Fig.

1 – Schematic elevation of a three-storey building

Given Data:

i. Three Story moment resisting shear frame

ii. Mass of each floor =m = 9 Tonnes
iii. Height of each floor = 
iv. Stiffness of each story =k = 4 x 7 = 28 MN/m = 28,000 KN/m ( as each storey consists of four
columns having k = 7MN/m each)

Assumptions:

For the analytical modeling of three storied moment resisting shear frame, following assumptions are
made as presented in ‘Structural dynamics: theory and computation’ by Mario Paz, William Leigh:

i. The total mass of the structure is concentrated at the level of the floors so that the structure
has only as many degrees as it has lumped mass at the floor levels
ii. The floor system is infinitely rigid as compared to the columns, so that the joints between
floor slab and columns are fixed against rotation
iii. The deformation of structure is independent of axial forces present in columns as that the
rigid floor system remains horizontal during motion

Part 1.a) Determine the mass and stiffness matrices of the system
The given 3-storey building can be idealized as a multi mass – spring system

Fig-2 Multimass-spring model representation of a shear building (Source: Structural dynamics: theory
and computation / Mario Paz, William Leigh. - 5th ed.)

The general equations of motion for the three-storey shear building are as follows:

m 1 ü 1+ k 1 u 1−k 2 ( u 2 −u 1) −F 1 ( t )=0 (1)

m2 ü 2+ k 2 ( u 2−u 1 )−k 3 ( u 3−u 2 ) −F 2 ( t )=0 (2)

m 3 ü 3+ k 3 ( u 3−u 2 ) −F 3 (t )=0 (3)

In the matrix form

[ M ]¿ (4)

Where

m1 0 0
[ M ] =⌈ 0 m2 0 ⌉ (5)
0 0 m3

k 1 +k 2 −k 2 0
[ K ] =⌈ −k 2 k 2 +k 3 −k 3 ⌉ (6)
0 −k 3 k3
 u1

[]
[ U ]= u2
u3
(7)

ü1

[]
[U¨ ]= ü2
ü3
(8)

F 1 (t)
[ F ]=⌈ F 2 (t) ⌉ (9)
F 3 (t)

By putting values in (4) and (5)

9 0 0
[ M ] =⌈ 0 9 0 ⌉ Where M is in tone ( 103 kg) (A)
0 0 9

56,000 −28,000 0
[ K ] =⌈ −28,000 56,000 −28,000 ⌉ Where K is in kN/m (B)
0 −28,000 28,000

Part 1.b) Find the natural modes of the structure (natural frequencies and mode shapes). To do this
you can use the Matlab function (eig). Plot the mode shapes.

The eigenvalue can be expressed by following general equation

[ [ K ] −ω 2 [ M ] ] { ɸ }=0 (10)

Equation 10 represents a general form of algebraic system of linear equations with unknown
displacements ɸ and unknown parameter ω 2

For all ɸ ≠ 0, the determinant |[K ]−ω ²[ M ]| = 0

By manipulating equation (10 )

[ K ] ɸ=ω 2 [ M ] ɸ

[ M ]−1 [ K ] ɸ=ω 2 ɸ (11)

Let, [ M ]−1 [ K ] = A , ω 2=λ and ɸ=x

Equation (11) becomes

Aɸ = λ ɸ

or [ [ A ] −λ [ I ] ] { x }=0

This in determinant form can be written as :

|[ A ]− λ [ I ]|=¿ 0 (12), for all x ≠ 0

For equation (12) , the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors can be calculated by using
Matlab function (eig) , i.e:

[V D]=eig(A) (13)

The eigenvalues as determined by Matlab are as follows:

616.194
2
λ=ω = 4837.6
10101.7[ ]
ω1 24.82

[ ][ ]
ω= ω2 = 69.55 in rad/sec
ω3 100.51
(14)

f1 3.95

[][ ]
f = f 2 = 11.07 in Hz
f3 16
(15)

The three eigenvectors corresponding to each floor as determined by Matlab are as follows:

0.328 −0.737 0.591

[
0.737 0.591 0.328 ]
ɸ= 0.591 −0.328 −0.737 in the order [ ɸ1 ɸ2 ɸ3 ] (16)

The modes in (16) can be represented by assigning a unit value to one of the amplitudes and scaling the
other values with respect to that as follows

1 −1 1

[ ]
ɸ= 1.801 −0.4450 −1.247 in the order [ ɸ1 ɸ2 ɸ3 ]
2.2469 0.8019 0.5549
(17)
The corresponding mass normalized vectors can be given as follows:

0.10933 −0.24566 0.19700

[
0.24566 0.19700 0.10933 ]
ɸ= 0.19700 −0.10933 −0.24566 in the order [ ɸ1 ɸ2 ɸ3 ] (18)

Following are the mode shapes for three storied building from eqn 17:

Fig- 3 : 1st Mode Shape

Fig-4 : 2nd Mode Shape

Fig -5: 3rd Mode Shape

From the Figures 3,4 and 5 , it is evident that maximum displacement shall take place when the
structures follows first mode of vibration.
Part 1.c) Write down the equation of motion for the frame when it is subjected to a sinusoidal
lateral ground motion of amplitude Ug and frequency Ω. Assume ‘Rayleigh’ damping i.e [C] =
β.[K]. Find the value of β such that the system is damped at 5% of critical damping when
oscillating at its first natural frequency. Using the dynamic stiffness matrix method, solve
(numerically) the equation of motion for each floor and plot all three frequency responses on
the same graph.

Equation of Motion:

General equation of motion for forced vibration can be given as :

[ M ] Ü + [ C ] U̇ + [ K ] U =−[M ] Ü g (19)

As [C] = β [K] so equation (19) can be re-written as

[ M ] Ü + β [ K ] U̇ + [ K ] U =−[M ] Ü g (20)

The lateral ground motion (sinusoidal) with amplitude X g and frequency Ω can be written as

U g=X g sinΩt (21)

U̇ g=Ω X g cosΩt (22)

Ü g=−Ω2 X g sinΩt=−Ω2 U g (23)

So equation of motion for the three floors can be written as

9 0 0 ü1 56,000 −28,000 0 u̇1

0 0 9 ü3 []
⌈ 0 9 0 ⌉ ü2 + β ⌈ −28,000 56,000 −28,000 ⌉ u̇2 +
0 −28,000 28,000 u̇3 []
u1 9 Ω2 u g

[][ ]
56,000 −28,000 0
⌈ −28,000 56,000 −28,000 ⌉ u2 = 9 Ω2 u g
0 −28,000 28,000 u3 9 Ω2 u g
(24)

Where u1, u2, u3 corresponds to 1st (bottom), 2nd (middle)and 3rd (top) floor respectively.

Value of β for First Natural Frequency

2 ξ ω 1 ¿ β 1 ω21 where ξ = 0.05 and ω1 = 24.82 rad/sec

β1 = 0.004029 (25)

Value of β for Second Natural Frequency

2 ξ ω 2 ¿ β 2 ω22 where ξ = 0.05 and ω2 = 69.55 rad/sec

β2 = 0.001438 (26)

Value of β for Third Natural Frequency

2 ξ ω 3 ¿ β 3 ω23 where ξ = 0.05 and ω3 = 100.51rad/sec

β3 = 0.000995 (27)

Dynamic Stiffness Matrix Method

The equation of motion for each floor can be solved by using Dynamic stiffness matrix. In general terms,
the method is explained below.

The forcing function can be written as:

P=F eiΩt (a)

The steady state response to the exciting force given by (a) can be expressed as

u=U eiΩt (b)

Substitution of (a) and (b) in general equation of motion (19) gives

[−Ω2 M +i ΩC + K ]U e iΩt =F e iΩt (c)

Equation (c) can be solved for U to yield

U =[−Ω 2 M +i ΩC + K ]−1 F or U =R d F (d)

Where Rd is referred as the receptance matrix and inverse of Dynamic Stiffness matrix

By putting the values of M, C, K and F in equation (d), we get

−1
9 0 0 56,000 −28,000 0 56,000 −28,000 0 9

[ [ ] [ 0 −28,000 28,000
(28)
0 ][
U / X g= −Ω2 0 9 0 +iΩβ −28,000 56,000 −28,000 + −28,000 56,000 −28,000
0 0 9 −28,000 28,000 ] [] Ω2 9
9

Where

u1

[]
[ U ] = u 2 where u1, u2, u3 corresponds to 1st (bottom), 2nd (middle) and 3rd (top) floor respectively as
u3
mentioned earlier.
Equation (28) is solved numerically using MATLAB and the frequency response for all the three stories
has been plotted for β1, β2 and β3 i.e for each natural frequency of the structure.

Frequency Response Curves

A plot of the amplitude of the frequency response against the excitation frequency is called a frequency
– response curve

Following are the frequency responses of the triple storied structure for each when vibrating at each of
three natural frequencies.

Fig -6: Frequency Response of Structure under Applied Forced Frequency when Oscillating at First
Natural Frequency ( β1 Corresponding to First Natural Frequency is used)
Fig -7: Frequency Response of Structure under Applied Forced Frequency when Oscillating at Second
Natural Frequency ( β2 Corresponding to 2nd Natural Frequency is used)

Fig -8: Frequency Response of Structure under Applied Forced Frequency when Oscillating at Third
Natural Frequency ( β3 Corresponding to 3rd Natural Frequency is used)
From figures 6, 7 and 8, the frequency response curve is plotted in the form of Deformation response
factor (U/Xg) verses Forcing Frequency. The forcing frequency has been varied over a range (0-150
rad/sec) that includes natural frequencies of the system i.e. ω 1 = 24.82 rad/sec, ω2 = 69.55 rad/sec, ω3 =
100.51rad/sec. The phenomenon of resonance can be seen when the value of forcing frequency
coincides with that of natural frequencies of the system. The three natural frequencies of the system are
distinct and well apart. The highest resonating response in all the three cases is observed when the
forcing frequency becomes equal to first fundamental frequency of the system i.e f= ω 1 = 24.82 rad/sec

2) Design of the tuned-mass damper to reduce the vibration amplitude of the structure subjected to a
low frequency ground motion (< 5 Hz)

Part 2.a) within this frequency range, which mode is primarily excited? Justify your answer.
Consequently where do you think the absorber should be located to be the most effective?

From the mode shapes, it is evident that the displacement due to first mode shall be dominant when
subjected ground motion < 5 Hz (31.41 rad/sec). With such ground motion only 1 st mode is important
having ω1 = 24.82 rad/sec as seen from figures 6,7 and 8 that highest value of resonance occurs when
the forcing frequency = ω1 = 24.82 rad/sec

By comparing ω2 = 69.55 rad/sec and ω3= 100 rad/sec with forced frequency (< 31.41 rad/sec),
frequency ratio is much low (almost ½ for ω 2 and 1/3 for ω3)

The damper will be attached to top floor where the displacement shall be maximum.

Part 2.b) Simplify the model of frame as Single Degree of Freedom System. Plot the response of this
single degree of freedom system to lateral ground motion on the same graph as that obtained in Q1(c)
keeping only the floor of interest. Adjust the value of the damping factor to improve the fitting
between the two curves.

As the three modal frequencies of the system are well apart, the system can be modeled as single
Degree of Freedom system.

From the Strain Energy Equivalence of 1 st mode for 3DOF system and Equivalent Single DOF system with
both having same displacement at the top floor, following relation can be written as

56,000 −28,000 0 0.10933 1

1
2 [
0 −28,000 28,000 0.24566
2 ][ ]
[ 0.10933 0.197 0.24566 ] −28,000 56,000 −28,000 0.197 = [ K eq ] [0.24566]2

K eq = 10217 KN/m (29)

Similarly, the Kinetic Energy Equivalence of 1 st mode for 3DOF system and Equivalent Single DOF system
with both having same displacement at the top floor, following relation can be written:
 9 0 0 0.10933 1
1
2 [ ][ ]
[ 0.10933 0.197 0.24566 ] 0 9 0 0.197 = [ M eq ] [0.24566]2
0 0 9 0.24566
2

M eq = 16.57 Tonnes (30)

ωeq = √(K eq /M eq ) = √(10217/16.57) = 24.83 Rad/sec (31)

which is same as ω1 for 3DOF system.

Fig-9: Frequency Response of 3Dof and Single Dof System without damping

Fig-10: Frequency Response of 3Dof and Single Dof System with 5% Critical Damping
Fig-11: Frequency Response of 3Dof and Single DOF System with 5% Critical Damping

In figure 9, 10 and 11, two curves have been plotted to represent the response of 3Dof and Single DOF
System. For 3Dof System, the curve shows only the response of top floor of the structure which is our
‘floor of interest’. The figures represent how damping has influenced the behaviour of Single DOF
System. Eventually 14% critical damping added to Single DOFf System to improve the fitting of two
curves.

Part 2.c) Approximating the main structure as a single degree of freedom system, the structure fitted
with the absorber is simply a two-degree-of-freedom system. Write down the equation of motion for
this system when it is excited by a sinusoidal ground motion of amplitude Xg and frequency Ω.
Ignoring any damping for now, analytically solve for the building steady-state amplitude response to
this harmonic forcing and deduce from this a condition on the mechanical characteristics (mass and
stiffness) the absorber should have to minimize it. When this condition on the mass ratio is met, find
an approximate expression for the tuning condition.

(Note: The solution of this section has been adapted from ‘Structural Dynamics and Vibration in Practice’
by Doughlas Thorby)

Equation of Motion :

The force due to sinusoidal ground motion of amplitude Xg can be given as

U g=X g sinΩt (32)

U̇ g=Ω X g cosΩt (33)

Ü g=−Ω2 X g sinΩt=−Ω2 U g (34)

The equation of motion when dynamic absorber consisting of M abs and Kabs with nominally zero damping
is added to the system

¿ (35)

Building Steady-State Amplitude Response to Harmonic Force:

Since we are interested in steady-state amplitudes of u1 and u2, we can derive the frequency response
of the system directly as follow with zero damping.

u1 u
[][]
u2
= 1 sinΩt
u2
(36)

ü1 ü
[][]
ü2
= 1 sinΩt
ü2
(37)

Substituting equation (36) and (37) in equation (35)

-Ω 2 ¿ (38)

The amplitudes u1 and u2 are real and their sign indicates whether they are in phase ( positive) or out of
phase (negative) with X g since there is no other possibility in an undamped system.

Equation (38) can be manipulated into the form

u1 k eq u1 1−Ψ 22
= = (39)
Xg ust ( 1−Ψ 21 )( 1−Ψ 22 )−μ Ψ 21

u2 k eq u2 1
= = (40)
Xg ust ( 1−Ψ 1 )( 1−Ψ 22 )−μ Ψ 21
2

Where u1is displacement of M eq

u2 is displacement of M |¿|¿

u st is X g / K eq, static displacement of M eqand force X g applied to it.

Ψ 1 is Ω/ ωeq where Ω is exciting frequency

Ψ 2 is Ω/ ωabs where ωabs is frequency of absorber

M|¿|
And μ = ¿ is the mass ratio
M eq

In equation (39), u1 must be zero when 1−Ψ 22 becomes zero i.e. when Ω = ωabs that is when the
excitation frequency is same as natural frequency of the absorber, the motion of the main structure M eq
ceases altogether.

The amplitude of absorber mass at the same condition can be found from equation (40)

If Ω = ωabs , this equation reduces to

u2 K eq 1 −M eq ωeq2
= =
Xg −μ Ψ 12 −M eq ωeq 2 (41)
M|¿|Ω =
2 ¿
M −K
2
¿ eq
|¿| ω|¿|= ¿
K |¿| ¿

M eq ωeq 2
M ¿ (42)
K
|¿| ω|2¿|= eq
¿
K |¿|¿

This is a condition on the mechanical characteristics (mass and stiffness ) which the absorber should
have to minimize the forced vibration. This is called tuning condition.

Now,

M |¿|
μ= ¿ (43)
M eq

1 ω|¿|
Ropt = and R= ¿ where Ropt is the optimum value of R , irrespective of damping.
1+ μ ω eq

As a first trial assuming μ=0.01 and plugging values in equation (42) leads to a difference of ‘4.5’ on
both sides of the equation.

After several trails, by taking μ=0.02, the difference on both sides of equation (42) reduces to ‘2.2’ . It is
not practical to choose a much larger value of μ leading to a large mass of damper so approximately
choosing μ=0.02 as it nearly meets the tuning condition.

K K eq ∗0.02
|¿|= ¿ (44)
(1+0.02)

K|¿|=0.0196 K eq ¿ (45)

Equation (45) represents an approximate expression for the tuning condition.

Part 2.d) Choose values for the absorber mass and stiffness satisfying the tuning condition found in
Q2(c). The only parameter which remains to be determined to complete the optimum design of the
absorber is its dashpot constant. First choose a very small value compared to the main frame dashpot
(say l∼ L/1000) constant and then choose an extremely large value (say l∼ 1000L). By looking at the
step and frequency response plots, explain the behavior observed in those two cases. Now by taking
intermediate values for the dashpot constant (or by looping the code over an appropriate range of
dashpot constants), plot the maximum amplitude of the building against the absorber dashpot. What
is the optimum value for this constant? Explain how a tuned-mass absorber works.

taking μ=0.02

M |¿|¿ = 331.42 Kg

K|¿|¿ = 200333.33 N/m

Firstly taking an extremely small value of Absorber Dashpot Constant i.e. I=L/1000 where I and L are
dashpot constants for Absorber and Structure respectively. The results are shown in figure 12 and 13.

Fig 12: Steady State Harmonic Response when damper dashpot constant is 1/1000 times to that of
Structural Dashpot Constant

Figure 12 shows minimum displacement of the structure frame at its fundamental frequency (ω =
3.95Hz) when absorber is added to it. This occurs when the absorber is tuned i.e. the frequency of
absorber and that of structure is same. Now when the forcing frequency becomes equal to the
frequency of absorber, there is complete cancelation of displacement. This implies that the absorber
exerts a force equal and opposite to the exciting force.
Also, it can be seen that the absorber has no effect on frequencies of the structure above or below the
‘tuned’ frequency.

Fig 13: Step Response when damper dashpot constant is 1/1000 times to that of Structural Dashpot
Constant

Figure 13 shows considerable reduction in the oscillation of the frame after absorber is added to it.

Now taking an extremely large value of Absorber Dashpot Constant i.e. I=1000L where I and L are
dashpot constants for Absorber and Structure respectively. The results are shown in figure 14 and 15.
Fig 14: Steady State Harmonic Response when damper dashpot constant is 1000 times to that of
Structural Dashpot Constant

Fig 15: Step Response when damper dashpot constant is 1000 times to that of Structural Dashpot
Constant

In case of very large damping of absorber as shown in figure 14 and 15, the total response of the frame
and absorber together ( shown as blue) is being driven by Absorber (Green Dashed line). As evident from
the above figures that the two lines are overlapping. In case of Steady State Harmonic response, there is
not much impact of absorber addition on the maximum amplitude of vibration of structure alone.
Though there is a marked decrease in the vibration amplitude when compared to the first case where
I=L/1000
Fig 16: Step Response when damper dashpot constant is at optimum tuning

When dashpot is tuned at its optimum value, there is considerable decrease in the displacement
amplitude of the frame as shown in figure 16. Also there is a time lag in the occurrence of peak for
amplitude of absorber alone and the case when it is combined with the frame called as ‘phase shift’.

Fig 17: Steady State Harmonic Response when absorber dashpot constant is at optimum tuning

At optimum tuning frequency and damping ratio, the tuned-mass damper has reduced the steady-state
response of structure to a minimum level as shown in figure 17.
Fig 18: Optimum Value of Absorber dashpot Constant

The optimum value of Absorber dashpot Constant comes out to be approximately 33N/m/s. Figure 18
shows that it reduces the displacement amplitude for a narrow band of frequencies and doesn’t impact
the frequencies greater or smaller than its tuned frequency.

Working of a Tuned Mass Damper:

(Note: The solution of this section has been adapted from ‘Structural Dynamics and Vibration in Practice’
by Doughlas Thorby)

a. Placement: A Tuned mass damper is connected to the structure (bridge, chimney etc) at the
location where a significant or largest vibration is occurring. A tuned mass damper should be
placed at the location of greatest vibration as, then the efficiency is regarded to be highest
possible with lowest efforts.

b. Working:
Tuned Mass Damper operates at nearly constant frequency, for it is tuned to one particular
frequency and is only efficient over a narrow band of frequencies. The natural frequency of the
damper mass with its damping spring is set to the frequency that needs to be eliminated. At this
frequency, it exerts oscillation energy from the main system.

Large absorber mass present practical problem and Small μ ratio narrow down operating
frequency range as demonstrated in figures 19 and 20.
Fig-19: Non-dimensional response of the main system when the dynamic absorber is tuned to the
same frequency as the main system. Mass ratio = 0.2.

Fig-20: Repeat of Figure 19 with mass ratio = 0.05.

If the absorber mass is reduced, for example to save weight, both the natural frequencies of the
system become closer to the natural frequency of the absorber. This is illustrated by Fig. 20,
which is a plot similar to Figure 19, except that the mass ratio has been changed from 0.2 to
0.05.
 In the cases discussed above, it was assumed that the absorber was tuned to the same frequency as
the main system. Though this is not necessary, and the absorber will also work when these
frequencies are different. However, cancelation of the motion of the main mass will only occur when
the excitation frequency is equal to the absorber natural frequency. In practice, a dynamic absorber
will create a zone of zero or small response at the point in a structure where it is installed, provided
only that its natural frequency is very close to the excitation frequency

c. Example:

Its use in helicopters is assisted by the fact that the rotor speed is usually maintained practically
constant in flight, and there is often a large response at the ‘blade-passing frequency’, i.e. the
rotation speed multiplied by the number of blades.

Appendix:

Matlab Code (P.T.O)

clear
% ------------Code for Question 1-B-----------------------
% Define k and m
k=[56000 -28000 0; -28000 56000 -28000;0 -28000 28000]; % k in KN/m
m=[9 0 0; 0 9 0; 0 0 9]; % m in Tonne
A=k\m; % to solve A*x=w^2*x
[Phi, Lambda]=eig(A);% function to determine eigenvalues and eigen vectors
-Phi % Change the sign of eigenvectors
% -------------End of Question 1-B-------------------------
%--------------Code for Question 1-C-----------------------
B1=0.004029; % Ref: Equation (25)
B2=0.001438; % Ref: Equation (26)
B3=0.000995; % Ref: Equation (27)
w1=24.82; % First Natural Frequency
% 'k' and 'm' defined earlier in Question 1-B
T=150;
t=0;
for OMEGA1=0:T
t=t+1;
Adm1=[(-OMEGA1^2*m)+(OMEGA1*B1*1i*k)+k]; % Admittance Matirx
Ug1=abs(inv(Adm1)*m*OMEGA1^2);
U11(1,t)=[Ug1(1,1)];
U21(1,t)=[Ug1(2,2)];
U31(1,t)=[Ug1(3,3)];
end
%Plot Results:
figure(1)
plot(1:T+1,U11,'b',1:T+1,U21,'r',1:T+1,U31,'g')
ylabel('U/Ug')
xlabel ('Applied Force Frequency (rad/s)')
title('Frequency Response for First Mode')
legend(' Frequency Response for 1st Floor','Frequency Response for 2nd
Floor','Frequency Response for 3rd Floor');
T=150;
t=0;
for OMEGA2=0:T
t=t+1;
Adm2=[(-OMEGA2^2*m)+(OMEGA2*B2*1i*k)+k]; % Admittance Matirx
Ug2=abs(inv(Adm2)*m*OMEGA2^2);
U12(1,t)=[Ug2(1,1)];
U22(1,t)=[Ug2(2,2)];
U32(1,t)=[Ug2(3,3)];
end
%Plot Results:
figure(2)
plot(1:T+1,U12,'b',1:T+1,U22,'r',1:T+1,U32,'g')
ylabel('U/Ug')
xlabel ('Applied Force Frequency (rad/s)')
title('Frequency Response for Second Mode')
legend(' Frequency Response for 1st Floor','Frequency Response for 2nd
Floor','Frequency Response for 3rd Floor');
T=150;
t=0;
for OMEGA3=0:T
t=t+1;
Adm3=[(-OMEGA3^2*m)+(OMEGA3*B3*1i*k)+k]; % Admittance Matirx
Ug3=abs(inv(Adm3)*m*OMEGA3^2);
U13(1,t)=[Ug3(1,1)];
U23(1,t)=[Ug3(2,2)];
U33(1,t)=[Ug3(3,3)];
end
%Plot Results:
figure(3)
plot(1:T+1,U13,'b',1:T+1,U23,'r',1:T+1,U33,'g')
ylabel('U/Ug')
xlabel ('Applied Force Frequency (rad/s)')
title('Frequency Response for Third Mode')
legend(' Frequency Response for 1st Floor','Frequency Response for 2nd
Floor','Frequency Response for 3rd Floor');
% -------------End of Question 1-C-------------------------
%--------------Code for Question 2-B-----------------------
Keqv= 10217; % KN/m (Ref: equation 29)
Meqv=16.57; % Ton (Ref: equation 30)
Q=31.41; % rad/sec (Forcing frequency is less than 5Hz )
q=0;
for OM2=0:Q
q=q+1;
SAdm=(Meqv*(-OM2^2))+(Keqv); % Admittance Matrix for Equiv. SFOD without
damping
Fs=Meqv*OM2^2;
Usd=abs(inv(SAdm)*Fs);
Us(q,1)=[Usd(1,1)];
Adm13=[(-OM2^2*m)+(OM2*B1*1i*k)+k]; % Admittance Matirx
UXg3=abs(inv(Adm13)*m*OM2^2);
U311(1,q)=[UXg3(3,3)];
end
R=31.41 % rad/sec (Forcing frequency is less than 5Hz )
r=0;
for OM22=0:R
r=r+1;
SAdm2=(Meqv*(-OM22^2))+(0.011281*Keqv*1i*OM22)+(Keqv); % Admittance Matrix for
%Equiv. SFOD without damping
Fs2=Meqv*OM22^2;
Usd2=abs(inv(SAdm2)*Fs);
Us2(r,1)=[Usd2(1,1)]
Adm132=[(-OM22^2*m)+(OM22*B1*1i*k)+k]; % Admittance Matirx
UXg32=abs((m*OM22^2)*inv(Adm132));
U3112(1,r)=[UXg32(3,3)]
end
figure(4)
plot(1:Q+1,Us,'r',1:Q+1,U311,'g')
ylabel('U/Xg')
xlabel ('Applied Low (5Hz =31.41 rad/sec) Forced Frequency (rad/s)')
title('Frequency Response of 3DoF and SDoF Systems Without Damping in the
SDoF')
legend('Frequency Response for Equv.SDOF System','Frequency Response of 3DOF
System');
figure(5)
plot(1:R+1,Us2,'r',1:R+1,U3112,'b')
ylabel('U/Xg')
xlabel ('Applied Low (5Hz =31.41 rad/sec) Forced Frequency (rad/s)')
title('Frequency Response of 3DoF and SDoF Systems with 14 % Critical Damping
in the SDoF')
legend('Frequency Response for Equv.SDOF System','Frequency Response of 3DOF
System');
% -------------End of Question 2-B-------------------------