PROBLEMS ON NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICAL TESTS

Submitted by Anindita Sarker

Course instructor Dr. Saran Ishika Maiti
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, SIKSHA BHAVAN
VISVA-BHARATI

PROBLEM 1.

Suppose that each of 13 randomly chosen female registered voters was asked to indicate if she was
going to vote for candidate A or candidate B in an upcoming election. The result shows that 9 of the
voters preferred A. Is this sufficient evidence to conclude that candidate A is preferred to B by female
voters?

ANSWER:

Let µ be the true probability that candidate A is preferred over candidate B.

The null hypothesis is that two candidates are equally preferred. 𝐻0 : µ = .5.
The alternative is that A is preferred to B, i.e. 𝐻1 : µ > .05.
The test statistic S =9. Let us fix α = 0.05. Let critical point is sα.
Thus,

𝑃𝐻0 {𝑆 ≥ 𝑠𝛼 } ≤ 𝛼 = 0.005
13
⇒ ∑13
𝑠𝛼 ( ) (0.5)13 < 0.005
𝑠𝛼
Go to binomial table for n=13 and p=0.05

P(X = 13) = .0001, P(X = 12) = .0016, P(X = 11) = .00095, P(X=10)=0.0035

So if we choose sα = 12
P(S ≥ sα=12) =0.0017 <0.05.

For, sα = 11
P(S ≥ sα=11) =0.0012 <0.05.

For sα = 10
P(S ≥ sα=10) =0.0462 <0.05.

For sα = 9
P(S ≥ sα=9) =0.1332 <0.05.

Thus, critical point sα = 10. S = 9 < sα=10.

As per rejection rule we fail to reject null hypothesis. No preference is given to a by the female voters.
PROBLEM 2.

Let Xi denote the length, in centimeters, of a randomly selected pygmy sunfish, i = 1, 2, ...10. If we
obtain the following data set 5.0 3.9 5.2 5.5 2.8 6.1 6.4 2.6 1.7 4.3 Can we conclude that the median
length of pygmy sunfish differs significantly from 3.7 centimeters?

ANSWER:

Let X be the length of the pygmy sunfish.

Let 𝐹𝑥 (𝑥) be the distribution function with median 𝜇.

As, X is a continuous random variable we can think of Wilcoxon signed rank test.

We, take the Hypothesis as

𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 3.7
Against

𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 3.7
The calculations required for the solution are shown in the table below:
𝑿𝒊 𝑫𝒊 |𝑫𝒊 | Rank(|𝑫𝒊 |)
5 1.3 1.3 5
3.9 0.2 0.2 1
5.2 1.5 1.5 6
5.5 1.8 1.8 7
2.8 -0.9 0.9 3
6.1 2.4 2.4 9
6.4 2.7 2.7 10
-2 -1.1 1.1 4
1.7 -2 2 8
4.3 0.6 0.6 2

Here, 𝐷𝑖 = 𝑋𝑖 − 𝜇0 , 𝜇0 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜇 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐻0

= 𝑋𝑖 − 3.7
Now, the rank for which 𝐷𝑖 > 0 are 5,1,6,7,9,10 and 2

So, 𝑇 + = 5 + 1 + 6 + 7 + 9 + 10 + 2 = 40

For n=10 and alpha = 0.05

𝑇 + 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 8 ; (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡)

Hence, we fail to reject the null Hypothesis at 5% level of significance since 𝑇 + = 40 > 𝑇 + 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 8 .

Therefore, the median length of pygmy fish does not significantly differ from 3.7.
PROBLEM 3.

Five independent weighings of a standard weight (in gm ×106 ) give the following discrepancies from the
supposed true weight: 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0.
Are the discrepancies sampled from N(0, 1)?

ANSWER:

Let, X be the discrepancies and 𝐹𝑥 (𝑋) be its distribution function.

The null hypothesis is if the data come from N(0, 1) : 𝐻0 : F(x) = Φ(x) = P(X ≤ x) where Φ(x) being the
distribution function of N(0, 1).
And the alternative Hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝐹(𝑥) ≠ Φ(𝑥)
As, X is continuous random variable we apply Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

We arrange the data in increasing order and prepare a table containing empirical cdf 𝐹𝑛 (x) as well as
standard normal cdf Φ(x) .

X 𝑭𝒏 (𝑿) 𝚽(𝑿)
-1.2 1/5=0.2 𝚽(-1.2)=0.115 0.085
-1.0 2/5=0.4 𝚽(-1.0)=0.159 0.425
-0.6 3/5=0.6 𝚽(-0.6)=0.274 0.326
0.2 4/5=0.8 𝚽(0.2)=0.580 0.22
0.8 5/5=1 𝚽(0.8)=0.788 0.212

From the table : the maximum difference is 0.326 . So, 𝐷𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 0.326

For, n=5 and alpha=0.05 the tabulated value of 𝐷𝑛 is 0.565

Since, the tabulated value is greater than the calculated value we fail to reject the null hypothesis at 5%
level of significance.

Therefore, the data points are from N(0,1)

PROBLEM 4.

Ten observations are collected from a continuous distribution. Check that if they are from Uniform (0,1).
0.11,0.32,0.51,0.57,0.53,0.44,0.6,0.63,0.65,0.69.

ANSWER:

Let X be the observations collected from the continuous distribution, 𝐹𝑥 (𝑋).

𝐻0 : F(x) = 𝐹0 (x).

We apply Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

We arrange the observations in increasing order.

The table required for the test is as given below:

x 𝑭𝒏 (𝒙) 𝑭𝟎 (𝒙) = 𝟎 𝑭𝒏 (𝒙) − 𝑭𝟎 (𝒙)

0.11 0.1 0.11 0.01
0.32 0.2 0.32 0.12
0.44 0.3 0.44 0.14
0.51 0.4 0.51 0.11
0.53 0.5 0.53 0.03
0.57 0.6 0.57 0.03
0.6 0.7 0.6 0.1
0.63 0.8 0.63 0.17
0.65 0.9 0.65 0.25
0.69 1 0.69 0.31

So, the maximum absolute difference (calculated), 𝐷𝑛 =0.31

Now, for n=10 and alpha=0.05, the tabular value of 𝐷𝑛 (obtained from K-S table) is 0.41.

Since, the calculated value of 𝐷𝑛 is smaller than the tabulated value of 𝐷𝑛 , we fail to reject the Null
Hypothesis.

Hence, the data points are from U(0,1).

PROBLEM 5.

A natural reserve in Australia had 15 fires from the beginning of this year. The fires occurred on the
following days of the year: 4, 18, 32, 37, 56, 64, 78, 89, 104, 134, 154, 178, 190, 220, 256.
A researcher claims that the time between the occurrences of fire in the reserve, say X, follows an
exponential distribution with parameter λ, i.e. f(x) = λexp(−xλ), X > 0 where λ = .009. Is the claim
justified?
(Find the distribution function F(x) of exponential)

ANSWER:
Let, X be the time between the occurrences and 𝐹𝑥 (𝑋) be its distribution function.
The Null Hypothesis is as follows:
𝐻0 : F(x) = 𝐹0 (x)

(The cdf of 𝐹0 (x) is 1 − 𝑒 𝜆𝑥 )

As X is continuous, we apply Kolmogorov Smirnov Test.

The Calculations required are given in the table below.

x 𝑭𝒏 (𝒙) 𝑭𝟎 (𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟗𝒙 |𝑭𝒏 (𝒙) − 𝑭𝟎 (𝒙)|

4 0.07 0.035 0.035
18 0.13 0.150 0.02
32 0.20 0.250 0.05
37 0.27 0.283 0.013
56 0.33 0.396 0.066
64 0.40 0.438 0.038
78 0.47 0.504 0.034
89 0.53 0.551 0.021
104 0.60 0.608 0.008
134 0.67 0.701 0.031
154 0.73 0.750 0.02
178 0.80 0.799 0.001
190 0.87 0.819 0.051
220 0.93 0.862 0.068
256 1.00 0.900 0.1

So, the maximum absolute difference (calculated), 𝐷𝑛 =0.1

Now, for n=10 and alpha=0.05, the tabular value of 𝐷𝑛 (obtained from K-S table) is 0.338

Since, the calculated value of 𝐷𝑛 is smaller than the tabulated value of 𝐷𝑛 , we fail to reject the Null
Hypothesis.

Therefore, the data points are from exponential with parameter 𝜆 = 0.009
PROBLEM 6.

The data below represent earnings (in dollars) for a random sample of five common stocks listed on the
New York Stock Exchange. 1.68,3.35,2.50,6.23,3.24. Check if these data can be regarded as a random
sample from a normal distribution with µ = 3 and σ = 1. i.e N(3,1)

ANSWER:
Let, X be the earnings in dollars and 𝐹𝑋 (𝑥) be its distribution.
To check if X~N(3,1)
Null Hypothesis : The data belongs to N(3,1)
As, X is a continuous random variable, we apply Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test.
𝑥−𝜇 𝑥−3
Now, let z= = ⇒ 𝑍~𝑁(0,1)
𝜎 1
Therefore, redefining the null hypothesis : 𝐻0 : 𝐹(𝑧) = Φ(𝑧);
Φ(𝑧) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁(0,1).
The Calculations required are given in the table below:
x z 𝑭𝒏 (𝒛) 𝚽(𝒛)
1.68 -1.32 0.2 𝚽(−𝟏. 𝟑𝟐) =0.0934 0.1066
2.5 -0.5 0.4 𝚽(−𝟎. 𝟓) =0.3084 0.0915
3.24 0.24 0.6 𝚽(𝟎. 𝟐𝟒) =0.5948 0.0052
3.35 0.35 0.8 𝚽(𝟎. 𝟑𝟓) =0.6368 0.1632
6.23 3.23 1 𝚽(𝟑. 𝟐𝟑) =0.9994 0.0052

So, the maximum absolute difference (calculated), 𝐷𝑛 =0.1632

Now, for n=10 and alpha=0.05, the tabular value of 𝐷𝑛 (obtained from K-S table) is 0.565

Since, the calculated value of 𝐷𝑛 is smaller than the tabulated value of 𝐷𝑛 , we fail to reject the Null
Hypothesis.

Therefore the data points are from N(3,1)

PROBLEM 7.

The following data shows the age at diagnosis of type II diabetes in young adults. Is the age of diagnosis
for males higher than that of females?
Males : 19 22 16 29 24
Females : 20 11 17 12

ANSWER:
Say X means for male age and Y means for female age. Suppose males age and females age both follow
two continuous independent populations with distribution functions 𝐹𝑥 (x) and 𝐹𝑦 (x) respectively. 𝑛1 = 5,
𝑛2 = 4. We want to test 𝐻0 : 𝐹𝑥 (x) = 𝐹𝑦 (x) against 𝐻1 : 𝐹𝑥 (x) > 𝐹𝑦 (x).

We, apply Mann-Whitney U Test:

Combining the two samples and arranging the observations in mixed sample. We assign X to male and Y
to female.

11 12 16 17 19 20 22 24 29

Y Y X Y X Y X X X

Now, we calculate the test statistic 𝑈𝑥 = 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 17

For α = 0.05, 𝑛1 = 5, 𝑛2 = 4 the value of 𝑈𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 2; (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛 − 𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)

Since 𝑈𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 < 𝑈𝑥 , we fail to reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.

Thus, the age of diagnosis for male is not higher than that of females.
PROBLEM 8.

A census statistic for the state Alabama in USA gives the percentage of population changes in 9 rural and
7 urban districts gave the following data on population change.

Rural : 1.1 −21.7 −16.3 −11.3 −10.4 −7 −2 1.9 6.2

Urban : −2.4 9.9 14.2 18.4 20.1 23.1 7.4

Check if population change in rural and urban area are same.

ANSWER:

Let, X denote the population change in rural area and Y denote the population change in urban area.
Suppose that both X and y follow continuous independent distributions with distribution functions 𝐹𝑋 (x)
and 𝐹𝑌 (x) respectively.

𝑛1 = 9, 𝑛2 = 7. We want to test 𝐻0 : 𝐹𝑋 (x) = 𝐹𝑌 (x) against 𝐻1 : 𝐹𝑋 (x) ≠ 𝐹𝑌 (x).

We, apply Mann-Whitney U Test:

Combining the two samples and arranging the observations in mixed sample.

*The test is two sided

-21.7(X), -16.3(X), 11.3(X), 10.4(X), -7(X), -2.4(Y), -2(X), 1.10(X), 1.9(X), 6.2(X), 7.4(X), 9.9(Y), 14.2(Y),
19.4(Y), 20.1(Y), 23.4(Y)

Now, we calculate the test statistic 𝑈𝑥 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4 and 𝑈𝑦 = 5 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 = 59

The test statistic U=min(𝑈𝑋 , 𝑈𝑌 )=min(4,59)=4

For α = 0.05, 𝑛1 = 9, 𝑛2 = 7 the value of 𝑈𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 12; (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛 − 𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑈 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)

Since 𝑈𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 12 > 𝑈𝑥 = 4 , we reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.

Hence, Population change in urban area and rural area is not the same
PROBLEM 9.

A production manager believes that playing some music in the production area will help to reduce the
no. of defective items. 4 workers are randomly assigned to work in the usual day without music and 5
workers are assigned to work in music. No. of defective items produced below. Check manager’s claim.

Defective items without music Defective items with music

3 4 9 10 1 2 5 7 8

ANSWER:

Let X denote the defective items without music and Y denote the defective items with music.

The distribution function of X and Y is 𝐹𝑋 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑌 (𝑦) 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦.

𝑛1 = 4, 𝑛2 = 5

To test,

𝐻0 : 𝐹𝑥 (x) = 𝐹𝑦 (x) against 𝐻1 : 𝐹𝑥 (x) > 𝐹𝑦 (x).

We, apply Mann-Whitney U Test:

Combining the two samples and arranging the observations in mixed sample we get:

1(Y), 2(Y), 3(Y), 4(X), 5(Y), 7(Y), 8(Y), 9(X), 10(X)

Now, 𝑅1 = 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑋 = 3 + 4 + 9 + 10 = 26

𝑛1 (𝑛1 +1)
⇒ 𝑈𝑋 = 𝑅1 − = 26 − 10 = 16
2

For α = 0.05, 𝑛1 = 5, 𝑛2 = 4 the value of 𝑈𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 2; (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛 − 𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)

Since 𝑈𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 2 < 𝑈𝑥 = 16 , we fail to reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.

Thus, the manager’s claim that playing some music in the production area will help to reduce the no. of
defective items is not correct.
PROBLEM 10.

To determine if a new hybrid seed produces a bushier flowering plants the following data on each
shrub’s sapling’s girth was collected. Examine if the data indicate that the new hybrid produces different
shrubs than the current variety.

Shrubs Girth(inches)

Current variety: 35.5 27.6 21.3 24.8 36.7

Hybrid Variety: 31.8 32.8 39.2 36 30 34.7

ANSWER:

Let X denote the girth of current variety of bushier flowering plant and Y denote the girth of Hybrid
variety of bushier flowering plant. The distribution function of X and Y is 𝐹𝑋 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑌 (𝑦) 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦.
𝑛1 = 5, 𝑛2 = 6

To test,

𝐻0 : 𝐹𝑥 (x) = 𝐹𝑦 (x) against 𝐻1 : 𝐹𝑥 (x) > 𝐹𝑦 (x).

We, apply Mann-Whitney U Test:

Combining the two samples and arranging the observations in mixed sample we get:

21.3(X), 24.8(X), 27.6(X), 30(Y), 31.8(Y), 32.8(Y), 34.7(Y), 35.5(X), 36(Y), 36.7(X), 39.2(Y)

Now, 𝑅1 = 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑋 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 8 + 10 = 24

𝑅2 = 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑌 = 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 9 + 11 = 42

𝑛1 (𝑛1 + 1) 𝑛2 (𝑛2 + 1)
⇒ 𝑈𝑋 = 𝑅1 − = 24 − 15 = 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑌 = 𝑅2 − = 42 − 21 = 21
2 2
The test statistic U=min(𝑈𝑋 , 𝑈𝑌 )=min(9,21)=9

For 𝛼 = 0.05, 𝑛1 = 5, 𝑛2 = 6

The value of 𝑈𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 3; (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛 − 𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)

Since 𝑈𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 < 𝑈𝑥 , we fail to reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.

Thus, the new hybrid does not produces different shrubs than the current variety.
PROBLEM 11.

A study assessed the effectiveness of a new drug designed to reduce repetitive behaviors in children
affected with autism. A total of 8 children with autism enroll in the study and the amount of time that
each child is engaged in repetitive behavior during three hour observation periods are measured both
before treatment and then again after taking the new medication for a period of 1 week. The data are
shown below. Test if the new medication is better.

Before After one week of

Child Treatment Treatment
1 85 75
2 30 50
3 40 50
4 65 40
5 80 90
6 75 65
7 55 40
8 20 25

ANSWER:

Let X and Y denote the amount of time that each child is engaged in repetitive behavior before and after
one weak of treatment respectively.

Suppose X and Y follows continuous distribution. Each data points paired. So, we apply Wilcoxon signed
rank test for paired data. Here, the no. of observation is 8.

Let, 𝐷𝑖 = 𝑌𝑖 − 𝑋𝑖 ; 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖′ 𝑠

To test,

𝐻0 : 𝜇𝑑 = 0 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝐻1 : 𝜇𝑑 < 0
The calculations required are shown in the table:

Child Before Treatment After one week of Treatment |𝑫𝒊 | 𝑹𝒊

1 85 75 10 3.5
2 30 50 20 7
3 40 50 10 3.5
4 65 40 25 8
5 80 90 10 3.5
6 75 65 10 3.5
7 55 40 15 6
8 20 25 5 1
 2+3+4+5
Here, 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑜𝑓 |𝐷𝑖 | ; the rank of 10= 4
=3.5

The test statistic 𝑇 + = ∑𝐷𝑖 >0 𝑅𝑖 = 7 + 3.5 + 3.5 + 1 = 15

From the Wilcoxon table (one tail test) the tabular value of T is 5 for n=8 and alpha =0.005

Since, 𝑇 + = 15 > 𝑇 + 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 5, we fail to reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.

So, new medication is not better for children’s health.

PROBLEM 12.

The table below shows the hours of relief provided by two analgesic drugs in 12 patients suffering from
arthritis. Is there any evidence that one drug provides longer relief than the other?

CASE DRUG A DRUG B

1 2 3.5
2 3.6 5.7
3 2.6 2.9
4 2.6 2.4
5 7.3 9.9
6 3.4 3.3
7 14.9 16.7
8 6.6 6
9 2.3 3.8
10 2 4
11 6.8 9.1
12 8.5 20.9

ANSWER:

Let, X and Y denote the hours of relief provided by Drug A and Drug B respectively.
Suppose, X and Y follows continuous distribution. Each sample point is a paired observation.
We apply Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired data.
Number of observation, n =12

Let, 𝐷𝑖 = 𝑌𝑖 − 𝑋𝑖 ; 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖′ 𝑠

To test,

𝐻0 : 𝜇𝑑 = 0 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝐻1 : 𝜇𝑑 < 0
The calculations required are shown in the table:

CASE DRUG A, X DRUG B, Y |𝑫𝒊 | 𝑹𝒊

1 2 3.5 1.5 5.5
2 3.6 5.7 2.1 9
3 2.6 2.9 0.3 3
4 2.6 2.4 0.2 2
5 7.3 9.9 2.6 11
6 3.4 3.3 0.1 1
7 14.9 16.7 1.8 7
8 6.6 6 0.6 4
9 2.3 3.8 1.5 5.5
10 2 4 2 8
11 6.8 9.1 2.3 10
12 8.5 20.9 12.4 12
 5+6
Here, 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑜𝑓 |𝐷𝑖 | ; the rank of 1.5 = 2
= 5.5

The test statistic 𝑇 + = ∑𝐷𝑖 >0 𝑅𝑖 = 71

From the Wilcoxon table (one tail test) the tabular value of T is 10 for n=12 and alpha =0.005

Since, 𝑇 + = 71 > 𝑇𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 10, we fail to reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.

So, drug A does not provide longer relief than drug B.

PROBLEM 13.

Let X and Y denote the times in hours per weeks that students in two different schools watch television.
Let F(x) and G(y) denote the respective distributions. To test the null hypothesis:F(z) = G(z) a random
sample of eight students was selected from each school, yielding the following results:

X : 16.75 19.25 22 20.50 22.50 15.50 17.25 20.75

Y : 24.75 21.50 19.75 17.50 22.75 23.50 13 19

What conclusion should we make about the equality of the two distribution functions?

ANSWER:

To test,

𝐻0 : 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝐺(𝑧) 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝐻1 : 𝐹(𝑧) ≠ 𝐺(𝑧)

We apply Wald Wolfowitz Run test.

Arranging the data into mixed sample we get:

13(Y), 15.50(X), 16.75(X0, 17.25(X), 17.50(Y), 19(Y), 19.25(X), 19.75(Y), 20.50(X), 20.75(X), 21.50(Y),
22(X), 22.50(Y), 22.75(Y), 23.50(Y), 24.75(Y)

(Y) (X X X) (Y Y) (X) (Y) (X X) (Y) (X X) (Y Y Y)

Term within each bracket gives one run.

Now, 𝑊𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛1 = 𝑛2 = 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 0.05

Since, 𝑊𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 =4<𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 9, we fail to reject Null Hypothesis at 5% level of significance.

Thus, the two distributions are equal.

PROBLEM 14.

A series of 20 coin tosses might produce the following sequence of heads (H) and tails (T).

H H T T H T H H H H T H H T T T T T H H.

Are these observations random?

ANSWER:

To test,

𝐻0 : the observations are random.

We, apply Wald Wolfowitz Run Test. It is a qualitative data.

Term within each bracket gives one run.

(H H) (T T) (H) (T) (H H H H) (T) (H H) (T T T T T) (H H)

So, W=9

Now, for 𝑛1 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 = 11 ,𝑛2 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑠 = 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 0.05; 𝑊𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 6,16

Since, 6 < 𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 < 16. We fail to reject the H0. These observations are in random manner.
PROBLEM 15.

A quality control chart has been maintained for the weights of paint cans taken from a conveyor belt at
a fixed point in a production line. Sixteen (16) weights obtained today, in order of time, are as follows:

68.2 71.6 69.3 71.6 70.4 65.0 63.6 64.7 65.3 64.2 67.6 68.6 66.8 66.8 70.1

Use the run test, at approximately 0.05 level, to determine whether the weights of the paint cans on the
conveyor belt deviate from randomness.

ANSWER:

The Hypothesis set as as follows:

𝐻0 : the observations are in random order against 𝐻1 : not random.

We use Wald Wolfowitz Run Test.

It is a quantitative data. First we arrange the data in increasing order. So we have to find median of the
observations and check which observations are greater than Median and which are lower.

Arranging the data in increasing order we get:

63.6 64.2 64.7 65.0 65.3 66.8 67.6 68.2 68.6 68.9 69.3 70.1 70.4 71.6 71.6

Median weight of the sampled paint cans is 67.9. Labeling each observed weight with either a U if the
observed weight is greater than the median (67.9), or an L if the observed weight is less than the median
(67.9), we get: (U U U U U) (L L L L L L) (U) (L) (U) (L) (U)

The term within each bracket gives 1 Run.

Now, 𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑠 = 7 , and from the table we get 𝑊𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 4,14 for 𝑛1 = no of
U’s=8 and 𝑛2 =8. Therefore, the critical region W : W ≤ 4 or W ≥ 14.

Looking at the value of W=7 we fail to reject the null hypothesis. The weights of paint cans in a
production line are in random manner.