFM images corresponding to four branches of two pseudo-hysteresis loops. The MFM tip moves
continuously along the NW axis (fast scan) while the external magnetic field sweeps (slow scan) from negative to
positive fields in (a) and (c) and vice versa in (b) and (d) .
Fig 2. Sequence of MFM images corresponding to Py hemispherical-shaped nanodots. The images are obtained at
different external magnetic fields applied along the X axis. The OOMMF simulations calculated for different in-plane
magnetic fields reproduce the parallel to the magnetic field movement of the core, in good agreement with the MFM
experiments.
Final ID: AA-06
Brillouin Light Scattering Revisited
1 1
K. Schultheiss; ; H. Schultheiss; ;
1. Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Sachsen, Germany.
Digest Body: Since the 80’s, when Brillouin light scattering emerged as a powerful tool for investigating magnetization
dynamics in thin films and multilayers, it developed into a versatile microscopic probe for studying collective spin
excitations. Following a short introduction on studies of millimeter-sized films, we will give examples how to investigate
individual magnetic structures down to tens of nanometers in dimension. We will introduce the concepts of time- and
phase-resolved Brillouin light scattering which give full access to the spatio-temporal evolution of the optically
accessible spin-wave spectrum. During our talk, we will provide hands-on demonstrations how to drive spin waves via
spin currents and microwave excitations in magnetic nanostructures using the build in dc/ac probe station in our
laboratory and show the capabilities of Brillouin light scattering for quantifying spin-wave phenomena. Furthermore,
we will highlight similarities and differences to other optical scanning probe techniques such as time-resolved
magneto-optical Kerr microscopy and optically detected magnetic resonance based on vacancy centers. We will
outline how those techniques can potentially be combined with Brillouin light scattering to access complementary
information.
Final ID: AB-01
Microstructural and Residual Stress Evaluation of Bulk Martensitic Steels with Micrometer-sized Grains through
Magneto-optical Kerr Effect
1, 2
M. Jovičević-Klug; ; P. Jovičević-Klug; 1, 3; L. Thormählen; 2; J. McCord; 2; B. Podgornik; 1, 3;
1. Institute of Metals and Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
2. Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
3. Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Digest Body: The modernization of steel industry has brought up an interest in development of novel and fast
characterization techniques that analyze the material from different aspects with the same instrument setup. In recent
years, development of magnetic characterization techniques arose for investigating the microstructure and mechanical
properties of certain steels [1]. However, these techniques display limited flexibility in terms of surface specific
measurements and defect analysis that can become an important part in quality assurance of a produced material.
Within this work, a novel utilization of magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) microscopy for microstructural and stress
evaluation of martensitic steels is discussed. MOKE has been proven to be a very powerful and versatile
characterization technique [2], that allows investigation of magnetic domains and magnetic properties that emerge
from the investigated material’s surface. With domain analysis and evaluation of magnetization change with external
magnetic field, the surface magnetic properties can be correlated to the bulk magnetic properties of the material [3].
Furthermore, the technique allows high-resolution imaging and investigation of microstructural characteristics of the
material without the usage of etchants that can potentially modify the microstructure and ending results. By correlating
the microstructural attributes to the magnetic behavior of the material’s surface, the different phases of the material
can be distinguished and morphologically analyzed. The method also allows clear identification of austenite in the
matrix of martensitic steels, since austenite is non-magnetic opposite to other matrix phases. As a result, the method
is highly versatile and allows investigation of steels on different aspects of its properties on a microstructural level.
We present the applicability of MOKE on an example of martensitic high-speed steels with micrometer sized
microstructural features. The presented data will provide insight into the correlation of the magnetic information to the
microstructure. The novelty of this research lies in the application of MOKE microscopy on steels that are relatively
magnetically hard and have a fine grain size (under 10 µm). The utilization of MOKE microscopy for phase and
microstructure investigation on such steels has until now not been performed. To further display the practicality of
MOKE, the steel is investigated with two different processing states, conventionally heat treated and deep cryogenic
treated (DCT) [4]. DCT exposes the steel to sub-zero temperatures down to the temperature of liquid nitrogen (-196
°C) inducing further transformation of retained austenite into martensite, which is beneficial for the mechanical
properties [5]. The presented examples display the capability of MOKE to identify small quantities of retained austenite
of volumetric fraction under 1 %, which is challenging to evaluate with other commonly used techniques such as
electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) [6].
In addition to microstructural analysis, we also explore the possibility to use MOKE for residual stress analysis. The
technique involves the application of a Vickers indenter that imposes localized stress changes through an indentation
imprint on the material’s surface. The resulting stress extends radially from the indentation and decreases in
magnitude with distance from the edge of the indentation. With local magnetometry and domain analysis of the
material’s surface before and after the stress state modification, a correlation to the residual stress of the material is
established. The applicability of the method is presented on the example of the conventionally treated and DCT steel,
for which the DCT is reported to reduce tensile residual stresses. MOKE analysis confirms the reduction of residual
stresses as well as confirms the change of tensile residual stresses to compressive residual stresses as reported by
previous researchers [7]. With the discussed results we present that MOKE microscopy shows high potential as a fast
and in-depth microstructural and stress characterization technique applicable on an industrial scale.
References: [1] J. Liu, J. Wilson and M. Strangwood, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., vol. 401, pp. 579–592 (2016).
[2] J. McCord, J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., vol. 48, no. 33, p. 333001 (2015).
[3] F. Qiu, M. J. Klug and G. Tian, J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., vol. 52, no. 26, p. 265001 (2019).
[4] B. Podgornik, V. Leskovsek, and J. Vizintin, Mater. Manuf. Process., vol. 24, no. 7–8, pp. 734–738 (2009).
[5] P. Jovičević-Klug, B. Podgornik, J. Mater. Res. Technol. Vol. 9, 13118–27 (2020).
[6] Y. Zhang, P. Lai and H. Jia, Metals, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 94 (2019).
[7] D. Senthilkumar, I. Rajendran and M. Pellizzari, J. Mater. Process. Technol. Vol. 211, pp. 396–401 (2011).
Final ID: AB-02
Imaging the dynamical switch of antiferromagnetic domains by optical microscopy
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2
Y. Wu; ; J. Xu; ; X. Zhang; ; J. Xia; ; C. Zhou; ; H. Chen; ; D. Shi; ; Y. Zhou; ;
1. Physics department, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
2. School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Digest Body: Spintronic devices based on antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials has drawn significant attention due to its
potential for information storage with low power consumption and ultrafast switching speeds. Since all the information
storage in AFM spintronics devices rely on the switching of AFM domains, there is an urgent requirement to directly
measure the AFM domain in real space during the spin switching process. Recently, we developed a novel method to
image the AFM domains in single crystal CoO and NiO thin films grown on MgO(001) substrates with the magneto-
optical birefringence effect[1,2]. The magneto-optical birefringence effect is found to strongly depend on the photon
energy of incident light. Utilizing this optical method, we demonstrated the first real-time imaging of the AFM domain
switching process in Fe/CoO system through the spin-flop coupling. While applying a constant field, the domain
nucleation dominates the switching process, but while applying an alternative field, the AFM domain switching process
is found to be dominated by domain wall motion. Our studies demonstrate that the AFM domain imaging under
external fields or current pulse can be achieved in real time, which could be helpful for the understanding of the
dynamics of AFM materials and the development of AFM spintronics storage devices.
References: Jia Xu, et. al, New J. Phys. 22, 083030 (2020).
Jia Xu, et. al, Phys. Rev. B 100, 134413 (2019).
Final ID: AB-03
Developing High-Resolution Magnetic Microscopy Applications Using NV Centers in Diamond
1
P. Kehayias; ;
1. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States.
Digest Body: A quantum diamond microscope (QDM) uses a uniform sheet of magnetically-sensitive nitrogen-vacancy
(NV) centers in diamond placed on top of a flat magnetic sample [1,2]. In a QDM, we illuminate the NVs with laser
light, probe the NV transitions with a microwave field, and image the NV fluorescence with a microscope and camera.
This allows us take pictures of the magnetic field in every pixel. Compared to other magnetic imaging tools (SQUID,
MOKE, and MFM), the recently-developed QDM has the following advantages, enabling new measurements that were
previously unfeasible and generating interest in the physics, geomagnetism, and biomagnetism communities:
This talk will discuss how we apply the QDM instrumentation techniques in interdisciplinary applications in related
physics and engineering disciplines. I will highlight our recent success with imaging fabricated 2D magnetic materials,
reconstructing the electric currents in integrated circuits to troubleshoot and diagnose their behavior, hunting for
failures in fabricated silicon electronics, and measuring previously-inaccessible characteristics of ion chip traps used
for quantum computing. I will conclude this talk with a preview of upcoming new directions for NV diamond magnetic
imaging with color centers, such as NV magnetic sensing in extreme environments and promising alternative color-
center candidates.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and
Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the DOE's
National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.
References: 1. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 18, 8 (2017)
2. Nanophotonics 8 11 1945-1973 (2019).
Final ID: AB-04
Magneto-Seebeck microscopy of domain switching in collinear antiferromagnet CuMnAs
1, 2
J. Wunderlich; ; T. Janda; 1, 3; J. Godinho; 2, 3; T. Ostatnicky; 3; Z. Soban; 2; H. Reichlova; 4; V. Novak; 2;
2 5
T. Jungwirth; ; B. Kästner; ;
1. Universitat Regensburg Institut fur Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Regensburg, Bayern, Germany.
2. Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague, Czechia.
3. Univerzita Karlova Matematicko-fyzikalni fakulta, Praha, Praha, Czechia.
4. echnische Universität Dresden, Institut fuer Festkoerper- und Materialphysik, Dresden, Germany.
5. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Niedersachsen, Germany.
Digest Body: We introduce a novel microscopy for antiferromagnetic nanostructures based on the local generation
and detection of photocurrents, and apply it to the collinear and fully compensated antiferromagnet CuMnAs. By using
the optical near field generated by a scattering near-field microscope, we display narrow 180deg domain walls (DWs)
and provide the first experimental evidence of reversible current-pulse-driven 180deg DW displacements in agreement
with theoretically predicted Néel spin-orbit torque DW motion. In CuMnAs, photocurrents result from the local
magneto-Seebeck effect (MSE). MSE-based microscopy can be applied to the entire class of conductive
antiferromagnets, and in contrast to the established X-ray linear dichroism microscopy which is based on large scale
synchrotrons, it can be easily performed with common laboratory equipment.
Final ID: AB-05
Coherent Correlation Imaging: High-resolution imaging of stochastic dynamics
1 2, 3
C. Klose; ; F. Buettner; ; W. Hu; 3; C. Mazzoli; 3; I. Lemesh; 2; J. Bartell; 2; M. Huang; 2; C. M. Günther; 4
; M. Schneider; 1; A. Barbour; 3; S. B. Wilkins; 3; G. Beach; 2; S. Eisebitt; 1; B. Pfau; 1;
1. Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
2. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cambridge, MA, United
States.
3. National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA, Upton, NY, United States.
4. Technische Universitat Berlin Institut fur Optik und Atomare Physik, Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Digest Body: Fluctuations are ubiquitous in magnetically and charge ordered systems. Spanning multiple orders of
magnitude in space and time, they often lead to a wealth of fascinating physical effects. Recent examples of such
dynamics are fluctuations of spin- and charge density waves in antiferromagnets [1], diffusion-like motion of magnetic
skyrmions in low pinning magnetic multilayer or spontaneous fluctuations between ordered stripe and skyrmion
lattices phases [2].
High-resolution real-space imaging can resolve the spatial information. However, due to insufficient signal on a
timescale faster than the relevant dynamics, averaging over an extended period of time (or repetitions) is key for the
majority of high-resolution imaging experiments. So far, averaging has been performed blindly and continuously,
leading to a trade-off between extracting either spatial or temporal information, especially in weak contrast systems.
Here, we present coherent correlation imaging (CCI) – a high-resolution, full-field imaging technique that realizes
multi-shot, time-resolved imaging of stochastic processes. The key of CCI is the classification of camera frames that
correspond to that same physical state by combining a correlation-based similarity metric with powerful classification
algorithm developed for nanoparticle tomography and genome research (see Fig. 1) [3]. CCI extends these algorithms
to the temporal domain, realizing informed, non-sequential signal averaging while maintaining single frame temporal
resolution. CCI does not require prior knowledge of the imaged system, rendering it the first time-resolved x-ray
imaging technique capable of accessing systems with entirely unknown dynamics.
To develop and demonstrate CCI, we study thermal hopping of magnetic domain walls – a prototypical example of
stochastic nanometer-scale dynamics – on timescales ranging from sub-seconds to hours under equilibrium
conditions. Our material is [Pt (2.7 nm)/Co Fe B (0.8 nm)/MgO (1.5 nm)] , a chiral ferromagnet with magnetic
60 20 20 15
pinning low enough to exhibit stochastically recurring dynamics that resemble thermally induced Barkhausen jumps
near room temperature [4]. Imaging is performed through Fourier-transform x-ray holography with contrast provided by
the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism [5].
CCI reconstructs sharp, high-contrast images of all domain states and, unlike previous approaches, also tracks the
time when these states occur (see Fig. 2). This uniquely reveals not only the occupation probabilities of all states, but
further, the complex network of stochastic transition trajectories between states. The full potential of this technique will
manifest at the next generation of pulsed high-coherence x-ray sources, where it promises to resolve a wealth of
previously hidden dynamic processes, such as the nucleation dynamics of externally-induced phase transitions and
the intrinsic fluctuations of weakly pinned textures in spin and charge ordered systems.
References: [1] - Shpyrko, O. G. et al. Direct measurement of antiferromagnetic domain fluctuations. Nature 447,
68–71 (2007)
[2] - Seaberg, M. H. et al. Nanosecond X-Ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy on Magnetic Skyrmions. Physical
Review Letters 119, 067403 (2017)
[3] - Eisen, M. B. et al. Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 95, 14863–14868 (1998)
[4] - Lemesh, I. et al. Current-Induced Skyrmion Generation through Morphological ThermalTransitions in Chiral
Ferromagnetic Heterostructures. Advanced Materials 30, 1805461 (2018)
[5] - Eisebitt, S. et al. Lensless imaging of magnetic nanostructures by X-ray spectro-holoraphy. Nature 432, 885–888
(2004)
Figure 2| CCI-resolved dynamics in our sample. a, Real-space images of all domain states. Field of view is 720 nm in
diameter. b, Temporal evolution of the states. The horizontal axis indicates the measurement time. The vertical axis
shows which state has existed at the given time.
Final ID: AB-06
Developing High-Resolution Magnetic Microscopy Applications Using NV Centers in Diamond
1
P. Kehayias; ;
1. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States.
Digest Body: A quantum diamond microscope (QDM) uses a uniform sheet of magnetically-sensitive nitrogen-vacancy
(NV) centers in diamond placed on top of a flat magnetic sample [1,2]. In a QDM, we illuminate the NVs with laser
light, probe the NV transitions with a microwave field, and image the NV fluorescence with a microscope and camera.
This allows us take pictures of the magnetic field in every pixel. Compared to other magnetic imaging tools (SQUID,
MOKE, and MFM), the recently-developed QDM has the following advantages, enabling new measurements that were
previously unfeasible and generating interest in the physics, geomagnetism, and biomagnetism communities:
This talk will discuss how we apply the QDM instrumentation techniques in interdisciplinary applications in related
physics and engineering disciplines. I will highlight our recent success with imaging fabricated 2D magnetic materials,
reconstructing the electric currents in integrated circuits to troubleshoot and diagnose their behavior, hunting for
failures in fabricated silicon electronics, and measuring previously-inaccessible characteristics of ion chip traps used
for quantum computing. I will conclude this talk with a preview of upcoming new directions for NV diamond magnetic
imaging with color centers, such as NV magnetic sensing in extreme environments and promising alternative color-
center candidates.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and
Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the DOE's
National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.
References: 1. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 18, 8 (2017)
2. Nanophotonics 8 11 1945-1973 (2019).
Final ID: AB-07
Advanced, Kerr-microscopy-based MOKE magnetometry for the anisotropy characterization of magnetic films
1 1 1 2 2 1, 3
I. Soldatov; ; J. Zehner; ; K. Leistner; ; T. Kang; ; D. Karnaushenko; ; R. Schäfer; ;
1. Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Institute for Metallic Materials, Dresden,
Germany.
2. Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Institute for Integrative Nanosciences,
Dresden, Germany.
3. Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Sachsen, Germany.
Digest Body: Among other properties of magnetic films, the evaluation of the magnetization in response to changing
external magnetic fields (magnetization reversal loops) and especially the dependence of the reversal on the magnetic
field angle, which reflects the anisotropy of the material, is of particular interest for both fundamental and applied
research. Measuring reversal loops at various field angles by magnetometry requires that the sensitivity of the
magnetometer is aligned along the field direction for all field angles. For the commonly applied vibrating sample
magnetometry (VSM) or its more advanced variants of vectorial VSM, this involves the complexity of a mechanical
rotation of the sample. The anisotropic magnetoresistance can also be utilized by electric transport measurements,
which requires, however, lithography and sample patterning.
A powerful and extensively applied alternative method is magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) magnetometry. Apart
from magnetometry, the Kerr effect is also employed in wide-field Kerr microscopy, which is an effective tool for both
magnetic domain imaging. Several approaches to realize vectorial MOKE magnetometry have been reported in
literature mostly based on systems that apply the longitudinal Kerr effect. However, in most cases the angular
dependence is again achieved by mechanical adjustment like in VSM, i.e. the specimen has to be physically rotated to
achieve alignment of the field and the sensitivity axis, possibly resulting in experimental error and spurious signals.
Furthermore, it is usually assumed that the axis of the longitudinal Kerr sensitivity (the direction of magnetization at the
surface, which produces the maximum Kerr signal) is precisely aligned along the plane of light incidence. As we will
show in this paper, this assumption is only valid in limited cases while in general there may be transverse Kerr
contributions superimposed leading to rotated sensitivity directions.
In this work, we have theoretically analyzed the contrast generated in a wide-field Kerr microscope, specifically its
dependence on the polarization of light and the plane of incidence, and verified it experimentally. An analytical
expression for the magnetization reconstruction along the direction of an externally applied field was derived. This
allowed us to develop a fully automated method for the measurement of magnetization reversal loops in magnetic
films with in-plane anisotropy without any mechanical adjustment of the system or sample displacement. The
subsequent analysis of the angular dependencies of the coercive field and remanent magnetization (see figure)
provides insights into the magnetic anisotropy of the film. Although the method is experimentally not restricted to
magnetic films, it should be granted that the magnetization does not change across the thickness if bulk specimens
are investigated. The applicability and functionality of the technique was demonstrated on an FeO/Fe thin magnetic
film [1], which is dominated by a uniaxial anisotropy.
References:
[1] J. Zehner, I. Soldatov, S. Schneider, R. Heller, N. B. Khojasteh, S. Schiemenz, S. Fäahler, K. Nielsch, R. Schäfer,
and K. Leistner, Adv. Electron. Mater. n/a, 2000406 (2020).
[2] I. Soldatov and R. Schafer, Review of Scientific Instruments 88, 073701 (2017).
(a) and (b) Hysteresis loops, obtained with complimentary sensitivities: (a) s-polarised light along the y-axis and (b) p-
o
polarised light along the x-axis. In (c) the field is applied at an angle of 40 to the x-direction. The magnetisation along
this field direction was reconstructed from (a) and (b) The incidence plane is defined by activating proper LEDs as
indicated by the circular insets that show the ends of the glass fibre cross in the conoscopic imaging mode [2]. (b) and
(c) Angular dependencies of coercive field and remanent magnetisation, respectively (the black points are measured
and the red curve is an extrapolation by mirroring with respect to the y-axis). The data is obtained on the Fe/FeO film
with 10 nm thickness
Final ID: AB-08
Direct observation of vertical Bloch line manipulation via in-plane magnetic fields
1 2 1 1
M. P. Li; ; C. Phatak; ; M. De Graef; ; V. M. Sokalski; ;
1. Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
2. Argonne National Laboratory Materials Science Division, Lemont, IL, United States.
Digest Body: Discovery of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction (DMI) in magnetic thin films has launched an intense
research effort into its effects on the structure of magnetic bubbles and domain walls including the formation of
topological excitations like skyrmions. While it is well established that the internal structure of a DW transitions from a
Bloch to a Néel domain wall when there is sufficient DMI, less attention has been paid to excitations contained within
the domain wall. For example, recently, a new feature known as a domain wall (DW) skyrmion has been theoretically
predicted and observed experimentally [1,2]. These are 360 degree rotations of the internal magnetization of a DW,
which are the post-DMI analogue of a vertical Bloch line (VBL), where there is a 180 degree rotation. Moving forward,
it will be important to probe excitations like these in situ to understand their dynamic behavior. Here we demonstrate
the manipulation of VBLs via in-plane magnetic fields observed in situ using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy
(LTEM).
In this work, (Co/Ni) multi-layers are deposited via magnetron sputtering directly onto custom-sized Si N TEM
M 3 4
membranes. We chose to examine an M=10 sample as we have previously observed an abundance of 1-π and 2-π
VBLs along its DWs [3]. We note that 2-π VBLs are topologically equivalent to DW skyrmions. Fresnel mode Lorentz
TEM was performed on an FEI Tecnai F20 in Lorentz mode (objective lens turned off). In-plane magnetic fields are
applied in situ through the use of a Hummingbird Scientific magnetic biasing holder; the specific holder used here has
a field range of ±300 Oe.
In the as-prepared state, many VBLs are observed along Bloch DWs in Fresnel-mode micrographs (Fig. 1). Upon
application of in-plane magnetic fields of increasing strength, we observe the movement of VBLs along DWs. When
the field direction is reversed, we observe the same VBLs to move in the opposite direction. Additionally, we observe
the annihilation of VBLs following the impingement of their movement by VBLs of the same winding direction. The
winding of these VBLs can be reasoned to be the same sign as one another because those with opposite winding
would have a zero-energy barrier to annihilation as seen in Fig. 2. Details regarding challenges to imaging,
observations in high-DMI samples, and other implications of this technique will be further discussed in this
presentation [4].
References:
[1] R. Cheng, M. Li, A. Sapkota, A. Rai, et al., Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 99, p. 184412 (2019).
[2] M. Li, A. Sapkota, A. Rai, A. Pokhrel, et al., arXiv: 2004.07888, (2020).
[3] M. Li, D. Lau, M. De Graef, and V. Sokalski, Phys. Rev. Mater., Vol. 3, p. 064409, (2019).
[4] This research is supported by the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) program on Topological
Excitations in Electronics (TEE) under grant number D18AP00011. The authors also acknowledge use of the
Materials Characterization Facility at Carnegie Mellon University supported by grant MCF-677785.
Micrographs of magnetic domain walls in [Co/Ni] samples with magnetic fields applied in the (left) ``positive" and
10
(right) ``negative" directions. Arrows highlight positions of vertical Bloch lines whereas dotted circles indicate locations
of 2-π vertical Bloch lines that have annihilated.