Chapter

4 The Continuity and

Differentiability

(ii) ​ lim 
  ​ f(x) exists
Concept Booster x Æ c
(iii) ​ lim 
  ​ f(x) = f(c)
x Æ c
1.  Introduction
i.e ​ lim 
  + ​ f(x) = ​  
lim 
–
 
​ f(x) = f(c)
x Æ c x Æ c
Graphically, a function is continuous at a point if its graph
can be drawn at this point without raising the pen or pencil, It should be noted that continuity of a function at x = c is
otherwise it is discontinuous at that point. meaningful only if the function is defined in the immediate
neighbourhood of x = c, not necessarily at x = c.

3. Reasons of Discontinuity
(i) f(x) is not defined at x = c.
(ii) ​ lim 
  ​ f(x) does not exist.
x Æ c
  ​ f(x) π f(c)
(iii) ​ lim 
x Æ c
Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit
(Continuous function) a break at x = c. The graph as shown is discontinuous
at x = 1, 2 and 3.

(Discontinuous function)
4. Types of discontinuities
But only graphical approach is not sufficient, because
sometimes it is quite time taking (and in some cases it is even (i) Removal Discontinuity
impossible) to draw the complete graph of a function. (ii) Non-Removal Discontinuity
So we must have an analytical approach to analyse the
continuity of the function at any given point. 4.1  Removal Discontinuity
2. Continuity In case ​  
lim ​ f(x) exists but is not equal to f(c), then the func-
x Æ c

A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c if tion is said to have a removal discontinuity or discontinuity
of the first kind. In this case we can redefine the function
(i) f(c) is defined
such that ​  
lim ​ f(x) = f(c) and make it continuous at x = c
x Æ c
4.2  Differential Calculus Booster

are known as non-removal discontinuity or discontinuity of

the 2nd kind.
(a) Finite Discontinuity:
  + ​ f(x) π ​  
​ lim  lim 
–
 ​ f(x) π f(c)
x Æ c x Æ c

For examples:

(a) Missing Point Discontinuity: Where ​  

lim ​ f(x) exists
x Æ c
finitely but f(c) is not defined.
For examples:
(1 – x)(9 – x2)
(i) f(x) = ​ ____________
  
 ​  
has a missing point dis-
(1 – x)
continuity at x = 1.
(i) f(x) = x – [x] at all integral x

1
(ii) f(x) = tan–1​ __ (  )
​ x ​  ​ at x = 0
1
(iii) f(x) = ______
​    1   ​ at x = 0
__
1 + ​2​ ​x ​​
(Note that f(0 +) = 0, f(0 –) = 1).
(b) Infinite Discontinuity:
​ f(x) = ​  
​ lim 
  +  lim 
–
 ​ f(x) = f(c) = •
x Æ c x Æ c
sin x
(ii) f(x) = ​ ____ ​ has a missing point discontinuity at
x   
x = 0.
(b) Isolated Point Discontinuity: Where ​  
lim ​ f(x) exists
x Æ c
lim ​ f(x) π f(c)
and f(c) is also exists but ​  
x Æ c
For examples:
x2 – 16
(i) f(x) = ______
​  , x π 4 and f(4) = 9 has an isolated
 ​ 
 
x–4
point of discontinuity at x = 4
For examples:
1
(i) f(x) = _____
​       ​ at x = 4
x–4
1
(ii) f(x) = _______
​       ​ at x = 3
(x – 3) 4
p
(iii) f(x) = 2 tan x at x = __ ​   ​ 
2
cos x
(iv) f(x) = ​ _____
x    
​
  at x = 0.

(c) Oscillatory Discontinuity:

Ï0 , x Œ I For example:
(ii) f(x) = [x] + [– x] = Ì has an isolated
Ó- 1 , x œ I
point of discontinuity at all integer points.

1
(i) f(x) = sin​ __ (  )
​ x ​  ​ at x = 0
Note: In all these cases the value of f(c) of the function
4.2  Non-Removal Discontinuity f(x) at x = c (point of discontinuity) may or may not exist
In case ​  
lim ​ f(x) does not exist then it is not possible to make but in every case ​  
lim  
​ f(x) does not exist.
x Æ c x Æ c
the function continuous by redefining it. Such discontinuous
 The Continuity and Differentiability  4.3

(f) If f(x) is continuous at x = c and g(x) is continuous

at x = f(c) then g(f(x)) is continuous at x = c.

In case of the discontinuity of the second kind, the non-

negative difference between the value of the R.H.L at x = c
p
and L.H.L at x = c is called the Jump of Discontinuity. Example-1.  Let f(x) = sin x is continuous at x = ​ __ ​  and
A function having a finite number of jumps in a given 2
interval is called a Piece-wise Continuous or Sectionally g(x) is also continuous at x = 1. Then the function (go f )(x)
p
Continuous function in this interval. = cos(sin x) is continuous at x = ​ __ ​ .
2
Very Important Points to Remember Example-2.  Let f(x) = |x – 2| is continuous at x = 2 and
(a) If f(x) is continuous at x = a and g(x) is discontinu- g(x) = x2 + 1 is continuous at x = 0.
ous at x = a, then both the functions f(x) + g(x) and Then (go f )(x) = |x – 2|2 + 1 is continuous at x = 2.
f(x) – g(x) are discontinuous at x = a.
(g) If f(x) is continuous, then | f(x)| is also continuous.
For example:
Let f(x) = x and g(x) = [x] Example-3.  Let f(x) = x is continuous everywhere
Clearly, f(x) is continuous at x = 0 and g(x) is dis- Then g(x) = |x| is also continuous everywhere.
continuous at x = 0.
x + 1
But both the function x + [x] and x – [x] are discon- Example-4.  Let f(x) = ​  ______
2
  ​ 
and g(x) = |x – 2| are con-
tinuous for all x. x +  4

| 
tinuous at x = 0.
(b) If f(x) is continuous at x = a and g(x) is discontinuous
at x = a then the product function h(x) = f(x)g(x) is
not necessarily be discontinuous at x = a.
all x.
x + 1
Then (go f)(x) = ​ ​  ______
 
x2 + 4
 
|
 ​ – 1  ​ is also continuous for

For example: 5. Continuity of an Interval

Let f(x) be a real function and a and b be two real numbers

Ï Ê 1ˆ
Ôsin , xπI such that a < b
Let f(x) = x and g(x) = Ì ÁË x ˜¯
(i) A function f(x) is said to be continuous in the open
Ô0 , x=0
Ó interval (a, b) if it is continuous to each point of
(a, b).
Clearly f(x) is continuous at x = 0 and
g(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
Thus, the product x sin ​ __
1
(  )
​ x ​  ​ is continuous at x = 0.
(c) If f(x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a, then
the product function h(x) = f(x) ◊ g(x) is not necessar-
ily be discontinuous at x = a.
For example:
Let f(x) = [x] and g(x) = [– x]
Clearly f(x) and g(x) are discontinuous at x = 0.
But the product f(x) ◊ g(x) = [x] ◊ [– x] is continuous at (ii) A function f(x) is said to be continuous in the closed
x = 0. interval [a, b] if
(d) Point functions are to be treated as discontinuous. (a) it is continuous in (a, b)
(e) A continuous function whose domain is in closed (b) ​ lim 
  +  ​ f(x) = f(a) (or f is right continuous at
interval must have a range also in a closed interval. x Æ a
x = a)
4.4  Differential Calculus Booster

(c) ​ lim 
  – ​  f(x) = f(b) (or f is left continuous
x Æ b
at x = b).
Y

(Continuous
from left)
(Continuous
from right)
X¢ X
O x=a x=b 8. Differentiability
Y¢
8.1.  Introduction
6. Single Point Continuity In calculus (a branch of mathematics), a differentiable func-
A function which are continuous only at one point are said tion of one real variable is a function whose derivative exists
to be exihibit single point continuity. at each point in its domain. As a result, the graph of a dif-
ferentiable function must have a non-vertical tangent line at
For example:
each point in its domain, be relatively smooth, and cannot
Ï x , x ŒQ contain any breaks, bends, or cusps.
(i) f(x) = Ì is continuous at x = 0
Ó - x , x œQ 8.2 Differentiabilty of a function at a point
Ï x, x Œ Q (i) The right hand derivative of f(x) at x = a is denoted
(ii) g(x) = Ì is continuous at x = 0 by f  ¢(a +) and is defined as
Ó0, x œQ

7. Properties of Continuous Functions

f  ¢(a +) = ​   lim 
hÆ0 +
 (  f(a + h) – f(a)
​ ​ _____________
​ 
h
      
  
) ​  ​, provided the limit
exists.
Let f(x) and g(x) be two continuous functions at x = c and (ii) The right hand derivative of f(x) at x = a is denoted
k be a non-zero real number. Then by f  ¢(a–) and is defined as

(  )
(i) k f(x) f(a + h) – f(a)  
(ii) f(x) + g(x) f  ¢(a –) = ​ lim   +  ​ ​ _____________
​         ​  ​, provided the limit
h Æ 0 h
(iii) f(x) – g(x) exists.
(iv) f(x) ◊ g(x) are also continuous at x = c and Thus, a function is said to be differentiable (finitely)
(v) f(x)/g(x) is also continuous, provided g(c) is non-zero at x = a, if f  ¢(a +) = finite.
at x = c.
(vi) If f(a) and f(b) are of opposite signs, then there exists
By definition, f  ¢(a +) = ​ lim    – 
h Æ 0(  f(a + h) – f(a)
​ ​ ____________
​ 
h )     
     ​   ​

at least one solution of the equation f(x) = 0 in the

open interval (a, b). i.e. ​ lim 
  + 
h Æ a
 ​ ( 
f(a + h) – f(a)
​ ​_____________
h
  
     ​   )
​ = ​ lim 
  – 
h Æ a ( 
f(a – h) – f(a)   
​ ​ ​ ___________
h
     ​   ​ )
8.3  Geometrical Meaning of a Derivative

(vii) If k is any real number between f(a) and f(b),

f(a + h) – f(a)    _____________
f(a + h) – f(a)
then there exist atleast one solution of the equation m(PQ) = tan a = _____________
​    
     ​= ​       ​ 
f(x) = k in the open interval (a, b). Which is known (a + h) – a h
as Intermediate Value Theorem. when h Æ 0, the point Q moving along the curve tends to
P. i.e. Q Æ P
 The Continuity and Differentiability  4.5

The chord PQ approaches the tangent line PT at the

point P.

So a Æ q

h Æ 0 ( 
​ 
h )
  f (a + h) – f(a)
lim ​ ​ _____________
Thus, tan q = ​        ​  ​

fi m = f  ¢(a) = ​  
h Æ 0 (  h )
  f(a + h) – f(a)
lim ​ ​ ​ ____________
     ​  ​

Thus, a function is differentiable at a point x = a, if there (f(x) is not differentiable at x = a)

is a tangent at x = a. 3. A function f(x) is differentiable if there exists a
unique tangent to each point on the given curve.
Note:
1. A function f(x) is differentiable in its domain if it
is a smooth curve.

8.4 Concept of tangent and its association with

derivability
2. A function f(x) is differentiable, if there is a no Tangent: The tangent is defined as the limiting case of a
break point, hole point or corner point or a kink chord or a secant.
point on the given curve.

Slope of the chord joining (a, f(a)) and

f(b) – f(a)
(f(x) is not differentiable at x = a) (b, f(b)) =​  _________
  ​ 
 
b–a
Slope of the line joining (a, f(a)) and

  f(a + h) – f(a)
(a + h, f(a + h)) =​  _____________      ​ 
h
  f(a + h) – f(a)
R.H.D = f(a +) = ​ l im  ​  ​ _____________
       ​ 
hÆ0 h
  f(a – h) – f(a)
L.H.D = f(a–) = ​   lim   ​  ​ _____________
     ​ 
hÆ0 – – h
A function will have a tangent at point x = a if f ¢(a +)
= f ¢(a–) (may or may be finite) and equation of tangent at
(f(x) is not differentiable at x = a) (a, f(a)) is given by y – f(a) = f ¢(a) (x – a)
4.6  Differential Calculus Booster

Notes: If f(x) is a function such that

1. y = x3 has x-axis as tangent at origin. R.H.D = f(a +) = l and
L.H.D = f(a–) = m
2. Tangent is also defined as the line joining two infi-
nitely small close points on a curve. Case I:   If l = m = some finite value, then the function
f(x) is differentiable as well as continuous.
3. y = sgn (x) will have a vertical tangent at x = 0
4. y = |x| does not have tangent at x = 0 as L.H.D
π R.H.D.
5. Discontinuous function can also have vertical tan-
gent, namely, y = sgn (x) at x = 0
6. A function is said to be derivable at x = a if
their exist a tangent of finite slope at that point
f ¢(a +) = f ¢(a–) = finite value. Case II:   If l π m = but both have some finite value, then
7. If a function f(x) is differentiable at x = a, the the function f(x) will not be differentiable but it will be
graph of f(x) will be such that there is a unique continuous.
tangent to the graph at the corresponding point. But
if f(x) is non-differentiable at x = a, there will not
be unique tangent at the corresponding point of the
given curve.

8.5  Relation between the Continuity and Derivability

(i) If f  ¢(a) exists, then f(x) is continuous at x = a Case-III:   If at-least one of the l or m is infinite, then
the function is non differentiable but we can not say about
(ii) If f(x) is derivable for every point of its domain, then
continuity of f(x)
it is continuous in that domain.
Proof: Let f(x) be a real function and a Œ R

Given f ¢(a) = ​  

x Æ a
(  f(x) – f(a)
lim ​  ​ ​ _________
x – a     
​  ​)
To prove f(x) is continuous at x = a.
i.e. ​ lim    ​   f (x) = f(a)
x Æ a

Now, ​  
lim ​    f (x) = ​  
lim ​  ((f(x) – f(a)) + f(a))
x Æ a x Æ a
Notes:
= ​  
x Æ a
( ( 
  f(x) – f(a)
lim ​  ​  ​ ​ _________
x – a      )
​  ​ × (x – a) + f(a)  ​ ) 1. Differentiable
2. Continuous
fi
fi
Continuous
Can be a differentiable.
lim ​ ​ ( ​  _________ ​ )​ ◊ ​  
  f(x) – f(a)
= ​   x – a      lim ​ × (x – a) + ​  
lim ​ f(a) 3. Discontinuous fi Non-differentiable.
x Æ a x Æ a x Æ a
4. Both one sided fi Continuous.
= f  ¢(a)0 + f(a)
derivative exists
= f(a)
8.6. Derivability over an interval
Thus, f(x) is continuous at x = a
(i) Open Interval: f(x) is said to be derivable over an
Therefore, every differentiable function is
open interval (a, b) if it is derivable at each and every
continuous.
point of (a, b).
Note: The converse of the above result is not true.
i.e. If ‘f ’ is continuous at x, then ‘f ’ is derivable at
x is not true.

For example:
the function f(x) = |x – 2| is continuous at x = 2 but
not derivable at x = 2.
(iii) If a function is not differentiable but is continuous
at x = a, it geometrically implies a sharp corner or
kink at x = a.
 The Continuity and Differentiability  4.7

(ii) Closed Interval:  f(x) is said to be derivable over a

closed interval [a, b] if
(i) it is differentiable on (a, b)
(ii) it is right differentiable at left end.

i.e. f ¢(a +) = ​ lim 

  + 
h Æ 0
( 
f(a + h) – f(a)
​ ​ ​ ____________
h
     ​  
​ )
(iii) it is left differentiable at right end.

i.e. f ¢(b–) = ​   lim  

h Æ 0 – ( 
 f(b – h) – f(b)
​ ​ ​ ____________
– h
     ​  
​) f(a + h) – f(a – h)
Slope of AB =​  _______________
h
     ​ 
(iv) for any point c such that a < c < b, f ¢(c +) and
f ¢(c–) exists finitely and are equal. f(a + h) – f(a)
Slope of CB =​  ____________      ​ 
h
Note: For checking the derivability in an interval, then
following points must kept in your mind.  f(a + h) – f(a – h)
(i) the limit of​  ________________       ​ as h Æ 0 is f ¢(a)
2h
1. All those point where discontinuity may arise
when f ¢(a) is exist.
2. Modulus functions are also non-differentiable and
(ii) it usually gives a better approximation of f ¢(a) for a
hence should be checked at their critical points.
given value of h then
3. Every sine and cosine functions are differentiable f(a + h) – f(a)
everywhere. Fermat’s difference quotient​  ____________      ​ 
h
4. tan–1 x, cot–1 x, all polynomials and exponential func-
f(a + h) – f(a – h)  
tions are differentiable everywhere. In fact, ​   lim ​ ________________
​         ​
h Æ 0 2h
5. logarithmic and trigonometric functions are differ-
ential in their domains.
6. Modulus function and signum function are non-
differentiable at x = 0.

1
= __ (  ( ( lim ​ ​ ​ ____________
​   ​ ​  ​  
2 h Æ 0
​ 
h ) ( 
f(a + h) – f(a)
     ​  
  f (a – h) – f(a)
​ + ​ _____________
​ 
– h
     ​  )))
​  ​  ​

1
Hence, y = |f(x)| and y = sgn(f(x)) should be checked = __
​   ​  ( f ¢(a +) + f  ¢(a–))
2
at points where f(x) = 0.
We notice that it is equal to f  ¢(a) if f is differentiable
7. Power function y = x p, 0 < p < 1 is non-differentiable
at x = a.
at x = 0. Hence y = (f(x)) p should be checked at
points where f(x) = 0.
8.8 Twice differentiability
8. The inverse trigonometric functions
y = sin–1x, cos–1x, cosec–1x, sec–1x A function f(x) is twice differentiable at x = a if its deriva-
are not differentiable at x = ± 1 tive f  ¢¢(x) is differentiable at x = a
Hence, y = sin –1( f(x)), cos –1( f(x)), cosec –1( f(x)),
sec–1(f(x)) h Æ 0
​  ( 
f ¢(a + h) – f ¢(a)
lim ​ ​ ______________
The limit f  ¢¢(a) = ​  
h
     ​   )
​ exists.
should be checked at points where f(x) = ± 1.
9. Greatest integer function and fractional part func-
tions are non-differentiable at all integral points of x.
Alternatively, f  ¢¢(a) = ​  
x Æ 0
( 
  f ¢(x) – f ¢(a)
lim ​ ​ ​  __________
x – a      )
​  ​

Hence, y = [f(x)] and y = {f(x)} should be checked

Hence, if f ¢(a) is exists then
at points where f(x) = n, n ΠI.
__   f(a + h) – f(a – h)
10. The nth root function f(x) = n÷ ​ x 
   ​ is non-differentiable
  ​ ​  ________________
​ lim         ​ = f ¢(a).
at x = 0 h Æ 0 2h
11. If f(x) is differentiable at x = a, then the function
f(x)|f(x)| is also differentiable at x = a.
8.9 Differentiability of Composite functions
Theorem:  If f(x) is differentiable at x = a and g(x)
is differentiable at x = f(a) then the composite function
8.7  Centered difference Quotient (gof)(x) is differentiable at x = a.
f(a + h) – f(a – h) A function of a function composed of a finite number of
The centered difference quotient is ​ ______________
       ​ and is differentiable functions is a differentiable function.
2h
p
used to approximate f ¢(a) in numerical work. Example-5.  Let f(x) = sin x is differentiable at x = __
​   ​  and
2
4.8  Differential Calculus Booster

(  )
Ï x2 - 1 , x £ 1 p Ï x2 : x>0
g(x) = ÔÌ is differentiable at x = f ​ __
​   ​   ​ = 1 Ô
ÔÓ2 x - 2, x > 1 2 f(x) ◊ g(x) = Ì0 : x=0
Ô 2
Hence the composite function (go f)(x) is differentiable at Ó- x : x < 0
p
x = __
​   ​  is differentiable at x = 0.
2
sin x Example-9. Let f(x) = x and
Example-6.  Let f(x) = ​ ______    ​and g(x) = x|x| are differ-
x2 + 1 Ï Ê 1ˆ
Ô x sin Á ˜ : x π 0
entiable for all x. Hence the composite function (gof)(x) g(x) = Ì Ë 2¯

|  |
Ô0 : x=0
Ó
sin x _____ sin x
= ​ _____
2
  
 ​​ ​  2     ​  ​ is also differentiable for all x. 3. If f(x) and g(x) are two differentiable functions,
x +1x +1
Then the function f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 but
Theorem:  If the function f(x) is differentiable every where g(x) is non-differentiable at x = 0
and the function g(x) is also differentiable everywhere Hence the product f(x) ◊ g(x) is differentiable at
then the composite function (go f ) is also differentiable x = 0.
everywhere. Example-10. However, the function f(x) = x is differ-
Example-7.  Let f(x) = sin x and g(x) = cots x entiable at x = 1 and g(x) = [x] is non-differentiable
at x = 1 but the product f(x) ◊ g(x) is non-differentiable
Clearly, f(x) and g(x) is differentiable everywhere.
at x = 1.
Thus, f(g(x)) = sin(cos x) and g(f(x)) = cos (sin x) is alo
4. The quotient f(x)/g(x) is not necessarily differentiable
differentiable everywhere.
at x = a
Ï x + 1, x ≥ 0
8.10 Algebra of differentiable functions Let f(x) = x2 (x2 – 1) and g(x) = Ì
Ó x - 1, x < 0
1. If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions at x = a,
Here, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and g(x) is non-
then
differentiable at x = 0
(i) cf(x) is differentiable at x = a, where c is any
non-zero constant. ÏÔ x 2 ( x - 1), x ≥ 0
Therefore, f(x)/g(x) = Ì
(ii) f(x) + g(x) is differentiable at x = a 2
ÔÓ x ( x + 1), x < 0
(iii) f(x) – g(x) is differentiable at x = a is differentiable at x = 0.
(iv) f(x) ◊ g(x) is differentiable at x = a
5. If f(x) and g(x) both are non-differentiable at x = a,
(v) f(x) /g(x) is differentiable at x = a, provided g¢(a) then the follwing cases may arise:
is non-zero.
(i) The functions f(x) + g(x) and f(x) – g(x) are not
2. If f(x) is differentiable at x = a and g(x) is non- necessarily non-differentiable at x = a.
differentiable at x = a, then the following cases may
However, atmost one of f(x) + g(x)
arise.
and f(x) – g(x) can be differentiable at x = a.
(i) Both the functions f(x) + g(x) and f(x) – g(x) is
Thus both of them can not be differentiable at
non-differentiable at x = a.
x = a.
Let f(x) = x and g(x) = |x|.
Let f(x) = [x] and g(x) = {x}. Here both f(x) and
Obviously, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and g (x) g(x) are non differentiable at x = 0.
is non-differentiable at x = 0.
Thus the sum f(x) + g(x) is differentiable at
But the functions x + |x|, x – |x| are non-differ- x = 0, however the difference f(x) – g(x) is non-
entiable at x = 0. differentiable at x = 0.
(ii) f(x)◊ g(x) is not necessarily non-differentiable But this does not mean that one of the fun-
at x = a. We need to find the result by first tions f(x) + g(x) and f(x) – g(x) must be
principles. differentiable.
Example-8. Let f(x) = x2, g(x) = sgn(x) Let f(x) = 2[x] and g(x) = {x}. Here both f(x)
Obviously, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and g(x) is and g(x) are non-differentiable at x = 0.
non-differentiable at x = 0. Then the functions f(x) + g(x) and f(x) – g(x)
But the product of the functions are non-differentiable at x = 0.
 The Continuity and Differentiability  4.9

(ii) f(x) ◊ g(x) is not necessarily non-differentiable at (ii) We manipulate f(x + h) – f(x) in such a way that the
x = a. given functional rule is applicable.
Let f(x) = [x] and g(x) = [– x]. Here, both the Now we apply the functional rule and simplify the
functions f(x) and g(x) are non-differentiable at R.H.S to get f ¢(x) as a function of x.
x = 0, but the product function [x] ◊ [– x] is dif- (iii) Then we integrate f ¢(x) to get f(x) as a function of x
ferentiable at x = 0. and a constant of integration.
Further more, let f(x) = [x] and g(x) = {x}. (iv) Finally, we apply the boundary conditions to deter-
Here both the functions f(x) and g(x) are non- mine the value of the constant of integration.
differentiable at x = 0, but the product [x]. {x}
is also non-differentiable at x = 0. ÔÏ x 2 - 1, x ≥ 0
Let f(x) = Ì and
(iii) f(x)/g(x) is not necessarily non-differentiable at ÔÓ x + 1 , x < 0
x = a.
Ï x + 1, x ≥ 0
8.11 Functional Equations g(x) = Ì
Ó x - 1, x < 0
We should follow the following steps to determine the func-
tions which are differentiable Then both the functions f(x) and g(x) are non dif-
  f(x + h) – f(x) ferentiable at x = 0, but the function f(x)/g(x) is dif-
lim ​ ​  _____________
(i) First we write f  ¢(x) = ​        ​  ferentiable at x = 0.
h Æ 0 h

Exercises

Ï xx -1
(Problems Based on Fundamentals) Ô : xπ0
6. Show that  (x) = Ì log(1 + 2 x )
Type-I Ô 7 : x=0
Ó
1. Test the continuity of the function f (x) at the origin is discontinuous at x = 0.
Ï | x| Ï sin 3 x
Ô , xπ0 : x<0
f (x) = Ì x Ô tan 2 x
ÔÓ 1, x = 0 Ô
Ô3
2. Show that the function f (x) is given by 7. Show that f (x) = Ì : x=0
Ô2
Ï sin x Ô log(1 + 3 x )
Ô + cos x, x π 0 Ô e2 x - 1 : x>0
f (x) = Ì x is continuous at x = 0.
Ó
ÔÓ 2 x=0
is continuous at x = 0.
3. Discuss the continuity of the function
Type-II
Ï ax + bx + cx - 3 8. For what value of k is the function
Ô : xπ0
f (x) = Ì x at x = 0. Ï sin 5 x
Ô log abc : x=0 Ô xπ0
Ó f (x) = Ì 3 x is continuous at x = 0?
ÔÓk x=0
4. Test the contnuty at x = 0 where
p
9. Find the value of k, if f (x) is continuous at x = __
​   ​ ,
Ï e3 x - 1 2
Ô : xπ0 Ï k cos x p
f (x) = Ì log(1 + 5 x ) ÔÔ p - 2 x x π 2
Ô5 : x=0 where f (x) = Ì .
Ó p
Ô3 x=
ÔÓ 2
Ï x - | x|
Ô : xπ0
5. Show that f (x) = Ì 2 is discontinuous Ï 2 x + 2 - 16
ÔÓ 2 Ô : xπ2
: x=0 10. If f (x) = Ì 4 x - 16 is continuous at
at x = 0. Ôk : x=2
Ó
x = 2, then find k.
4.10  Differential Calculus Booster

Ï cos2 x - sin 2 x - 1 18. If f (x) is continuous at x = 0 for which the

Ô : xπ0
11. If f (x) = Ì x2 + 1 - 1 e2x – 1 – x (e2x + 1)
function f (x) = ​ _________________  ​      , x π 0,
Ô x3
Ók , : x=0
then find f (0).
is continuous at x = 0, then find k. 19. Let f be a continuous function on R such that
Ï1 - cos kx
ÔÔ x sin x
12. If f (x) = Ì
: xπ0
is continuous at
1
4(  )
f ​  ​ __n   ​  ​ = (sin en) e– n​ 2
n +1
n2
​ ​ + ​ ______
2
   ​, then find f (0).

Ô1 : x=0 Ï 1
ÔÓ 2 Ô xn ¥ e x
Ô 1
, , x<0
x = 0, find k. Ô 1 + ex
ÔÔ
Type-III 20. Let f (x) = Ì 0 , x=0.
13. Determine the values of a, b, c for which the Ô
Ô x n sin ÊÁ ˆ˜
1
function: , x>0
Ô Ë x¯
Ï Ô
Ô sin (a + 1) x + sin x ÔÓ
Ô : x<0
ÔÔ x Find the smallest n in W such that f (x) is
f (x) = Ì c : x = 0 is continuous continuous.
Ô
Ô x + bx - x
Ô
2

3
: x>0 ( 
1 ______
21. Let f (x) = ​ ​ __
2
x ​ – ​ e2x – 1  )
 ​  ​.

ÔÓ bx 2 If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, then find f (0).

______
at x = 0 2 – 4​÷x  2 + 16 ​ 
22. Let f (x) = ​ ___________
  
   ​.
Ï ( x - 4) cos 2x – 1
Ô | x - 4| + a : x < 0
ÔÔ If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, then find f (0). 
14. If f (x) = Ì a + b : xπ0
Ô ( x - 4) Properties of Continuous Functions
Ô +b : x>0
ÔÓ | x - 4| 23. Prove that the equation x – cos x = 0 has a root in​
is continuous at x = 4, then find a, b. (  )
p
0, __
​   ​   ​.
2
15. Find the ordered pair (a, b) such that
24. Prove that the equation 2 tan x + 5x – 2 = 0 has at
Ï
Ô be x - cos x - x
Ô , x>0
p
least one root in ​ 0, __
4(  )
​   ​   ​.
Ô x2 25. Prove that the equation x ◊ 2x – 1 = 0 has only one
Ô
f (x) = Ì a , x=0 positive root in (0, 1).
Ô p
Ô 2 ÊÁ tan -1 (e x ) - ˆ˜ 26. Prove that the equation e2x + ex + 2 sin– 1 x + x – p
Ô Ë 4¯ = 0 has at least one real solution in [0, 1].
ÔÓ , x<0
x Disconinuity
is continuous at x = 0. 27. Prove that the function
Type-IV Ï2 - x : x ≥ 1
f (x) = Ì is discontinuous at x = 1

(  (  x
log ​ 1 + __ ) (  ) x
​ a ​  ​– log ​ 1 – __
16. Let f (x) = ​ ​ ____________________
    )
​   ​  ​
b
  ​  ​ x π 0. Find the
Óx + 2 : x < 1
x  28. Prove that the function
value of f (x) at x = 0 so that f becomes continuous
Ï sin 3 x + 2 x
at x = 0. Ô : xπ0
f (x) = Ì sin 7 x + sin 3 x
17. If f (x) is continuous at x = 0 such that
Ô 2 : x=0
sin 3x + A sin 2x + B sin x Ó
f (x) = ​ _____________________
    ​   , x π 0, is discontinuous at x = 0
x5
then find f (0).
 The Continuity and Differentiability  4.11

29. Discuss the continuty of the function x2 – 7x + 2014

(xii) f(x) = _____________
​  __   
    ​
÷    cos x  – 1
​ 2 ​ 
Ï esin x - e x
Ô :xπ0 36. Discuss the continuity of the function
f (x) = Ì x - sin x at x = 0
Ô f(x) = [[x]] – [x – 1], where [,] denotes the greatest
Ó 2 :x=0
integer function.
30. Discuss the continuity of the function 37. Discuss the continuity of f(x) in [0, 1]
where f(x) = [sin p x].
ÏÊ 1 - cos 4 x ˆ
38. Discuss the continuity for the function
Ô
f (x) = ÌËÁ x ˜ : x π 0 at x = 0.
¯ f(x) = [x] + [– x].
Ô
Ó 2 : x=0 39. Discuss the continuity of f(x) in [– 2, 2], where
f (x) = x + {– x} + [x], x Œ I.
Discontinuity
40. Find the number of points of discontinuity of each
of the following functions.
Ï | x|
Ô : xπ0 (i) f (x) = [sin x], " x Œ [0, 2p]
31. Let f(x) = Ì x __
ÔÓ0 : x = 0    sin x], " x Œ [0, 2p]
(ii) f (x) = [​÷2 ​ 
(iii) f (x) = [sin x + cos x], " x Œ [0, 2p]
Find the length of the Jump.
32. Let ​  
x Æ 0
(  (  ) )
1
lim ​ ​ tan–1​ __
​ x ​  ​  ​


(iv) f (x) = [sin p x], " x Œ [0, 2]
(v) f (x) = [2 cos x], " x Œ [0, 2p]
Find the length of the Jump. 41. Find the number of points of discontinuity of the
33. Let ​  
x Æ 3 x
(  )
[x]
lim ​​ ___
​     ​  ​ function f(u) = _________
​  2
u +u–2
1
   
1
 ​ where u = _____
​     
1–x
 ​.

Find the length of the Jump. 42. Find the number of points of discontinuity of the
34. Let ​  
lim ​  [sin x] function f(f(f(x))),
x Æ 0
Find the length of the Jump. where f(x) = 1/1 – x.
35. Find the number of the points of discontinuity of 43. Discuss the continuity of the function
1
each of the following functions h(x) = f(g(x)), where f(x) = _____
​      ​and g(x) = x2 + 5.
x–6
1
(i) f(x) = _____
​       ​ Ï1 + x : 0 £ x £ 2
x–1 44. Let f(x) = Ì

1
(ii) f(x) = _____
​       ​ Ó3 - x : 2 < x £ 3
|x| – 1 Discuss the continuity of the function g(x), where
1
(iii) f(x) = ​ _____
    ​ g(x) = f(f(x)).
|x| + 2
Ï- 1 : x < 0
x2 + 1 Ô
(iv) f(x) = _____
​  2  
 ​ 45. If f(x) = Ì0 : x = 0 and g(x) = x(1 – x2)
x –4 Ô1 : x > 0
1 Ó
(v) f(x) = ​ _____
   ​ 
loge x then discuss the continuity of the function h(x),
1 where h(x) = f(g(x)).
(vi) f(x) = ______
​     ​ 
loge|x| 46. Discuss the continuity for the function f(x), where
1 f(x) = |x + 1|(|x| + |x – 1|).
(vii) f(x) = _________
​       ​ 47. Let f(x) = |x – 2| – 1, 0 £ x £ 4 and g(x) = 2 – |x|,
loge|x – 2|
– 1 £ x £ 3
1
(viii) f(x) = __________
​       ​ Then discuss the continuity of the function (fog)(x).
loge (x2 – 1) _____ 1
1 48. Prove that the equation ​÷x  – 5   ​= _____
​      ​ has at-least
(ix) f(x) = ___________
​       ​ x+3
loge |(x2 – 1)| one real root in (5, 6).
1 49. Show that the equation x5 + 3x4 + x – 2 = 0 has at-
(x) f(x) = __________
​  2      ​
x – 3|x| + 2 least one root in [0, 1].
50. Show that the equation x5 – 3x + 1 = 0 has a real
  x2 + 4x + 1
(xi) f(x) = ​ ___________
  
   ​ root in [1, 2].
2 sin x  – 1
4.12  Differential Calculus Booster

51. Show that the equation x3 + x2 – 3x – 3 = 0 has root If f (x) is differentiable at x = 1/2. Find the value of
in [1, 2]. a + b + 10.
Intermediate Value Theorem Ï Ê 1ˆ
Ô x sin Á ˜ : x π 0
52. Show that the equation x5 + x = 1 has a real root. 68. Let f (x) = Ì Ë x¯
Ô0 : x=0
53. Show that the equation x5 + 3x4 + x – 2 = 0 has Ó
atleast one root in [0, 1]. Examine the continuity and the differentiability at
54. Show that the equation x5 – 2x3 + x2 – 3x + 1 = 0 x = 0.
has atleast one root in [1, 2].
55. Show that the equation 2x3 + x2 – x – 5 = 0 has a Ï 1
Ô xe x
solution in [1, 2]. Ô 1
: xπ0
69. Let f(x) = Ì
Differentiability Ô 1 + e 2

56. Check the differentiability of the function Ô0 : x=0

Ó
f (x) = |x  –  2| at x = 2.
Examine the continuity and the differentiability at
57. Check the differentiability of x = 0.
ÏÔ x : x < 1 70. Let f (x) = |x – 1| ([x] – {x})
f (x) = Ì 2 at x = 1.
ÔÓ x : x ≥ 1 Examine the continuity and differentiability at
x = 1.
58. Check the differentiability of the function
Ï Ê p xˆ
f (x) = ln2 x at x = 1. Ôsin : x<0
71. Let f (x) = Ì ÁË 2 ˜¯
59. Check the differentiability of the function
Ô[2 x - 3]x : x ≥ 0
f (x) = e|x| at x = 0. Ó
60. Check the differentiability of the function Examine the continuity and the differentiability at
x = 1.
ÔÏ3 x : -1 £ x £ 1
72. Check the differentiability of the function
f  (x) = Ì at x = 1.
ÔÓ4 - x : 1 < x < 4
f (x) = e–|x| in [– 2, 2]
61. Check the differentiability of the function
73. Check the differentiability of the function

|  |
f (x) = sin x + |sin x| at x = 0.
1
62. Let f (x) = [x] tan(p x), where [,] = G.I.F f (x) = ​ __​    ​  – 1  ​ in [–  4, 4]
Find the R.H.D at x = k, where k Π1 |x|
63. Let f (x) = [x] sin(p x), where [,] = G.I.F 74. Check the differentiability of the function
Find the L.H.D at x = k, where k Œ 1 f (x) = sin x + sin |x| in [– 2p, 2p].
64. Check the differentiability of the function 75. Check the differentiability of the function
Ï 2 Ê 1ˆ f (x) = min {|x + 1|, |x|, |x – 1|} in [– 4, 4].
Ô x sin Á ˜ : x π 0 76. Check the differentiability of the function
f (x) = Ì Ë 2¯ at x = 0.
Ô0 x
Ó : x = 0 f (x) = _____
​       ​ in R.
1 + |x|
65. Check the differentiability of the function
77. Check the differentiability of the function

|  |
Ï x
ÔÔ 1
: xπ0 x
f (x) = ​ _____
​      ​  ​ in R.
f (x) = Ì1 + e x at x = 0 . x–1
Ô
ÔÓ0 : x=0 78. Check the differentiability of the function
f (x) = |x| + |x2 – 1| in R.
Relation between Continuity and Differentiability
Ïax 2 + 1 : x£0 79. Check the differentiability of the function
66. If f (x) = ÔÌ is differentiable at
2 f (x) = |x2 – 1| + |x2 – 4| in R.
ÔÓ x + ax + b : x>0
x = 1, find a and b. 80. Let f (x) = sgn (x) and g(x) = x (1 – x2).
Ï1 1 Examine the differentiability of the function
ÔÔ | x | : | x| ≥ f(g(x)).
2
67. Let f (x) = Ì 81. Let f (x) = sin– 1 |sin x|. Examine the differentiability
Ôa + bx 2 : 1
| x| < of the function f (x) in R.
ÔÓ 2
 The Continuity and Differentiability  4.13

Centered difference Quotient [,] = G.I.F, then ​  

lim ​ f (x) equals
x Æ 0
82. If f ¢(2) = 5, find the value of (a) 1 (b) 0

( 
(c) – 1 (d) None
​ lim 
h Æ 0
 f (2 + h) – f (2 – h
  ​ ​ ​ ________________
2h
       ​  ​ ) 2. ​ lim 
x Æ •
( 
log [x]
  ​​ ______
​  x    )
​  ​ where [,] = G.I.F, is
83. Given f ¢(2) = 6 and f ¢(1) = 4, find the value
(a) 1 (b) 0

(  )
2 (c) – 1 (d) None
 f(2h + 2 + h ) – f(2)
lim ​ ​ ___________________
of ​   ​         ​  ​
h Æ 0 f(h – h2 + 1) – f(1)
|x|3
3. The left hand limit of f (x) = ​ ​ ___ {  __
[  ] }
x 3
a   ​ – ​​ ​ a ​  ​​ ​  ​, where
Twice differentiability a > 0 and [,] = G.I.F, is
84. Let f (x) = |x3|. Examine whether the function is twice
(a) a2 (b) a2 – 1
differentiable or not.
(c) a2 – 3 (d) None
Ï 2 Ê 1ˆ
Ô x sin Á ˜ : x π 0 Êx ˆ
85. Let y = Ì Ë x¯
Ô0 Á 1Ú | t - 1 | dt ˜
Ó : x=0 4. lim Á ˜ is
x Æ t Á sin ( x - 1) ˜
Examine whether the function is differentiable or not ÁË ˜¯
at x = 0. (a) 0 (b) 1
ÏÔ xe x : x£0 (c) –1 (d) None
86. Let y = f (x) = Ì
2 3
ÔÓ x + x - x : x > 0 Ïx : x < 0
Ô
5. If f (x) = Ì1 : x = 0 , then ​   lim  ​ f (x) is
x Æ 0
Examine whether the function f (x) is twice differen- Ô 2
tiable or not. Óx : x > 0
(a) 0 (b) 1
Functional Equations (c) 2 (d) None
87. If f (x + y) = f (x), f (y), " x, y Œ R and f (x) is a dif- 6. If [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal
ferentiable function and f (0) π 0, find f (x). to x, then the value of ​   lim ​ (1 – x + [x – 1] + [1 – x])
x Æ 0
is
88. If f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y), " x, y Œ R and f (x) is a
(a) 0 (b) 1
differentiable function, find f (x).
(c) – 1 (d) None
( 
x + y
89. Let f  ​ ​  _____
2
 ​   )
f (x) + f (y)
  ​ = ​  __________
2
 ​
    for all x, y in R.   ​ (1 + sin x)1/x is equal to
7. ​ lim 
x Æ 0
If f ¢(0) = – 1, f (0) = 1, find f (x). (a) 0 (b) infinity

( 
(c) e (d) Does not exist.
x + y
90. If f ​ ​  _____
3 )2 + f (x) + f (y)
 ​ = ​  _____________
 ​  
3
 ​
     for all x, y in R
8. ​ lim  ​ 
sin [cos x]
  ​ __________    
x Æ 0 1 + [cos x]  
 ​, where [,] = G.I.F
and f ¢ (2) = 2, then find f (x). (a) 0 (b) 1

( 
2x + 3y
91. If f ​ ​ _______
5 )
2f (x) + 3f (y)
 ​ = ​ ___________
 ​  
5
 ​
     for all x, y in R and

(c) Not exist (d) None
9. The number of points at which the function
f (0) = 1, f ¢ (0) = – 1, find f (x). 1
f (x) = _____
​     ​ is discontinuous is
log |x|
92. If f (x + y + z) = f (x) ◊ f (y) ◊ f (z) for all x, y, z in R
such that f (2) = 4, f ¢(0) = 3, find f ¢(2). (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
log (1 + ax) – log (1 + bx)
(Mixed Problems) 10. The function f (x) = ​ ______________________
   
x    ​ is not
defined at x = 0. The value which should be assigned
Choose the most appropriate one to f at x = 0, so that it is continuous at x = 0 is
Ï sin[ x ] (a) a – b (b) 1 + b
Ô : [ x] π 0
1. If f (x) = Ì [ x ] , where (c) log a + log b (d) none
Ô0 : x=0
Ó
4.14  Differential Calculus Booster

cos2p x
11. If f (x) = _______
​  2x
e – 2ex
 
 
1
 ​, x π __
2
1
​   ​ , then the value of f ​ __ (  )
​   ​   ​ so
2
18. In order that the function f (x) = (1 + x) cot x is continu-
ous at x = 0, then f (0) must be defined as
that f (x) is continuous at x = 1/2 is (a) 0 (b) e
p p (c) 1/e (d) None
(a) ​ ___ 2 ​   (b) ​ ___   ​
2e 2e p
19. Let f (x) = (sin 2x) tan 2x is not defined at x = ​ __ ​ . If f (x)
p2 p2 4
(c) ​ ___2  ​   (d) ​ ___  ​
2e 2e
is continuous at x = __
p
(  ) p
​   ​ , then f ​ __
4
​   ​   ​ is equal to
4
ÏÔ(cos)1/ x : xπ0 (a) 1 (b) 2
12. If the function f (x) = Ì is continu-
ÔÓk : x=0 (c) e1/2 (d) None
ous at x = 0, then the value of k is Ï -p
Ô- 2sin x : x£
2
(a) 1 (b) – 1 Ô
Ô p p
(c) 0 (d) e 20. Let f (x) = Ìa sin x + b : - < x < .
Ô 2 2
1 – tan x
13. Let f (x) = ​ _______   
4x – p
 
p
​ : x π __
4
p
​   ​ , x Œ ​ 0, __
2 (  )
​   ​   ​. If f (x) is Ô
Ôcos x : x≥
p
Ó 2
p
2 (  )
continuous in ​ 0, ​ __ ​   ​, then the value of f ​ __ (  )
p
​   ​   ​ is
4 If f (x) is continuous everywhere, then (a, b) is
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (a) (0, 1) (b) (1, 1)
(c) (– 1, 1) (d) (– 1, 0)
(c) – 1/2 (d) – 1
21. The value of f (0) so that the function
1
​ ____
   ​ 
14. Let f (x) = (x – 1​)​2 – x ​is not defined at x = 2. If f (x) 2x – sin–1 x
f (x) =​  __________    ​ is continuous at each point on its
is continuous then f (2) is 2x + tan–1 x
(a) e (b) 1/e domain is
1
(c) 1/e2 (d) 1 (a) 2 (b) ​ __ ​ 
3
2 1
15. If f (x) = x a log x and f (0) = 0, then the value of a (c) ​ __ ​   (d) – ​ __ ​ 
3 3
for which Rolles Theorem can be applied in [0, 1]
Ï 36 x - 9 x - 4 x + 1
is Ô : xπ0
22. If f (x) = Ì 2 - 1 + cos x is continuous
(a) – 2 (b) – 1
Ô
(c) 0 (d) 1/2 Ók : x=0
16. The value of p for which the function at x = 0, then k is __
Ï (4 x - 1)3 (a) 16 log 2 log 3     log 6
(b) 16 ​÷2 ​
__
Ô : xπ0     log 2 log 3
(c) 16​÷2 ​ (d) None
Ô Ê xˆ È Ê x2 ˆ ˘
f (x) = Ì sin Á ˜ log Í1 + Á ˜ ˙ , Ï x-4
Ô Ë p¯ ÎÍ Ë 3 ¯ ˚˙ Ô| x - 4 | + a : x < 4
Ô 3 ÔÔ
Ó12(log 4) : x=0
23. Let f (x) = Ìa + b : x = 4 . then f (x) is con-
may be continuous at x = 0 is Ô x-4
(a) 1 (b) 2 Ô +b : x>4
ÔÓ | x - 4 |
(c) 3 (d) 4
tinuous at x = 4, when
Ï
Ô1 - cos 4 x : x<0 (a) a = b = 0 (b) a = b = 1
Ô x2 (c) a = – 1, b = 1 (d) a = 1, b = – 1.
Ô
17. Let f (x) = Ìa : x=0.
Ô Ï sin (a + 1) x + sin x
Ô x Ô : x<0
: x>0 Ô x
Ô (16 + x ) - 4 Ô
Ó 24. If f (x) = Ìc : x = 0 is continuous
If the function is continuous at x = 0, then a is Ô 2
Ô x + bx - x
ÔÓ : x>0
(a) 4 (b) 6 bx 3/2
(c) 8 (d) 10 at x = 0, then
 The Continuity and Differentiability  4.15

(a) a = – 3/2, b = 0, c = 1/2 32. The number of points where f (x) = [sin x + cos x],
(b) a = – 3/2, b = 1, c = – 1/2 where [,] = G.I.F., x = (0, 2p) is discontinuous is
(c) a = – 3/2, b = R, c = 1/2 (a) 3 (b) 4
(d) None (c) 5 (d) 6
33. Let f : R Æ R be any function. Define g : R Æ R by
Ï ae|sin x| - b cos x - | x | g(x) = |f (x)| for all x.
Ô : xπ0
25. Let f (x) = Ì x2 , then Then g is
Ôc : x=0
Ó (a) onto if f is onto
(a) discontinuous at x = 0 (b) one-one if f is one-one
(b) continuous at x = 0, if a = b = c = 1 (c) Continuous if f is continuous
(c) f ¢(0) = 1 (d) differentiable if f is differentiable.
(d) continuous but non-differentiable at x = 0.
Ï -1ÈÍ 1 + 1 ˘˙
Ï p Ê 1ˆ 34. If f (x) = ÔÌ xe Î |x| x ˚ : x π 0 , then f (x) is
Ô x sin Á ˜ : x π 0 ÔÓ0
26. Let f (x) = Ì Ë x¯ . Then f (x) is con- : x=0
Ô0 : x=0
Ó (a) continuous and diff for all real x
tinuous but not differentiable at x = 0 if (b) continuous for all x but not differentiable at
x=0
(a) p Œ (0, 1] (b) p Œ [1, •)
(b) neither differentiable not continuous at x = 0
(c) p Œ (– •, 0) (d) p = 0
(d) discontinous everywhere.
27. The value of k for which the function
35. The value of the derivative of |x – 1| + |x – 2| at
Ïsin (1/ x ) : x π 0 x = 2 is
f (x) = Ì makes continuous at x = 0 (a) – 2 (b) 0
Ók : x=0
is (c) 2 (d) not defined
36. Let f (x) = [tan2 x], where [,] = G.I.F., then
(a) 8 (b) 1
(a) ​  
lim ​ f (x) does not exist
(c) – 1 (d) None x Æ 0

1 (b) f (x) is continuous at x = 0

28. Given the function f (x) = _____
​     ​  
. The points of dis-
1– x (c) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
continuity of the composite function y = f ( f ( f (x)) are
(d) f ¢(0) = 1.
at x =
x
(a) 0 (b) 1 37. The set of all points where the function f (x) = ​ _____
    ​
1 + |x|
(c) 2 (d) – 1 is differentiable is
29. Let f (x) = x – |x – x2| , where x lies in [– 1, 1]. Then (a) R (b) (0, •)
the number of points of discontinuity is
(c) (– •, 0) (d) None.
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) None 38. The set of all the points where the function
30. The function f (x) = [x] – [x2 ] , where [,] = G.I.F.,
2 Ï0 : x=0
Ô
is discontinuous as f (x) = Ì x , is differentiable is
Ô1 + e1/ x : xπ0
(a) all integers Ó
(b) all integers except 0 and 1 (a) (0, •) (b) (– •, •) – {0}
(c) all integers except 0 (c) (– •, 0) (d) R.
(d) all integers except 1.

( 
2x – 1
31. The function f (x) = [x] cos ​ ______
​   ​  
2 ) ​ p , where
39. The set of all points of differentiability of the func-
Ï 2 Ê 1ˆ
x sin Á ˜ : x π 0
[,] = G.I.F., is discontinuous at Ô
tion f (x) = Ì Ë x¯ is
(a) all x Ô0
Ó : x=0
(b) all integer points (a) (0, •) (b) (– •, •) – {0}
(c) no x (c) (– •, 0) (d) R.
(d) x which is not an integer.
4.16  Differential Calculus Booster

40. The function f(x) is defined as (a) {– 1, 1} (b) {– 1, 0}

Ï1 1 (c) {0, 1} (d) {– 1, 0, 1}
Ô3 - x : x<
3
Ô Ï 1
f (x) = Ì ,
2 Ô- : | x| ≥ 1
ÔÊ 1 - x ˆ : x ≥ 1 47. Let f (x) = Ì | x | . If f (x) is continuous
ÔÓÁË 3 ˜¯ 3 Ôax 2 - b : | x | < 1
Ó
then in the interval (0, 1), the mean value theorem and differentiable at any point, then
is not true, because
(a) a = 1/2, b = – 3/2 (b) a = 1/2, b = 3/2
(a) f (x) is not continuous
(c) a = 1, b = – 1 (d) None
(b) f (x) is not differentiable 51. The number of points at which the function

|  |
(c) f (0) = f (1) 1
f (x) = ​ x – __
​   ​   ​ + | x – 1| + tan x does not have a deriva-
(d) None. 2
41. Let f (x) = [x sin p x], where [ , ] = G.I.F., then f (x) tive in the interval (0, 2),
is (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) continuous at x = 0 (c) 3 (d) 4
(b) continuous in (– 1, 0) 52. The function f (x) = (x – 1) ​| x2 – 3x + 2 |​ + cos (|x|)
2
(c) differentable at x = 1 is not differentiable at x =
(d) differentable in (– 1, 1) (a) – 1 (b) 0
Ï| 2 x - 3 | [ x ] : x ≥ 1 (c) 1 (d) 2.
Ô
42. The function f (x) = Ì Ê p x ˆ x2 x2 x2
: x <1 53. If f (x) = x2 + ​ _______  ​ + ​ _______
 2 2   ​ + .... + ​ _______
 2 3      ​
Ôsin ÁË 2 ˜¯ (1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x2) n
Ó
+ ..... to  – •, then at x = 0
(a) is continuous at x = 2
(b) is differentiable at x = 1 (a) f (x) has no limit
(c) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 1 (b) f (x) is discontinuous
(d) None. (c) f (x) is continuous but not differentiable
43. The function f (x) is defined as under: (d) f (x) is differentiable.
54. Let f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all x and y. Suppose that
ÔÏ3 x : -1 £ x £ 1 f (3) = 3 and f  ¢(0) = 11, then f ¢(3) is given by
f (x) = Ì . The function is
ÔÓ4 - x : 1 < x < 4 (a) 22 (b) 44
(c) 28 (d) 33.
(a) continuous at x = 1
55. A function f : R Æ R satisfies the equation f (x + y)
(b) differentiable at x = 1
= f (x) f(y) for all values of x and y and for any
(c) continuous but not differentiable at x =1 x Œ R, f (x) π 0 . Suppose the function is differentiable
(d) None. at x = 0 and f ¢(0) = 2, then for all x = R, f (x) =
44. A function is defined as follows: (a) ex (b) e 2x
–x
ÏÔ x 2 : x 2 < 1 (c) e (d) None
f (x) = Ì
2
ÔÓ x : x ≥ 1
. The function is
(  (  ) )
x 2
56. Let F (x) = ( f (x)) 2 + ​ g​​ ​ __   ​  ​​ ​  ​, F(5) = 5 and
2
(a) continuous at x = 1 f ¢¢(x) = –  f (x) , g(x) = f  ¢(x) , then F(10) is equal to
(b) differentiable at x = 1 (a) 5 (b) 10
(c) continuous but not differentiable at x = 1 (c) 0 (d) None
(d) None. 57. Let f be a differentiable for every x. If f (1) = – 2 and
45. The left hand derivative of f  ¢ for all x in [1, 6] , then
f (x) = [x] sin (p x) at x = k, where k is an integer, is (a) f (6) < 5 (b) f (6) = 5
(a) (– 1) k (k – 1) p (b) (– 1) k – 1 (k – 1) p (c) f (6) ≥ 8 (d) f (6) < 8
k
(c) (– 1)  kp (d) (– 1) k – 1 kp. 58. If f is a real valued differentiable function satisfying
46. Let f : R Æ R be a function is defined | f (x) – f (y) £ (x – y)2 , for all x, y in R , then f (1) is
by f (x) = max {x, x3 }. The set of all points where equal to
the function f(x) is not differentiable is
 The Continuity and Differentiability  4.17

(a) 2 (b) 1 Discuss the continuity for the function f (x) at

(c) – 1 (d) 0. x = 1.
12. Let f (x) = x – [x – x2]. Find the number of points of
discontinuity of f (x).

[  ] [  ]
1 2
13. Let f (x) = [x] + ​ x + __
​   ​   ​ + ​ x + __
​   ​   ​. Find the number
1. Discuss the continuity of the function f(x), where 3 3

f (x) = ​  
n Æ • (  sin x
lim ​ ​ ​ ___________
)
   ​  ​ in (0, p).
 
1 + (2 sin x)2n
of points of discontinuity of f (x) in [– 1, 1].
14. If the graph of the continuous function y = f (x) passes
2. Determine the set of all points where the function through (a, 0), find

(  )
x3
f (x) = ​ _____    ​ is continuous. ln(1 + 6f 2 (x) – 3f (x))
4 + |x|   ​ ​ __________________
​ lim  ​   ​ 
      ​
x Æ a 3f (x)
3. Examine the continuity at x = 0 of the function
x x x
f (x) = _____
​       ​ + ____________
​      ​ + ​ _____________
     ​ + 15. Find the number of points of discontinuity of
x + 1 (x + 1)(2x + 1) (2x + 1)(3x + 1)
f (x) = [4x] + {3x} in [0, 5].
Ï Ê Ê 1 1ˆˆ
Ô x exp Á - Á + ˜ ˜ : x π 0 16. Find the number of points of discontinuity of

|  |
4. Let f (x) = Ì Ë Ë | x| x ¯ ¯ x
Ô f (x) = ​ _____
​  2    
 ​  ​.
Ó0 : x=0 x +1
Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) at x = 0.
17. Find the number of points of discontinuity of
Ï
Ô a (1 - x sin x ) + b cos x + 5 f (x) = sgn(x2 – 1).
Ô : x<0
x2 18. Find the number of points of discontinuity of the
ÔÔ
5. Let f (x) = Ì3 : x=0 function f (x) = [x] + {2x} + [3x] in [0, 1]
Ô 1x 19. Determine the set of all points, where the function
ÔÊ Ê cx + dx 3 ˆ ˆ x
ÔÁ 1 + Á 2 ˜˜ : x>0 f (x) = _____
​       ​ is continuous.
ÔÓË Ë x ¯¯ 1 + |x|
If f is continuous at x = 0 , then find the values of
ÔÏe x : x£0
a, b, c and d. 20. Let f (x) = Ì
ÔÓ| x - 1 | : x > 0
[  1
] [  1
]
6. Let f (x) = ​ x – ​ __ ​   ​ + [x] + ​ x + ​ __ ​   ​, x = [– 1, 0].
3 3 Discuss the continuity for the function f (x) at
x = 0, 1.
Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) at
[– 1, 0]. 21. Discuss the continuity of f (x) = Îtan –1x˚.

[ 
(x – 2)3
7. If the function f (x) = ​ ​  _______
a    ]
​  ​ sin (x – 2) + a cos
p
22. Discuss the continuity of f (x) = [x] sin ​ ______
​     
[x + 1]( 
 ​  ​ )
23. Discuss the continuity of the function
(x – 2) is continuous in (4, 6), then find the set of
all values of a, where [,] = G.I.F. f (x) = |x + 1| (|x| – |x – 1| in [– 2, 2].
p 
8. Let f (x) = min {1, cos x, 1 – sin x}, –  ​ __ ​  £ x £ p 24. Discuss the continuity of the function
2
Discuss the continuity for the function f (x) at Ï(1 - x ) : x <1
p  Ô
x = 0, ​ __ ​  f (x) = Ì(1 - x ) (2 - x ) : 1 £ x £ 2
2 Ô(3 - x )
______ Ó : x>2
{ 
9. Let f (x) = max ​ sgn (x), – ​÷9  – x2 ​, x3  ​ } x
25. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) =  ​ _____
   ​.
Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) at x = 0. 1 – |x|
26. Discuss the continuity of the function
ÔÏ x 3 : x 2 < 1 f (x) = [x] + [– x].
10. Let f (x) = Ì . Discuss the continuity of
ÔÓ x : x > 1 27. Discuss the continuity of the function
the function f (x). f (x) = sgn (cos 2x – 2 sin x + 3).
ÔÏ3 x : x2 £ 1 28. Discuss the continuity of each of the following
11. Let f (x) = Ì functions.
ÔÓ4 - x : 1 < x < 4
(i) f (x) = [loge x]
4.18  Differential Calculus Booster

(ii) f (x)= Îsin–1 x˚ Ï 1

Ô ae |x + 2| - 1

[  ]
2
(iii) f (x) = ​ _____
​  2    
x +1
 ​  ​.
Ô
Ô
Ô2-e
1
| x + 2|
: -3 < x < -2

Ô
29. Discuss the continuity of the function 5. Let f (x) = Ìb : x = -2
Ô
Ôsin Ê x - 16 ˆ : - x < 0
4

2
x
f (x) = ​ __ [  ] [  ] [  ]
x
​    ​  ​ + ​ __
x
​    ​  ​ + ​ __
3
​    ​  ​ in [0, 4]
4
Ô ÁË x 5 + 32 ˜¯
Ô
ÔÓ
sin (3x) + a sin (2x) + b sin x
30. Let f (x) = ​ _______________________
    ​   , x π 0 If f (x) is continuous at x = – 2, find the value of
x5 (a + b + 2).
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, find f (0) 6. Discuss the continuity of

(Tougher Problems for Jee-Advanced)

n Æ • ( 
x2n – 1
lim ​ ​ ​ ______
f (x) = ​  
x2n + 1
 
 ​  ​ )
7. Discuss the continuity of f (x), where

Ï1 + a cos x + b cos 4 x f(x) = ​   (cos2n x).

lim ​  
n Æ •
Ô : xπ0
1. Let f (x) = Ì x 2 sin 2 x 8. Discuss the continuity of f (x) in [0, 2] ,
Ôc : x=0
Ó
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, find the value of​ where f (x) = ​  
n Æ •
px 2n
lim ​ ​​ sin ​ ___
​   ​   ​  ​​ ​
2 (  (  ) )
(  1
__
a + b + c + ​   ​   ​
3 ) 9. Discuss the continuity of the function

Ï
Ô(sin x + cos x )cosec x
Ô
1
: - £x<0
2
n Æ • ( 
log (2 + x) – x2n sin x
lim ​ ​ ​ _________________
f (x) = ​  
1 + x2n
     ​  ​ at x =1.
   )
Ô

(  )
2. Let f (x) = Ìa : x=0 x2n–1 + ax2 + bx
Ô 1/ x 2/ x 3/| x| lim ​ ​ ​ _____________
10. Let f (x) = ​      ​ 
   ​
Ôe + e + e 1 x2n + 1
n Æ •
: 0< x£
ÔÓ ae + be x|
2/ x 3/|
2
If f (x) is continuous for all x in R, find the value of
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, find the value of {e (a 2a + 3b + 10.
+ b) + 2}.

Ï -1 Ê x + c ˆ 1
11. Let f (x) = ​   (    
n Æ • |​ a + sin px |n​ + 1 )
|n​ – 1  ​  ​, x Œ (0, 6)
|​ a + sin px   
lim ​ ​ ​ _____________

Ôb sin ÁË 2 ˜¯ : - 2 < x < 0 Find the number of discontinuity, when a = 0

Ô
Ô1 and 1.
3. Let f (x) = Ì : x=0
Ô2 12. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x),

( 
Ô e ax /2 - 1 1
Ô
Ó x
: 0< x<
2 n Æ •
​ 
x
lim ​ ​ ___________
where f (x) = ​       ​  ​.
1 + (2 sin x)2n )
If f (x) is differentiable at x = 0, find the value of a
and hence prove that 64 b2 + c2 = 4 13. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) at x = 1,

Ï Ê 1 ˆ
Ô | x | Á 3e |x| + 4˜
n Æ • ( 
cos (p x) – x2nsin (x – 1)
lim ​ ​ ​ ____________________
where f (x) = ​           ​  ​
1 + x2n+1 + – x2n )
ÔÔ Ë ¯
4. Let f (x) = Ì 1
: xπ0 14. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) in [0, 2],
Ô 2 - e | x| where
Ô
ÔÓa : x=0 Ï| 2 x - 3 | [ x ] : x ≥ 1
Ô
f (x) = Ì Ê p x ˆ
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, find the value of (a2 Ôsin ÁË 2 ˜¯ : x <1
+ a + 10) Ó
 The Continuity and Differentiability  4.19

15. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) in [0, 2], 22. Let f (x) be defined in the interval [– 1, 1] such that
where
ÏÔ x - 1 : - 1 < x < 0
Ï[cos p x ] : 0 £ x £1 f (x) = Ì 2
f (x) = Ì ÔÓ x : 0 £ x £1
Ó| 2 x - 3 | [ x - 2] : 1< x £ 2
and g (x) =sin x , then discuss the continuity and dif-
16. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) in [0, 2), ferentiability of h (x) in [– 1,1] , where h (x) = f (|g (x)|)
where + |f (g (x))|

ÏÔ|1 - 4 x 2 | : 0 £ x < 1
f (x) = Ì Integer Type Questions
2
ÔÓ[ x - 2 x ] : 1 £ x < 2
1. Let f : [1, 7] Æ Q be a continuous function such that
17. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) in [0, 2], f (1) = 7, find the value of f (7).
where 2. Let f be a continuous function on [1, 3] which takes
rational values for all x. If f (2) = 5, find the value
Ï
Ô of f (2.5).
Ô|sin(p x ) | : -1 £ x < 0
3. Let m is the number of non-differentiable points
Ô
f (x) = Ì1 - {x} : 0 £ x <1 of f (x) = ||x| – 1| and n is the number of points
Ô
Ô1 + Ècos ÊÁ p x ˆ˜ ˘ : 1 < x £ 2 1
of differeniable of g (x) = ​ _____
   ​, find the value of
Í ˙
ÓÔ Î Ë 2 ¯ ˚ (m + n).
log |x|

4. If m is the number of differentiable points of f (x)

(  )
x+y
18. If f  ​ ​ _____
2
f (x) + (y)
 ​ = ________
 ​   ​ 
2
 ​  , x, y ŒR, 1
= ​ _________
     ​ and the value of n for which ​  
lim   ​ ​
log|x 2 – 4| x Æ 0
f (0) = 1, f ¢ (0) = – 1, then show that
2 2 2
{(f (0)) + (f (1)) + ( f (2)) + .... + ( f(n)) } 2
( xn – sin (xn)
​ __________
   ​  
x – sinn x )
​ has a non-zero finite value, find the

n (n – 1)(2n – 1) value of (m + n).

= 1 + ______________
​   ​     .
6 5. Find the number of points of discontinuity of
19. Let f (x) = x3 – x2 + x + 1 and f (x) = [3 + 4 sin x], x Œ [p, 2p]
6. If p is the number of discontinuity points of f (x) = [[x]]
Ïmax.{ f (t ) : 0 £ t £ x} : 0 £ x £ 1
g(x) = Ì – [x – 2], where [,] = G.I.F. and q is the limiting

( 
Ó3 - x : 1< x £ 2

Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the

function g(x) in (0, 2).
value of ​  
lim  
x Æ •

(p + q + 2).
3x4 – 2
​   ​​  ____________
  
__________
​÷ x8 + 3x   
+ 4 ​ )
   ​  ​, find the value of

20. Let f(x) = x4 – 8x3 + 22x2 – 24x – 55 and

Ïmin{ f (t ) : x £ t £ x + 1} : - 1 £ x £ 1
7. If m is the limiting value of ​  
x Æ 0 ( 
tan 2x – 2 sin x
lim ​ ​ ____________
​ 
x3
 ​ 
    
)
​ and

g(x) = Ì n is the number of points of disc of f (x) = [sin x

Ó x - 10 : x >1
+ cos x] in (0, 2p) and p is the number of non-
differentiable points of f (x) = |​ log |x|  |​, find the value
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of g (x) in
of (m + n– p).
[– 1, •).
8. If f be a differentiable function such that f ¢ (2) = 6,
21. Let a function y = f (x) be defined by
f ¢ (1) = 4, find the value of

( 
Ïj ( x ) : x£0
Ô x
f (x) = ÌÊ e + x ˆ
ÔÁ 1 + 2 x ˜ : x > 0
ÓË ¯
.
f (h2 + 2h +2) – f (2)
  ​ ​ _________________
​ lim  ​    
    ​  ​.
x Æ 0 f (h – h2 + 1) – f (1) )
If j (x) = a sin x + b cos x and f (x) is continuous ÏÔa + bx 2 : x<0
9. Let f (x) = Ì
and satisfies f ¢ (1) = f (– p /2), find the values of a ÔÓ3 ax - b + 2 : 0 ≥1
and b.
4.20  Differential Calculus Booster

If f (x) is differentiable at x = 1, find the value of (a 3. Number of points where | f (x)| is not differentiable
+ b + 1). is

(  )
2x
10. Let f (x) = sin– 1​ ​ _____
  ​  
1 + x2
​. If p is the number of discon-

(a) 1
(c) 3
(b) 2
(d) 4.
tinuity points and q is the number of non-differen- Passage III
tiable points of f (x), find the value of (p + q + 2).

[  )
In certain problem the differentiation of {f (x) ◊ g (x)} appears.
3
11. Let f (x) = [3x] – {2 x}, x = Œ ​ 0,  ​ ​__ ​   ​ ​. Find the number df dg
​2 ​ One student commits mistake and differentiate as ​ ___   ​ ___​     ​,
of points of discontinuity. dx dx
12. Let f (x) = (x – 2). Find the number of non-differen- but he gets correct result if f (x) = x 3 and g(x) is a decreas-
tiable points of g (x) = tan– 1(​|  f (|x|) |​). ing function for which g (0) = 1/3.

1. The function g (x) is

Comprehensive Link Passage 3 4
(a) ​ _______
     ​ (b) ​ _______
     ​
Passage I (x – 3)3 (x – 3)3
If two functions f (x) and g (x) are continuous at x = a, then
f (x) + g(x), f (x) – g (x), f ( ). g (x), ​|  f (x) |​ are continuous at
9
(c) ​ _______
     ​
27
(d) ​ _______
    ​.
f (x) (x – 3)3 (x – 3)3
x = a and ____
​     ​ is continuous at x = a , provided g (a) π 0.
g(x) 2. Derivative of {f (x–3) ◊ g(x)} with respect to x
If one of f (x) and g (x) is continuous but other is discontinu- at x = 100 is
ous at any point x = a, then f (x) + g (x) is discontinuous at (a) 0 (b) 1
x = a.
|x + 2| (c) – 1 (d) 2
1. Number of points where f (x) = ​ __________      ​ is dis-
continuous is/are tan – 1(x + 2) f (x) ◊ g (x)
  ​  ​  __________
3. ​ lim       ​ will be
x Æ 0 x (1 + g (x))
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) infinite (a) 0 (b) – 1
2. f (x) = |x + 1| (|x| + |x – 1|) is discontinuous at (c) 1 (d) 2
(a) no where (b) x = – 1
Passage IV
(c) x = {0, – 1} (d) x = {– 1, 0, 1} A function f (x) is said to have a jump discontinuity at a
3. Number of points in the interval (– 1, 1) where the point x = a, if both of the limits L.H.L and R.H.L exists
function f (x) = [x]/sin– 1 x – p/6) is discontinuous and finite at x = a, but not equal and f (a) may be equal
is/are to either of these limits. The value of ​| L.H.L – R.H.L |​ is
(a) 0 (b) 1 known as jump discontinuity.
(c) 2 (d) infinite 1. Jump of discontinuity of y = 2 [x] at x = 2, where
[,] = G.I.F, is
Passage II (a) 1 (b) 3
Let a function is defined as (c) 2 (d) – 2.
Ï -1 ÔÏ x + 1 : x £ 1
2
: -2 £ x £ 2. If f (x) = Ì , then jump of discontinu-
ÔÔ[ x ] 2 , where [, ] = G. I. F ÔÓ2 x + 5 : x > 1
f (x) = Ì
Ô2 x 2 - 1 : - 1 ity of f (x) at x = 1 is\
<x£2
ÔÓ 2 (a) 4 (b) 3
Answer the following question by using the above (c) 7 (d) None
information: 3. Number of jump discontinuities in y = f (x) ◊ g(x),
1. The number of points of discontinuity of f (x) is where
(a) 1 (b) 2 ÏÔ x + 1 : x ≥ 1
(c) 3 (d) None f (x) = Ì 2 and
ÔÓ x : x <1
2. The function f (x – 1) is discontinuous at the points
(a) – 1, – 1/2 (b) – 1/2, 1 ÏÔsin x : x < 1
(c) 0, 1/2 (d) 0, 1 g(x) = Ì 2
ÔÓ2 x : x ≥1
 The Continuity and Differentiability  4.21

(a) 1 (b) 2 Matrix Match

(c) 3 (d) None 1. Observe the following Columns:
Passage V Column I Column II
Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval (A) The Nnumber of points of discon- (P) 1
[a, b] and let k be any number between f (a) and f (b) where tinuity of f (x) = tan2 x – sec2 x in
f (a) π f (b). the interval (0, 2p) is
Then there exist a number c in (a, b) such that
(B) The number of points at which (Q) 2
f (c) = k.
– 1 – 1 – 1
On the basis of the above information answer the follow- f (x) = sin  x + tan  x + cot  x is
ing questions. non-differentiable in (– 1, 1) is
1. The number of real root of x.2x – 1 = 0 in (0, 1) is (C) Number of points of discontinuity (R) 0
(a) 2 (b) 3 of y = [sin x] x Œ [0.2p], where
(c) 0 (d) 1 [,] = G.I.F
2. The number of real root of 2 tan x + 5x – 2 = 0 in​ (D) Number of points where (S) 3

[  ] p
0, __
​   ​   ​ is
4
y = | (x – 1)3| + |(x – 2)5| + |x – 3|
is non-differentiable
(a) 1 (b) 2 2. Observe the following columns:
(c) 3 (d) 4
(  __​ p2 ​  )​
3. The number of real root of x – cos x = 0 in ​ 0,
is
Column I Column II

(A) Points of discontinuity of (P) – 1/2

(a) 1 (b) 2 1 1
y = _______
​  2      ​, where t = ____
​      ​
(c) 0 (d) 3 t –t–2 x +1
Passage VI (B) Points of continuity of y = [x] + (Q) – 2
A cos x + B x sin x – 5
Let f (x) =​  ___________________
    ​ ,    x π 0 is continuous at [– x]
x4
x = 0. Then (C) y = {sin (p x)} is non-differentiable (R) – 1
1. The value of A is at
(a) 2 (b) 5 (D) y = |2x + 1| + |x + 2| – |x + 1| – |x (S) 4
(c) 7 (d) 10 – 4| is non-differentiable at
2. The value of B is
(a) 1/2 (b) 3/2 3. Observe the following Columns:
(c) 5/2 (d) 7/2 Column I Column II
3. The value of f (0) is
(A) f (x) = {sin(p x} is disc for (P) [0, 1)
(a) – 1/24 (b) – 5/24
x Œ
(c) – 7/24 (d) – 11/24
Passage VII {  }
sin x
(B) g (x) = ​ ​ ____  ​  ​ is disc for
x   
(Q) {1, 2}

sin 3x + a sin 2x + b sin x xŒ

Let f (x) = ____________________
​   ​ ,
       x π 0 is continuous at
x5 {sin x}
x = 0. Then  (x) = ______
​   ​ 
 
is non-differentiable
1. The value of A is (C) {x} (R) {0}
for xŒ
(a) 2 (b) – 2
(c) 4
2. The value of B is
(d) – 4 (sin x)
(D) p (x) = _____
​ 
[x]
 ​ 
 is disc for xŒ (S) {  }
1
​ __
​   ​   ​
2
(a) 3 (b) 5
(c) 7 (d) 9 4. Observe the following Columns:
3. The value of f (0) is The number of points of discontinuity of the
(a) 1 (b) 0 functions
(c) – 1 (d) – 2
4.22  Differential Calculus Booster

Column I Column II 8. Draw the graph of the following function and discuss
its continuity and differentiability at x = 1
x
(A) y = f (x) = _____
​       ​ (P) 2
|x| + 1 ÔÏ3 x : -1 £ x £ 1
f (x) = Ì
ÔÓ4 - x : 1 < x < 4
x
(B) y = f (x) = _____
​       ​ (Q) 3 [Roorkee-JEE, 1994]
|x| – 1
9. Discuss the limit, continuity and differentiability of
1
(C) y = f (x) = _____
​     ​  (R) 1 the function at x = 0
log |x|
Ï x (3e1/ x + 4)
1 Ô : xπ0
(D) y = f (x) = _________
​       ​ (S) 0 f (x) = Ì (2 - e1/ x )
log |x2 + 1| Ô0 : x=0
Ó
[Roorkee-JEE, 1995]
Problems asked in Roorkee - JEE Exam 10. Find the value of f (0) so that the function
1 1
1. Sketch the function y = |x – 2| in [– 1, 2] f(x) = ​ ________
x ​ – , x π 0 is continuous at x = 0 and
​  2x    ​ 
e   –  1
Is the function (i) Continuous (ii) differentiable at
then examine the differentiability of f (x) at x = 0.
x = 2?
[Roorkee-JEE, 1984] [Roorkee-JEE, 1996]
11. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the
Ïx - 1 : x < 0
Ô function
Ô1
2. Let f (x) = Ì : x=0 Ï2 + 1 - x 2 : |x| £ 1
Ô
Ô4 f (x) = Ì
ÔÓ x 2 (1 - x )2
: x>0 ÓÔ2e : |x| > 1

Discuss the continuity of f (x) at x = 0. [Roorkee-JEE, 1998]

[Roorkee-JEE, 1988] 12. Determine the constants a, b and c for which the
3. Draw the graph of the function f (x) = x – |x – x2|, function
– 1 £ x £ 1 and discuss the continuity and discontinuity Ï
of f in the interval [–1, 1]. Ô 1/ x
[Roorkee-JEE, 1989] Ô(1 + ax ) : x<0
Ô
4. If f (x) = – 1 + |x – 1|, –1 £ x £ 2, g (x) = 2 – |x + 1|, f (x) = Ìb : x=0
Ô
–2 £ x £ 2, then find (f o g) (x) and (g o f) (x). Draw their 1/ 3
Ô ( x + c) - 1 : x > 0
graphs. Discuss the continuity (f o g) (x) at x = –1, and ÔÓ ( x + 1)1/ 2 1
the differentiability of (g o f) (x) at x = 1.
[Roorkee-JEE, 1990] is continuous at x = 0.
[Roorkee-JEE, 1999]
5. The function f is defined by y = f (x), where
x = 2t – |t|, y = t 2 + t |t|, t Œ R. Draw the graph of f 13. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the
for the interval – 1 £ x £ 1. Also, discuss the continu- function
ity and differentiability at x = 0. Ï x
[Roorkee-JEE, 1991] Ô1 + | x | : | x | ≥ 1
_____ Ô
f (x) = Ì
6. If f (x) = ÷   – 1| ​
​ |x  and g (x) = sin x, then calculate
Ô x : | x| < 1
(fog) (x) and (gof) (x) and discuss the differentiability ÔÓ1 - | x|
of (go f ) (x) at x = 1.
[Roorkee-JEE, 1992] [Roorkee-JEE, 2000]
7. A function is defined as follows: 14. Discuss the continuity of the function
Ï 1
Ï x3 : x2 < 1
f (x) = ÔÌ . Ô e x -1 - 2
Ô : x π1
2
ÔÓ x : x ≥ 1 f (x) = Ì 1 at x = 1
Ô e x -1 + 2
Draw the graph of the function and discuss limit, Ô1 : x =1
Ó
continuity and differentiability at x = 1
[Roorkee-JEE, 1993] [Roorkee-JEE, 2001]
 The Continuity and Differentiability  4.23

Problems asked in Previous Years’ IIT-JEE Exam 9. Let g(x) be a polynomial of degree one and f(x) be
_____ defined by
__
1. If f (x) = x ​( ​÷x  )​, then
  + 1 ​  
  ​  – ​÷x
Ï g( x ) : x£0
(a) f (x) is continuous but not differentiable at ÔÔ 1
x=0 f ( x ) = ÌÊ 1 + x ˆ x
ÔÁ : x>0
˜
(b) f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 ÔÓË 2 + x ¯

(c) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
(d) None of these Find the continuous function f(x) satisfying
[IIT-JEE, 1985] f ¢(1) = f (– 1)
2. Let f (x) = x3 – x2 + x + 1 and [IIT-JEE, 1987]
10. Let R be the set of real numbers and f : R Æ R be such
Ïmax{ f (t ) : 0 £ t £ x : 0 £ x £ 1 that for all x and y in R, ​| f (x)  –  f (y) |​ £ (x – y)2.
g (x) = Ì .
Ó3 - x : 1£ x £ 2 Prove that f(x) is a constant.
[IIT-JEE, 1988]
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the
function g(x) in (0, 2). Ï| x - 3| : x ≥1
Ô 2
[IIT-JEE, 1985] 11. The function f (x) = Ì x 3 x 13 is
3. The function f (x) = 1 + |sin x| is Ô - + : x <1
Ó4 2 4
(a) Continuous nowhere (a) continuous at x = 1
(b) Continuous everywhere (b) differentiable at x =1
(c) differentiable nowhere (c) continuous at x = 3
(d) not differentiable at x = 0. (d) differentiable at x = 3.
[IIT-JEE, 1986] [IIT-JEE, 1988]
4. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal 12. Find the values of a and b so that the function
to x. If f(x) = [x sin p x], then f(x) is
Ï p
(a) continuous at x = 0 Ô x + a 2 sin x : 0£ x<
4
(b) continuous in (– 1, 0) Ô
Ô p p
(c) differentiable at x = 1 f  (x) = Ì2 x cot x + b : £x£
Ô 4 2
(d) differentiable in (– 1, 1)
Ô p
[IIT-JEE, 1986] Ôa cos2 x - bsin x : 2 < x £ p
Ó
5. Let f (x) be defined in the interval [– 2, 2] such that
is continuous for 0 £ x £ p
Ï-1 : -2 £ x £ 0
f ( x) = Ì [IIT-JEE, 1989]
( 
Ó x - 1 : 0< x£2

and g(x) = f (|x|) + |f (x)|. Test the differentiability of
x
__
)
13. If f (x) = ​ ​    ​ – 1  ​, then on the interval [0, p]
2
g(x) in (– 2, 2) (a) tan (f(x)) and 1/f (x) are both continuous
[IIT-JEE, 1986] (b) tan (f(x)) and 1/f (x) are both discontinuous
x (c) tan (f(x)) and f –1 (x) are both continuous
_____
6. The set of all points where the function f(x) = ​       ​
1 + |x| (d) tan ( f(x)) is continuous but 1/f(x) is not
is differentiable is continuous.
(a) (– •, •) (b) [0, •) [IIT-JEE, 1989]
(c) (–•, 0) » (0, •) (d) (0, •) Ï
[IIT-JEE, 1987] Ô1 - cos 4 x : x<0
Ô x2
7. Let f (x) be a function satisfying the condition f (– x) Ô
= f (x) for all real x. If f ¢(0) exists, then find its
14. Let f (x) = Ìa : x=0
value. Ô
Ô x
: x>0
[IIT-JEE, 1987] Ô 16 + x - 4
Ó
8. Let f (x) be a continuous function and g(x) be a
discontinuous function, then prove that f(x) + g(x) Determine the value of a, if possible, so that the
is a discontinuous function. function is continuous at x = 0.
[IIT-JEE, 1987] [IIT-JEE, 1989]
4.24  Differential Calculus Booster

15. Draw a graph of the function y = [x] + |1 – x| for all (c) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
x in [–1, 2], (d) f ¢(0) = 1.
[,] = G.I.F, Determine the points, if any, where this [IIT-JEE, 1993]
function is not differentiable.
Ï a
p
[IIT-JEE, 1989] Ô(1 + |sin x |) |sin x | : – <x<0
16. A function f : R Æ R satisfies the equation Ô 6
Ô
f(x + y) = f (x). f(y) for all x, y in R and f(x) is non- 22. Let f (x) = Ìb : x=0
zero for any x in R. Let the function is differentiable Ô tan 2 x
at x = 0 and f ¢(0) = 2. Show that f ¢(x) = 2 f(x) for Ô tan3 x p
ÔÓe : 0< x<
all x in R. 6
Hence determine f (x). Determine a and b such that f is continuous at x = 0.
[IIT-JEE, 1990] [IIT-JEE, 1994]
17. The function f is defined by y = f (x) where
x = 2t –|t| and y = t 2+ |t|, t Œ R.
Draw the graph of f for the interval – 1 £ x £ 1.
(  )
23. Let f  ​ ​ _____
2
 ​  
f (x) + f (x)
x + y __________
 ​= ​ 
2
 ​
     for all real x and y. If f ¢(0)

Discuss the differentiability of the function y = f(x) exists and equals to –1 and f (0) = 1, find f(2).
at x = 0. [IIT-JEE, 1995]

( 
[IIT-JEE, 1991]
18. The following functions are continuous on (0, p)
p
24. Let f (x) = [x] sin ​ ______
​     
[x + 1] )
 ​  ​, where [,] = G.I.F. The
(a) tan x domain of f is ... and the points of discontinuity of
x f in the domain are ...

0
(  )
1
(b) ​Ú ​  ​ t sin ​ __
​   ​   ​ dt
t [IIT-JEE, 1996]
25. Let f (x) be a continuous function defined for
Ï 3p 1 £ x £ 3. If f (x) takes rational values for all x and
ÔÔ1 : 0< x£
4 f (10) = 10, then f (1.5) = ...
(c) Ì [IIT-JEE, 1997]
Ê 2 ˆ
Ô2sin Á ˜ x : 3p
< x<p
ÔÓ Ë 9¯ 4 Ï ÔÏÌ–Ê 1 + 1 ˆ Ô¸˝
Ô ËÁ | x | x ¯˜ ˛Ô
Ï p 26. Let f (x) = Ìe ÓÔ : xπ0
ÔÔ x + sin x : 0< x£
2
Ô0
Ó : x=0
(d) Ì Test whether
p p
Ô sin (p + x ) : < x < p
ÔÓ 2 (a) f (x) is continuous at x = 0
2
(b) f (x) is differentiable at x = 0
[IIT-JEE, 1991]
[IIT-JEE, 1997]
19. Each entry in Column-I is related to exactly in
Column-II. Write the correct letter from Column-II 27. Determine the values of x for which the following
against the entry number in Column-I. function fails to be continuous or differentiable
Ï1 - x : x <1
Column I Column II Ô
f (x) = Ì(1 - 2) (2 - x ) : 1£ x £ 2
(i) sin (p [x]) (A) differentiable everywhere Ô3 - x
Ó : x>2
(ii) sin {p (x – [x])} (B) nowhere differentiable
Justify your answer. [IIT-JEE, 1997]
(C) not differentiable at 1 2
and-1 where [,] = G.I.F 28. Let h(x) = min {x, x } for every real number of x.
Then
[IIT-JEE, 1992] (a) h is continuous for all x
20. Let f (x) = x |x|. The set of points where f(x) is twice (b) h is differentiable for all x
differentiable is ... (c) h¢(x) = 1 for all x > 1
[IIT-JEE, 1992] (d) h is not differentiable at two values of x.
21. Let f(x) = [tan2 x], where [,] = G. I. F, then [IIT-JEE, 1998]
(a) ​ lim 
  ​ f (x) does not exist
x Æ 0 29. The function f (x) = (x2 – 1) | x2 – 3x + 2| + cos (|x|)
(b) f (x) is continuous at x = 0 is not differentiable at
 The Continuity and Differentiability  4.25

(a) – 1 (b) 0 37. Let f : R Æ R be a function is defined by f (x) = max
(c) 1 (d) 2 {x, x2}. The set of all points where f(x) is not dif-
[IIT-JEE, 1999] ferentiable is
2 2 (a) {–1, 1} (b) {–1, 0}
30. The function f (x) = [x] – [x ], where [,] = G. I. F.
is discontinuous at (c) {0, 1} (d) {–1, 0, 1}
(a) all integers [IIT-JEE, 2001]
38. The left hand derivative of f(x) = [x] sin (p x) at x = k,
(b) all integer except 0 and 1
where k is an integer, is
(c) all integers except 0
(a) (– 1) k (k – 1)p (b) (– 1) k–1 (k – 1)p
(d) all integers except 1.
[IIT-JEE, 1999] (c) (– 1) k kp (d) (– 1) k–1 k p
31. Let f : R Æ R be any function. Define g : R Æ R by [IIT-JEE, 2001]
g (x) = | f (x)| for all x. Then g is 39. Let a Œ  . Prove that a function f : R Æ R is dif-
(a) onto if f is onto ferentiable at x = a and only if there is a function
(b) one-one if f is one–one g : R Æ R which is continuous at x = a and satisfies
f (x) – f (a) = g (x) (x – a) for all x Œ R
(c) continuous if f is continuous
[IIT-JEE, 2001]
(d) differentiable if f is differentiable.
[IIT-JEE, 2000] 40. The domain of the derivative of the function

32. Let p (x) = a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + a3 x 3 +...+ a n x n Ïtan -1 x : | x| £ 1

Ô
If | p (x)| £ |ex–1 – 1| for all x £ 0, then prove that |a1 f (x) = Ì 1 is
Ô (| x | - 1) : | x| > 1
+ 2a2 + 3a3 + ... + nan | £ 1 Ó2
[IIT-JEE, 2000] (a) R – {0} (b) R – {1}
33. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the (c) R – {–1} (d) R – {– 1, 1}
function [IIT-JEE, 2002]
Ï x Ïx + a : x < 0
Ô1 + | x | : | x | ≥ 1 41. Let f (x) = Ì and
Ô
f (x) = Ì Ó| x - 1| : x ≥ 0
Ô x : | x| < 1
ÔÓ1 - | x | ÏÔ x + 1 : x<0
g (x) = Ì where a and b are non-
[IIT-JEE, 2000] 2
ÔÓ( x - 1) + b : x ≥ 0
34. Let f (x), x ≥ 0, be a non-negative continuous function
negative real numbers.
and let
x Determine the composite function go  f.
F (x) = ​Ú ​  ​ f (t) dt, x ≥ 0. If (go f ) (x) is continuous for all real x, determine the
0 values of a and b. Further for these values of a and b,
If for some c > 0, f (x) £ cF (x) for all is goo differentiable at x = 0? Justify your answer
x > 0, then show that [IIT-JEE, 2002]
f (x) = 0 for all x ≥ 0. 42. If f  :  [– 2a, 2a] Æ R be an odd function such that left
[IIT-JEE, 2001] hand derivative at x = a is zero and f (x) = f (2a – x),
35. Discuss the continuity of the function x Π(a, 2a), then find left hand derivative of f at
x = – a.
Ï 1 [IIT-JEE, 2003]
Ô e x -1 - 2
Ô : x π1 Ï
f (x) = Ì 1   at x = 1 -1 Ê x + c ˆ 1
Ôb sin ÁË 2 ˜¯ : - 2 < x < 0
Ô e x -1 + 2 Ô
Ô1 : x =1 Ô1
Ó 43. If f (x) = Ì : x=0
[IIT-JEE, 2001] Ô2
36. Which of the following functions is differentiable at Ô e ax / 2 - 1 1
Ô : 0< x<
x = 0? Ó x 2
(a) cos (|x|) + |x| (b) cos (|x|) – |x| is differentiable at x = 0. Find the value of a and
(c) sin (|x|) + |x| (d) sin (|x|) – |x| also prove that 64 b2 = 4 – c2.
[IIT-JEE, 2001] [IIT-JEE, 2004]
4.26  Differential Calculus Booster

44. The function is given by y = ||x| – 1| is differentiable

for all real numbers except the points
(a) {–1, 0 , 1} (b) {– 1, 1}
( (x – 1) n
51. Let g (x) = ​​ ______________ )
      ​  ​ : 0 < 2, m and n are
log{cosm (x – 1)}
integers, m π 0, n > 0 and let p be the left hand
(c) 1 (d) – 1 derivative of |x – 1| at x = 1. If ​  
lim  
​ (g (x)), = p,
[IIT-JEE, 2005] x Æ 1
then
45. If f (x) is continuous and differentiable function and
f (1/n) = 0 for every n ≥ 1 and n Œ I, then (a) n = 1, m = 1 (b) n = 1, m = – 1
(c) n = 2, m = 2 (d) n > 2, m = n.
(a) f (x) = 0, x Œ (0, 1]
(b) f (0) = 0 and f ¢(0) = 0 [IIT-JEE, 2008]
(c) f (0) = 0 = f ¢(0), x Œ (0, 1] 52. Let f and g be real valued functions defined on (– 1, 1)
(d) f (0) = 0 and f ¢(0) need to be zero. such that g¢¢(x) is continuous, g (0) π 0, f ¢(0) = 0 and
[IIT-JEE, 2005] f (x) = g (x) sin x
46. Let f be a twice differentiable function satisfying Statement-I: ​ l 
im  ​ (g(x) cot x – g(0)cosecx x) =
x Æ 0
f (1) = 1,  f(2) = 4, f (3) = 9, then
f ≤(0)
(a) f ¢¢(x) = 2, " Œ R
(b) f ¢(x) = 5 = f ¢¢(x) for some x Œ (1, 3) Statement-II: f ¢(0) = g (0)
[IIT-JEE, 2008]
(c) there exists atleast one x Œ (1, 3) such that
f ¢¢(x) = 2 53. Let f (x) be a non constant twice differentiable
(d) None of the above. function defined on (– •, •) such that f (x) = f (1 – x)

[IIT-JEE, 2005]
47. If f (x – y) = f (x). g (y) – f (y). g (x) and g (x – y) =
1
(  )
and f  ​ __
​   ​   ​ = 0. Then
4
g (x). g (y) + f (x). f (y) for all x, y Œ R, if right hand (a) f ¢(x) vanishes at least twice on [0, 1]
derivative at x = 0 exists for f (x). Then find the
derivative of g(x) at x = 0.
[IIT-JEE, 2005]
(  )
1
(b) f ¢ ​ __
​   ​   ​ = 0
2

(c) ​Ú  ​ ​ ​ f  ​( x + __

2 3 1/2
​   ​  )​ sin x dx = 0
48. Let f (x) = min {1, x , x }, then 1
 
(a) f (x) is continuous for all x ŒR –1/2 2
(b) f ¢ (x) = 0 for every x > 1 1/2 1/2
(c) continuous but not differentiable for all x Œ R (d) ​Ú   ​ ​  f (t) esin(p t) dt = ​Ú ​   ​ ​ f (1 – t) esin(pt) dt
(d) differentiable everywhere. –1/2 0
[IIT-JEE, 2006] [IIT-JEE, 2008]
3
49. If f ≤ (x) = – f (x), where f (x) is a continuous double 54. If the function f (x) = x + e x/2
and g (x) = f  –1(x), then
differentiable function and g (x) = f ¢(x) the value of g¢(1). [IIT-JEE, 2009]
If (  (  ) ) (  (  ) )
2
x 2
F (x) = ​​ f ​ __
x 2
​    ​  ​  ​​ ​ + ​​ g​ __
​    ​  ​  ​​ ​
2
55. Let f be a real valued function defined on the interval
(0, •) by
and F(5) = 5 then F(10) is x
_________
(a) 0 (b) 5 f (x) = ln x + ​Ú ​  ​  ​÷1  
  +  sin t dt  
​
0
(c) 10 (d) 25.
[IIT-JEE, 2006] Then which one of the following statements is true.
50. Match the functions in Column-I with the properties (a) f≤(x) exists for all x Œ (0, •)
in Column-II (b) f ¢(x) exists for all x Œ (0, •) and
Column-I Column-II and f ¢ is continuous on (0, •) but
not differentiable on (0, •)
(a) x |x| (p) Cont. in (–1, 1)
__ (c) there exists a > 1 such that
(b)    
​÷|x| ​ (q) differentiable in (–1, 1)
| f ¢(x)| < | f (x)| for all x Œ (a, •)
(c) x + [x] (r) stictly inc in (–1, 1) (d) there exists b > 0 such that
(d) |x – 1| + (s) not differentiable atleast at |f ¢(x)| + | f (x)| £ b for all x Œ (0, •)
|x + 1| one point in (– 1, 1)
[IIT-JEE, 2010]
[IIT-JEE, 2007]
 The Continuity and Differentiability  4.27

Ï p
Ô- x - 2 : x£-
p
2
( 1
(b) a unique point in ​ n + __ )
​   ​ , n + 1  ​
2
Ô (c) a unique point in (n, n + 1)
Ô p
56. If f (x) = Ì- cos x : - <x£0 (d) two points in (n, n + 1)
Ô 2
[IIT-JEE, 2013]
Ôx - 1 : 0 < x <1
Ôln x : x >1 61. Let f : [a, b] Æ [1, •) be a continuous function and
Ó
g : R Æ R be defined as
then
p
(a) f (x) is cont at x = – __
​   ​ 
2 Ï
(b) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0 Ô0 : x<a
Ô
(c) f (x) is differentiable at x = 1 Ôx
g (x) = Ì Ú f (t )dt : x £ x £ b
(d) f (x) is differentiable at x = – 3/2
Ôa
[IIT-JEE, 2011] Ôb
ÔÚ f (t )dt : x > b
57. Let f : R Æ R be a function such that f (x + y) = f (x) Óa
+ f (y) for all x, y in R.
(a) g(x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = a.
If f (x) is differentiable at x = 0, then
(b) g (x) is differentiable on R.
(a) f (x) is differentiable only in a finite interval
(c) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = b.
containing zero.
(d) g (x) is continuous and differentiable at either
(b) f(x) is continuous " x Œ R
x = a or x = b but not both.
(c) is constant " x Œ R
[IIT-JEE, 2014]
(d) f (x) is differentiable except at finitely many
points. 62. Let f : R Æ R and g : R Æ R be respectively given by
[IIT-JEE, 2011] f (x) = |x| + 1 and

Ï 2 Êpˆ g(x) = x2 + 1. Define h : R Æ R by

Ô x cos Á ˜ : xπ0
58. Let f  (x) = Ì Ë x¯
Ô0 Ïmax{ f ( x ), g ( x )} : x £ 0
Ó : x=0 h (x) = Ì .
then f is Ómin{ f ( x ), g ( x )} : x > 0
(a) differentiable both at x = 0, x = 2 Then the number of points at which h (x) is not
(b) differentiable at x = 0 but not differentiable at differentiable is...
x = 2. [IIT-JEE, 2014]
(c) differentiable at x = 2 but not differentiable at
x = 0. 63. Let g : R Æ R be a differential function
(d) neither differentiable at x = 0 nor at x = 2. g (0) = 0, g ¢ (0) = 0 and g ¢ (1) π 0
[IIT-JEE, 2012] Ï xg( x )
Ô : xπ0
59. Let f : [0, 1] Æ R be a function. Suppose the function Let f (x) = Ì | x |
f is twice differentiable, Ô0 : x=0
Ó
f (0) = 0 = f (1) and satisfies
and h (x) = e|x| for all x in R
f ¢¢ (x) – 2f ¢ (x) + f (x) ≥ ex, x Œ [0, 1]
Let ( f 0 h) (x) denote f (h (x))
Which of the following is true. and (h 0 f) (x) denote h ( f (x))
1 1
(a) 0 < f (x) < • (b) – ​ __ ​  < f (x) < __
​   ​  Then which of the following is (are) true?
2 2
1
__ (a) f is differentiable at x = 0
(c) – ​   ​  < f (x) < 1 (d) – • < f(x) < 0
4
[IIT-JEE, 2013] (b) h is differentiable at x = 0
60. Let f (x) = x sin (p x), x > 0. Then for all natural (c) ( f 0 h) is differentiable at x = 0
number n, f  ¢(x) vanishes at (d) (h 0 f) is differentiable at x = 0.
( 
(a) a unique point in ​ n, n + __
1
)
​   ​   ​
2
[IIT-JEE, 2015]
4.28  Differential Calculus Booster

Answers
Level-II Comprehensive Link Passages
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) Passage I : 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d) Passage II : 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d) Passage III : 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a)
16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (c) Passage IV : 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (b) Passage VI : 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a)
26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (a,b) 29. (a) 30. (d) Passage VI : 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (d) Passage VII : 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a)
36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (b,c)
41. (a,b) 42. (c) 43. (a,c) 44. (a,c) 45. (a) Matrix Match
46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (b) 1. (A) Æ (S), (B) Æ (R),
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (b) 54. (d) 55. (b) (C) Æ (S), (D) Æ (S)
56. (a) 57. (c) 58. (c) 2. (A) Æ (P, R), (B) Æ (Q, R, S),
(C) Æ (Q, R, S), (D) Æ (P, Q, R, S)
Integer Type Questions 3.
1. 7 2. 5 3. 5 4. 7 5. 8 4. (A) Æ (S), (B) Æ (P),
6. 5 7. 5 8. 3 9. 6 10. 4 (C) Æ (Q), (D) Æ (R)
11. 5 12. 3.

Hints and solutions

Type I = ​   ( 
ax + bx + cx – 3
lim ​ ​ ​  _____________
x     ​  
x Æ 0
​ )
1. (i) f (0) = 1

(ii) ​ lim 
|x|
lim ​ ​ ​ __ ​   ​
  ​   f (x) = ​  
x Æ 0 x Æ 0 x| (  ) (  (ax – 1) + (bx – 1) + (cx – 1)
lim ​ ​ ​  _______________________
= ​  
x Æ 0
   
x    ​  ​ )
lim ​ ​ ( ​ _______ )​
x x x
(a – 1) (b – 1) (c – 1)
Now, ​ lim    + 
x Æ 0 x
x
​ ​ __ (  )
​   ​  ​ = 1 = ​   x   
x Æ 0
​ + ​ _______
x    ​ + ​ _______
x    ​  

= log a + log b + log c

​ ​( ___
– x
and ​   
lim   –
​  x   ​ )​ = – 1
x Æ 0 = log (abc)
Thus, limit does not exist.
(iii) ​ lim 
  ​  f (x) = log (abc) = f (0)
Hence, f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0 x Æ 0

2. (i) f (0) = 2 Thus, f (x) is continuous at x = 0

4. (i) f (0) = 5

( 
(ii) ​ lim 
  ​   f (x)
x Æ 0

(  sin x
) (ii​ )  
lim   ​f (x) = ​  
e3x – 1
lim ​ ​ ​ __________
    ​  ​ )
( 
lim ​ ​ ​ ____
= ​   ​ + cos x  ​
x    x Æ 0    x Æ 0 log (1 + 5x)

)
x Æ 0

=1+1 e3x – 1
​ ______
    ​ 
3x 3x
=2 lim ​ ​ ​ __________
= ​     ​ × ___
   ​    ​  ​
x Æ 0 log (1 + 5x) 5x
(iii) ​ lim 
  ​   f (x) = 2 = f (0) ​ __________
    ​ 
x Æ 0 5x
3
Thus, f (x) is continuous at x = 0 = __
​   ​ 
5
3. (i) f (0) = log (abc)
3
  ​   f (x) = __
(iii) ​ lim  ​   ​  π f (0)
(ii) ​ lim 
  ​    f (x) x Æ 0 5
x Æ 0