METALS AND NON-METALS

INTRODUCTION OCCURRENCE
There are 118 elements known at present. On the basis Metals and non-metals occur in nature in free state as
of their properties, all these elements can be broadly well as in combined state. The metals like gold, platinum,
divided into two main groups: Metals and copper, silver are not affected by water and air and so
Non-Metals. A majority of the known elements are metals. these are found in free state. Most of the metals and
non-metals are found in the form of compounds. These
All the metals are solid at room temperature, except
are associated with different types of impurities. The
mercury, which is a liquid metal. There are 22 non-
metals occur as oxides, sulphides, carbonates, halides,
metals, out of which, 10 non-metals are solid, one non- sulphates, silicates and phosphates.
metal (bromine) is a liquid and the remaining 11 non-
metals are gases.

Occurrence of Metals
S. No. Com pounds Mine ra ls
1. Oxides Bauxite (Al 2O 3. 2H 2O), Magnetite (Fe 3O4)

2. Sulphides C opper Pyrites (CuFeS 2), Cinnabar (HgS)

Magnes ite (MgC O3), Lim es tone (C aCO 3),
3. C arbonates
C alam ine (ZnCO 3)
4. H alides C om m on s alt (NaC l), H orn s ilver (AgCl)
Gyps um (CaSO4 . 2H 2O),
5. Sulphates
Eps om s alt (MgSO 4. 7H 2O)
6. Phos phates R ock Phos phate [C a 3(PO4) 2]

7. Silicates C hina clay (Al 2O3 . 2SiO2 . 2H 2O)

Occurr ence of Non-metals

S.No. Non-m etals Fre e State Combined sta te

1. O xyge n Air (21%) Wat er, eart h's c rust

Animal and plant kingdom, nit re,
2. Nitro ge n Air (78%)
c hile salt petre.
Wat er, c ells of plant s and
3. Hydro ge n C oa l g a s animals, nat ural gas, petroleum,
c oal
4. P hos phorus – Roc ks, bones, t eeth, blood.

Dia mond, g ra phite , Air (0.03%), natural gas,

5. C a rb on
coa l marsh gas, roc ks.
Rocks ne a r a ctive
6. Sulphur a nd d orma nt Met allic ores
vo lca noe s
Sand, flint , quart z, opal,
7. Silicon –
mic a, feldspar

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)" Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900 [11]
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
Relative atomic mass

s–Block Elements p–Block Elements

Group IUPAC

13 IIIA
Atomic number 5 10.811
Group Symbol B
Boron 18 Zero
1 IA
1 1.0079 2 4.0026
Element name
Period 1 H He
Hydrogen 2 IIA 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA Helium
3 6.941 4 9.0122 5 10.811 6 12.011 7 14.007 8 15.999 9 18.998 10 20.180
Transition Metals (d –Block Elements)
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)"

Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
11 22.990 12 24.305 13 26.982 14 28.086 15 30.974 16 32.065 17 35.453 18 39.948
3 Na Mg VIII Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 10 11 IB 12 IIB Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon
19 39.098 20 40.078 21 44.956 22 47.867 23 50.942 24 51.996 25 54.938 26 55.845 27 58.933 28 58.963 29 63.546 30 65.39 31 69.723 32 72.64 33 74.922 34 78.96 35 79.904 36 83.80
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
37 85.468 38 87.62 39 88.906 40 91.224 41 92.906 42 95.94 43 (98) 44 101.07 45 102.91 46 106.42 47 107.87 48 112.41 49 114.82 50 118.71 51 121.76 52 127.60 53 126.90 54 131.29
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
55 132.91 56 137.33 57 138.91 72 178.49 73 180.95 74 183.84 75 186.21 76 190.23 77 192.22 78 195.08 79 196.97 80 200.59 81 204.38 82 207.2 83 208.98 84 (209) 85 (210) 86 (222)
6 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
87 (223) 88 (226) 89 (227) 104 (261) 105 (262) 106 (266) 107 (264) 108 (277) 109 (268) 110 (281) 111 (272)
7 Fr Ra Ac** Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Metalloids (having properties
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium of both metals & nonmetals)

Inner - Transition Metals (f-Block Elements)

58 140.12 59 140.91 60 144.24 61 (145) 62 150.36 63 151.96 64 157.25 65 158.93 66 162.50 67 164.93 68 197.26 69 168.93 70 173.04 71 174.97
LANTHANOIDS*
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900
90 232.04 91 231.04 92 238.03 93 (237) 94 (244) 95 (243) 96 (247) 97 (247) 98 (251) 99 (252) 100 (257) 101 (258) 102 (259) 103 (262)
ACTINOIDS** Pu Cm
Th Pa U Np Am Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

[12]
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS  Note :
OSMIUM has maximum density (22 g cm–3) among all
The important physical properties of metals are
elements.
discussed below :
(i) Physical State : (viii) Metals have high melting and boiling points:
All metals (except mercury) are solids at room Most of the metals (except sodium and potassium) have
temperature. Mercury is liquid at room temperature and high melting and boiling points.
gallium, caesium and francium occur in liquid state in
 Note :
nature slightly above room temperature.
Among metals Tungsten has highest melting point
(ii) Metals are hard: (3410°C) and Mercury has lowest melting point.
Most of the metals are hard, but all metals are not equally
(ix) Metals are rigid :
hard.Metals like iron, copper, aluminium etc. are quite
Most of the metals are rigid and they have high tensile
hard. They cannot be cut with a knife. Sodium and
strength.
potassium are common exceptions which are soft and
can be easily cut with a knife. (x) Metals are sonorous :
(iii) Metals are malleable : Most of the metals are sonorous i.e., they make sound
Metals are generally malleable. This means that the metals when hit with an object.
can be beaten with a hammer into very thin sheets without (xi) Colour :
breaking. This property of metals is called malleability. Gold Usually metals are white or silvery-grey in colour. But
and silver are among the best malleable metals. Aluminium some metals have different colour for example gold is
and copper are also highly malleable metals. All metals are yellow (yellow metal) and copper is reddish-brown.
not malleable.
e.g. sodium, potassium & calcium are not malleable. NON-METALS AND THEIR GENERAL PROPERTIES

(iv) Metals are ductile : Non-metals are present on the right hand side of the
It means that metals can be drawn (stretched) into thin periodic table (except Hydrogen).
wires. This property of metals is called ductility. Gold (a) Physical Properties of Non-Metals :
and silver are the most ductile metals. Copper,
aluminium and tungsten are also very ductile, and The important physical properties of non-metals are
therefore, these can be drawn into thin wires which are listed below:
used in electrical wiring. Metals like Na, K, Ca etc. are (i) Non-metals are brittle.
not ductile, while metals like Sn, Pb etc. are less ductile.
(ii) Non-metals are not ductile.
(v) Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity:
(iii) Non-metals are bad conductor of heat and electricity.
All metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
The ability of metals due to which they allow electric Exception: Graphite is a good conductor because of
current and heat to pass through them is called electrical the presence of a free electrons. It is used as positive
and thermal conductivity respectively. Silver is the best electrode in dry cells.
conductor of heat. Copper and aluminium are also good (iv) Non-metals are not lustrous and cannot be polished.
conductors of heat and therefore, they are used for
making household utensils. Lead is the poorest Exception: Graphite and Iodine are lustrous non-metals.
conductor of heat. Mercury metal is also a poor conductor (v) Non-metals may be solid, liquid, or gases at room
of heat. temperature.
The electrical and thermal conductivities of metals are due Solids : Carbon, sulphur, iodine etc..
to the presence of free electrons in them. Among all the
Gases : Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen etc.
metals, silver is the best conductor of electricity. Copper and
Bromine is the only non-metal which exists as a liquid
aluminium are the next best conductors of electricity. Since
at room temperature.
silver is expensive, therefore, copper and aluminium are
commonly used for making electric wires. (vi) Non-metals are generally soft.

(vi) Metals are lustrous and can be polished:  Note :

Most of the metals have metallic lustre (shine) and they Diamond (an allotropic form of non-metal Carbon) is
can be polished. The shining appearance of metals is the HARDEST NATURAL substance known.
also known as metallic lustre. For example, gold, silver
(vii) Non-metals have generally low melting and boiling
and copper metals have metallic lustre.
points.
(vii) Metals have high densities:
Most of the metals are heavy and have high densities. Exception: Graphite, another allotropic form of Carbon,
For example, the density of mercury metal is very high has a melting point of about 3730°C. Other exceptions
(13.6 g cm –3). However, there are some exception. are C, B, Si which have high melting and boiling points.
Sodium, potassium, magnesium and aluminium have
low densities. Densities of metals are generally (viii) Non-metals have low densities.
proportional to their atomic masses.

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)" Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900 [13]
 Exception: Iodine has high density and diamond which Due to the formation of sodium hydroxide (which is an
is almost as heavy as Al. alkali), the solution of sodium oxide in water turns red
litmus blue (common property of all alkaline solutions).
(ix) Malleability : Non-metals are not malleable i.e.
sheets cannot be made from non-metals. Similarly, magnesium is a metal and it reacts on heating
with oxygen, catches fire and burns with a brilliant white
(x) Tensile strength : Non-metals have low tensile flame to form magnesium oxide.
strength. 2Mg + O2 2 MgO
Exception: Carbon fibre is as tensile as steel. Magnesium oxide
(xi) Sonorous : Non-metals are non-sonorous, i.e., when The magnesium oxide reacts with acids (say sulphuric
struck with a hammer they do not produce sound. acid) to form magnesium sulphate (a salt) and water as
the only products. Thus, magnesium oxide is a basic
(xii) Colour : Chlorine is a greenish yellow gas, while
oxide in nature.
bromine is brown in colour. Iodine is violet in colour ,
MgO + H2SO4 (dil.)  MgSO4 + H2O
while oxygen and nitrogen are colourless gases.
Magnesium Sulphuric acid Magnesium Water
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS oxide sulphate
The atoms of the metals have usually 1, 2 or 3 electrons
 Note :
in their outermost shells. These outermost electrons
Metals act as reducing agents.
are loosely held by their nuclei. Therefore, the metal
atoms can easily lose their outermost electrons to form Activity : 1
positively charged ions. For example, sodium metal can
Let us check the nature of rust formed as a result of the
lose one electron from its outermost shell to form
reaction between iron, oxygen and water. Collect a
positively charged ion, Na+. After losing the outermost
electron, it gets stable electronic configuration of the spoonful of rust and dissolve it in a very little amount of
noble gas (Ne : 2, 8). Similarly, magnesium can lose water. You will find that the rust remains suspended in
two electrons from its outermost shell to form Mg2+ ion water. Shake the suspension well. Test the solution with
and aluminium can lose its three outermost electrons red and blue litmus papers. What do you observe? Is
to form Al3+ ion. the solution acidic or basic?
Na Na+ + e–
(2, 8, 1) (2, 8)
Mg Mg2+ + 2e–
(2, 8, 2) (2, 8)
Al Al3+ + 3e–
(2, 8, 3) (2, 8)

Since the metal atoms lose electrons and form positively

charged ions, therefore, the metals are called
electropositive elements.
Some of the important chemical properties of metals
are discussed below :

(a) Reaction with Oxygen :

Metals react with oxygen to form oxides. These oxides

are basic or amphoteric in nature.

(i) Basic oxide : When these oxides are dissolved in

water, they give alkaline solutions. For example, sodium
metal reacts with oxygen of the air and form sodium
oxide.
4 Na + O2 2 Na2O
Sodium oxide
Figure : Testing the nature of rust
Sodium oxide reacts with water to form an alkali called
You must have observed that the red litmus turns blue.
sodium hydroxide. Therefore, sodium oxide is a basic
oxide. So, oxide of Fe is basic in nature. In general, metallic
Na2O + H2O 2NaOH oxides are basic in nature.
Sodium hydroxide (ii) Amphoteric oxide : Those oxide which can behave
as acid as well as base. Ex. ZnO, Al2O3 etc.

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)" Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900 [14]
 (c) Reaction with Dilute acids (Displacement
(b) Reaction with Water : reactions) :
Different metals behave differently in their chemical
Sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid are called
reaction with water.
mineral acids. These acids in dilute form react with
(i) Metals like sodium and potassium react with water metals to form their respective salts and hydrogen gas.
as follows- Many metals react with dilute acids and liberate hydrogen
When a small piece of sodium or potassium is dropped gas. Only less reactive metals such as copper, silver,
gold etc. do not liberate hydrogen from dilute acids.
in cold water -
The reactions of metals with dilute hydrochloric acid
(A) It floats and at the same time melts to form a silvery (HCl) and dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4) are similar. With
ball of metal. dil. HCl, they give metal chlorides and hydrogen,
(B) The silvery ball of the metal darts over the surface of whereas with dil. H2SO4, they give metal sulphates and
hydrogen.
water with a hissing noise producing tiny bubbles of the
hydrogen gas. For example :
(i) Sodium, magnesium and calcium react violently with
(C) The silvery ball becomes smaller in size and catches
dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) or dilute sulphuric acid
fire. liberating hydrogen gas and corresponding metal salt.
In case of sodium, it burns with a golden yellow flame,
2Na(s) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)
whereas in case of potassium, it burns with a lilac flame.
Sodium Sodium
2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2 chloride
Sodium Cold water Sodium Hydrogen
2Na(s) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + H2(g)
hydroxide Sodium Sodium
2K + 2H2O  2KOH + H2 sulphate
Similarly,
Potassium Water Potassium Hydrogen
Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
hydroxide Magnesium Magnesium
When calcium metal is dropped in water, the following chloride
observations are made : Mg(s) + H2SO4 (aq) MgSO4 (aq) + H2(g)
• It sinks in water and reacts vigorously to liberate tiny Magnesium
bubbles of hydrogen. sulphate
• It gradually dissolves in water and the colour of water Zn(s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2(aq) +H 2(g)
becomes milky due to the formation of partially soluble Zinc Zinc
calcium hydroxide. chloride

 Ca(OH)2 + H2 Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + H2(g)

Ca + 2H2O
Zinc
Calcium Water Calcium Hydrogen sulphate
hydroxide Similarly,
(ii) Magnesium reacts mildly with cold water, but reacts 2Al (s) + 6HCl (aq) 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)
Aluminium Aluminium
vigorously with boiling water or steam so as to form
chloride
magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)
Mg + 2H2O  Mg(OH)2 + H2 Aluminium Aluminium
Magnesium boiling water Magnesium Hydrogen sulphate
hydroxide (ii) Iron reacts slowly with dilute HCl or dil. H2SO 4 and
therefore, it is less reactive than zinc and aluminium.
(iii) Hot zinc and iron, mildly react with steam to form
their respective oxides and hydrogen gas. Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Iron Ferrous
Heat chloride
Zn + H2O  
 ZnO + H2

Zinc Steam Zinc oxide Hydrogen Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Ferrous
sulphate
3 Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + 4 H2 H2 gas produces ‘pop’ sound when brought in contact
Iron Steam Ferro-ferric Hydrogen with a burning match-stick.
oxide  Note :
or iron (II , III) oxide Copper does not react with dil. HCl or dil H2SO4 .

 Note : Cu(s) + HCl (aq) No reaction

Copper, silver, mercury, gold,nickel and platinum do not Cu(s) + H2SO4(aq) No reaction
react with water or steam.
Therefore copper is even less reactive than iron.

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)" Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900 [15]
  Note : In other words, we can say that zinc displaces copper
Dilute nitric acid (HNO3) is an oxidising agent. Although from its solution.
it oxidises metals, but does not produce hydrogen gas.
(d) Reactions of Metals with Bases : Zinc
Some metals react with alkalies -

solution
becomes
colourless

Zn + 2NaOH  Na2ZnO2 + H2 Copper sulphate Deposit of

Zinc Sodium Sodium Hydrogen solution (blue) copper
hydroxide zincate
However, if we take zinc sulphate solution and put a
Sn + 2NaOH + H2O  Na2SnO3 + 2H2
Tin Sodium Water Sodium Hydrogen strip of copper metal in this solution, no reaction occurs.
hydroxide stannate ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s) No reaction
Zinc sulphate
(e) Reactions of Metals with Salt Solutions :
This means that copper cannot displace zinc metal from
When a more reactive metal is placed in a salt solution its solution. Thus, we can conclude that zinc is more
of less reactive metal, then the more reactive metal reactive than copper. However, if we put gold or platinum
displaces the less reactive metal from its salt solution. strip in the copper sulphate solution, then copper is not
For example : When a strip of zinc metal is put in the displaced by gold or platinum. Thus, gold and platinum
blue colour solution of copper sulphate, it is observed are less reactive than copper.

that the blue colour of the solution fades gradually and REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS
copper metal is deposited on the zinc strip. This means (a) The more reactive metals always displace less
that the following reaction occurs: reactive metals in chemical reactions. If a metal loses
electrons easily to form positive ions, it will readily react
Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) with other substances. On the other hand if a metal loses
Copper Zinc sulphate electrons less rapidly to form a positive ion, it will react
sulphate (Colourless solution) slowly with the other substances. Such a metal will be
(Blue solution) less reactive.
The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing
reactivities is called the reactivity series or activity series
of metals.

Lithium Li Most reactive metal

Reactivity Decreases
Reactivity increases

Least reactive metal

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)" Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900 [16]
 It may be noted that hydrogen is not a metal, but even Activity : 2
then it has been placed in the reactivity series. This is Take five 100 mL beakers and label them A, B, C, D and
due to the fact that : E. Take about 50 mL of water in each beaker. Dissolve

(i) Hydrogen can also lose electron and form positive in each beaker a teaspoonful of each substance as
ion, H+. indicated in figure.

(ii) Hydrogen has also been included in the series to  Keep the beakers undisturbed for some time.
compare the reactivities of metals with respect to it.  Record your observations in your note book.
The more reactive nature of iron as compared to copper
can be easily shown by dipping some iron nails in the
solution of copper suphate. The iron nails get covered
with copper layer and the blue colour of copper sulphate
solution change to greenish colour of ferrous sulphate.
Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq)  Cu(s) + FeSO4 (aq)
Blue Green

Similarly copper displaces silver from silver nitrate

solution.

2AgNO3 (aq) + Cu(s)  Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag(s)

Magnesium displaces copper from copper sulphate

solution.

Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq)  MgSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

(b) Utility of Activity Series :

The activity series is very useful and it gives the following
informations :

(i) The metal which is higher in the activity series is

more reactive than the other. Lithium is the most reactive Before Reaction :
and platinum is the least reactive metal. Beaker A : Copper sulphate (CuSO4) + Zinc granule (Zn)
Beaker B : Copper sulphate (CuSO4) + Iron nail (Fe)
(ii) The metals which have been placed above hydrogen
Beaker C : Zinc sulphate (ZnSO 4) + Copper turnings
are more reactive than hydrogen and can displace
(Cu)
hydrogen from its compounds like water and acids to
Beaker D : Iron sulphate (FeSO 4 ) + Copper turnings
liberate hydrogen gas.
(Cu)
(iii) The metals which are placed below hydrogen are Beaker E : Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) + Iron nail (Fe)
less reactive than hydrogen and cannot displace
hydrogen from its compounds like water and acids. What changes do you observe in the various beakers ?
You have read that one metal displaces another metal
(iv) A more reactive metal (placed higher in the activity
from its compound in aqueous solution. In beaker ‘A’
series) can displace the less reactive metal from the
zinc (Zn) replaces copper (Cu) from copper sulphate
solution of its salt.
(CuSO4). That is why the blue colour of copper sulphate
(v) Metals at the top of the series are very reactive and, disappears and a powdery red mass of copper is
therefore, they do not occur free in nature, while the deposited at the bottom of the beaker. The reaction can
metals at the bottom of the series are least reactive and,
be represented as follows :
therefore, they normally occur free in nature.
Copper sulphate + Zinc  Zinc sulphate + Copper
 Note :
(CuSO4) (Zn) (ZnSO4) (Cu)
Metals more reactive than hydrogen lose electrons more
(Blue) (Colourless) (Red)
readily than hydrogen and metals less reactive than
hydrogen lose electrons less readily than hydrogen. You can write down the reaction taking place in beaker
‘B’ in a similar manner.

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)" Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900 [17]
 There could have been displacement of zinc by copper
in beaker ‘C’ and by iron in beaker ‘E’. Similarly iron
could be displaced by copper in beaker ‘D’.
Air Air Dry Air

Since we do not see any change in beaker ‘C’ we can

infer that copper is not able to replace zinc from zinc
sulphate. It follows definite rules based on facts. And Non-rusted Non-rusted
Layer nails nails
Rusted of oil
the rule here is that zinc is more reactive than copper nails

and iron. A more reactive metal can replace a less

reactive metal, but a less reactive one cannot replace a
Anhydrous
more reactive metal. CaCl2
(A) (B) (C)
(Air and Water) (Boiled (Only dry air)
Similarly, the more reactive nature of iron as compared distilled water)

to copper can be easily shown by dipping some iron Fig. : Demonstration of rusting by water and air
nails in the solution of copper sulphate. The iron nails Explanation
get covered with copper layer and the blue colour of In the tube ‘A’, the nails are exposed to both air and
copper sulphate solution changes to greenish colour of water and have been rusted. In the tube ‘B’, the oily layer
ferrous sulphate. above water does not allow air to come in contact with
the nails. In the absence of air, these are not rusted.
Fe + CuSO4  Cu + FeSO4 Anhydrous calcium chloride placed in the tube ‘C’
Iron Copper Sulphate Copper Ferrous sulphate absorbs the entire moisture or water vapours. Although
(Blue) (Green) the nails are in contact with air, but still they do not get
rusted. This experiment shows that both air and water
All metals above hydrogen series librerate hydrogen are needed for rusting of iron.
from acid like dil.HCl and dil.H2SO4 . The metals below
hydrogen in activity series do not liberate hydrogen from USES OF COMMON METALS
acids. For example copper does not react with dil. HCl (a) Aluminium :
or dil. H2SO4 at all. (i) Since aluminium is a good conductor of heat,
corrosion-resistant and resistant to food acids, it is
Cu (s) + HCl (aq)  No reaction extensively used for making cooking utensils.
Cu (s) + H2SO4 (aq)  No reaction (ii) It is corrosion resistant, light weight and good
conductor of electricity. Due to these reasons, it is used
Experiment : To show that rusting of iron requires both for making cables and overhead transmission wires.

air and water (iii) Due to its property of malleability, aluminium can be
converted into very thin sheets called aluminium foils.
Both air and water are needed for the rusting of iron. To These are used for packing various articles like
demonstrate this, take three glass tubes marked A, B chocolates, biscuits, cigarettes, medicines, photographic
films soaps, tea leaves, etc.
and C provided with rubber corks. Place a few clean iron
(iv) When aluminium powder is added to boiling linseed
nails of the same size in these tubes. In the tube marked
oil, a silvery white paint is obtained. It is used to paint
‘A’, pour some water. In the tube ‘B’, pour some boiled iron poles which serves the dual purpose of, giving a
distilled water along with some oil say turpentine oil. good appearance to iron poles and prevention of rusting
of the poles.
Similarly, in the tube ‘C’, add some anhydrous calcium
(v) As aluminium is a good reflector of heat, it is used to
chloride. Cork these tube properly and leave them make roof tops in tall buildings to keep them cool.
undisturbed for a few days. W e observe that the nails (vi) As aluminium is resistant to the action of air, water,
placed in the tube ‘A’ have been rusted while they remain many chemicals, etc., it is used to prepare window
frames.
unaffected in the tubes ‘B’ and ‘C’.
(vii) Due to its lightness, it is used for making light
objects like bodies and parts of aeroplanes, ships, cars,
etc.
(viii) Good reflecting property of aluminium is used in
making concave mirrors in astronomical telescopes.

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)" Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900 [18]
 (b) Zinc : (f) Iron :
(i) Zinc is used to galvanize iron to provide protection Iron is a reddish brown metal of density 7.87 g/cm3.
against rusting by giving a thin coat of zinc over the surface (i) It is used in making cars, trucks, and vans.
of iron articles.
(ii) It is used in making steel.
(ii) Zinc is used as containers of dry cells (Leclanche
(iii) It is used in making building supports.
cell)
(iii) Zinc is used in the extraction of gold and silver. (iv) It is used in making airplanes.

(iv) Zinc dust and zinc amalgam are used as reducing (v) It is used in making warships.
agents in laboratory and industry. (vi) It is used in making office supplies (staples, nails,
(v) Zinc is used to produce smoke screens in war. and paper clips)
(vi) Zinc dust is used for the manufacture of dye-stuffs, (vii) It is used in making computers
paints, drugs, face powders, etc.
(viii) It is present in Haemoglobin in blood of human
(vii) Zinc oxide is extensively used as a pigment in and it’s deficiency in blood causes anaemia.
paints, in medicine. Zinc sulphate is used in hides and
calico printing. (g) Copper :
Copper is a salmon-pink coloured metal with a density
(viii) Zinc is extensively used to prepare useful alloys
like brass, gun metal, german silver, etc. of 8.9 g/cm3.

(i) It is used for the manufacture of electrical wires, cables

(c) Magnesium : and domestic utensils.
Magnesium is silver white in colour and has density of
1.74 g/cm3. (ii) It is used for forming alloys like brass, bronze, german
silver, gun metal, bell metal, etc.
(i) Magnesium is used in fire works.
(ii) It is used as fuse in ignition mixtures. (iii) It is used for making coins, jewellery and decorative
articles.
(iii) It is used for absorption of neutrons in nuclear
reactors. (iv) It is used for electroplating and for making printed
(iv) It is used as reducing agent in the extraction of metals electronic circuits.
such as uranium and titanium. (v) It is used as fungicides and insecticides.
(v) It is used in the preparation of alloys such as (vi) It is used as mordants for dyeing.
duralumin and magnalium.
(vii) It is used as catalyst, for electroplating and in
(vi) Magnesium is found in plants in chlorophyll. electrochemical cells.
(d) Lead : Biological function :
It is a soft silver grey metal having a density of 11.3 g/ Copper is a vital trace element: In humans it catalyzes
cm 3 . the formation of haemoglobin and in molluscs and
(i) It is used to make sinks, pipes, lead acid batteries, crustaceans it is the basic constituent of haemocyanin
covers of underground electrical and telephone cables. (blood pigment of these animals).

(ii) It is used to make protective screens for harmful rays  Note :

(i) In chromium plating, chromic acid solution (H2CrO4)
like X-rays and γ -rays.
is taken as electrolyte.
(iii) It is used in making alloys such as solder, type metal
(ii) Zirconium is used in making bullet proof alloys.
etc.
(iii) Titanium is called a strategic metal because of the
(e) Sodium : following reasons : The pure titanium is very strong,
Sodium is a soft-white metal of density 0.09 g/cm3 . light and is resistant to corrosion and temperature. It
(i) Sodium is used as reducing agent in the extraction has a melting point of 1670 0 C and boiling point of
of certain metals like uranium and titanium. 3300 0 C. Due to these reasons, titanium is used in
aerospace industry, for making military hard ware, in
(ii) It is used in organic chemistry as a laboratory reagent.
nuclear reactors, in chemical industry, for making marine
(iii) It is used in the form of vapours in electric bulbs. equipments and for hardening steel. Because of its
above mentioned unique properties and wide ranging
(iv) It is used to prepare an amalgam which is used as
applications. Titanium is called strategic metal.
a reagent.

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)" Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900 [19]
USES OF NOBLE METALS CO2 (g) + H2O ()  H2CO3 (aq)
Uses of Silver : Carbon Water Carbonic acid
dioxide
It is shining white, fairly heavy metal, which is best
conductor of electricity and is highly malleable and (B) Sulphur burns in air to form sulphur dioxide gas
ductile. Silver is put to the following uses : which dissolves in water to form an acid called
sulphurous acid.
1. It is used for making silver ornaments.
S(s)+ O2(g)  SO2(g)
2. It is used for making expensive utensils, such as tea
Sulphur Oxygen Sulphur dioxide
pot, glasses, mugs, etc.
SO2 (g) + H2O ()  H2SO3 (aq)
3. It is used for making coins.
Sulphur Water Sulphurous acid
4. Silver salts such as silver chloride, silver bromide dioxide
and silver iodide are used for making photographic films (C) When phosphorus is burnt in air, it reacts with oxygen
as these salts are highly sensitive to light. of air to form phosphorus pentoxide which dissolves in
5. Silver foils are used for decorating sweets and in the water to form phosphoric acid.
preparation of Ayurvedic medicines. P4 (s) + 5O2 (g)  2P2O5 (s)
Phosphorus Oxygen Phosphorus
Uses of Gold
It is a bright yellow metal, which is highly malleable and pentoxide
ductile. It is put to following uses :
2P2O5 (s) + 6H2O ()  4H3PO4 (aq)
1. Gold is used as an index of wealth of a country. More Phosphorus Water Phosphoric acid
the gold reserves of a country, more the wealth there is.
pentoxide
2. It is used for making ornaments.
(ii) Neutral oxides : Some oxides of non-metals are
3. It is used for making high value coins and medals.
neutral. For example, carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide
4. It is used for covering the mainframe of artificial (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), water (H2O), etc. These oxides
satellites.
do not turn blue litmus solution red.
5. Gold foils are used in the preparation of Ayurvedic
medicines.  Note :
Non-metal oxides are covalent in nature and are formed
Uses of Platinum
Platinum is a silvery white metal. It is highly malleable by the sharing of electrons.
and ductile. It is put to following uses :
Activity 3
1. It is used for making expensive ornaments and Take a small amount of powdered sulphur in a
watches.
deflagrating spoon and heat it. If deflagrating spoon is
2. It is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of sulphuric not available, you may take a metallic cap of any bottle
acid and nitric acid. and wrap a metallic wire around it and give it the shape
3. Platinum catalytic convertors use platinum as catalytic shown in figure.
agent. It oxidizes carbon monoxide gas given out by the
automobiles, to carbon dioxide gas. Thus, it helps in
reducing carbon monoxide pollution.
4. It is used in chemical laboratories for detecting
metallic ions present in a given salt.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-METALS

(a) Reaction with oxygen :
Non-metals react with oxygen to form acidic or neutral
oxides. The acidic oxides dissolve in water to give acids.
(i) Acidic Oxides : The oxides of Carbon, Sulphur,
Phosphorus etc. are acidic and they turn blue litmus
solution red.
e.g.
(A) Carbon reacts with oxygen of air to form carbon
dioxide gas which dissolves in water to form an acid
Burning of sulphur powder
called carbonic acid.
C(s) + O2(g)  CO 2(g)
Carbon Oxygen Carbon dioxide
Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)" Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900 [20]
 As soon as sulphur starts burning, introduce the spoon (c) Reaction with Bases :
into a gas jar/glass tumbler. Cover the tumbler with a lid Some non-metals react with alkalies -
to ensure that the gas produced does not escape.
P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O 3NaH 2PO 2 + PH3
Remove the spoon after some time. Add a small quantity Phosphorus Sodium Water Sodium Phosphine
of water into the tumbler and quickly replace the lid. hydroxide hypophosphite

Shake the tumbler well. Check the solution with red and 4S + 6NaOH Na2S2O3 + 2Na 2S + 3H 2O
blue litmus papers. Sulphur Sodium Sodium Sodium
hydroxide thiosulphate sulphide

(d) Reaction with salt solution :

A more reactive non-metal displaces a less reactive non-
metal from its salt solution.
e.g. when chlorine is passed through a solution of
sodium bromide, then bromine gas is liberated.
However, bromine cannot displace chlorine from its salt
Testing of solution with litmus papers solution. Therefore, chlorine is more reactive non-metal
than bromine.
Explanation :
2NaBr(aq) + Cl2(g)  2NaCl(aq) + Br2(g)
Sulphur, on burning in air, forms two oxides, i.e. sulphur
2NaI(aq) + Cl2(g)  2NaCl(aq) + I2(g)
dioxide (SO 2 ) and sulphur trioxide (SO 3 ). Both these
oxides are acidic in nature and dissolve in water to form 2NaCl (aq) + Br2 (g) Noreaction
No reaction
acids.
Reactivity of halogens : F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
S(s) + O2(g) burn SO2 (g)


(e) Reaction of non metals with acids :
sulphur dioxide
(acidic) Nonmetals do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids.
This is because the nonmetals, being electron-acceptor,
SO2(g) + H2O() 
 H2SO3(aq) are not able to give electrons for the reduction of H+. For
sulphur dioxide sulphurous acid example, nonmetals such as carbon, phosphorus and
sulphur do not react with dilute HCl
SO3(g) + H2O(l) 
 H2SO4(aq)
and dilute H2SO4.
sulphur trioxide sulphuric acid
Some nonmetals, however, react with concentrated
So it turns blue litmus paper into red. acids. For example, sulphur reacts with concentrated
nitric acid to give sulphuric acid.
(b) Reaction with water :
Non-metals do not react with water or steam to give S(s) + 6HNO3(aq) 
 H2SO4 (aq)+6NO2(g)+2H2O()
hydrogen gas. This is because non-metals cannot give Sulphur conc. Nitric acid Sulphuric Nitrogen
acid dioxide
electrons to reduce the hydrogen ions of water into
hydrogen gas.  Note :
The non-metals are electron acceptors and so, they
cannot give electrons to H+ ions of acid and water to
liberate hydrogen gas.

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)" Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900 [21]
 COMPARISON BETWEEN METALS AND NONMETALS
Metals Non Metals
Metals form basic oxides or amphoteric
1 Nonmetals form acidic or neutral oxides.
oxides, some of which form alkalies.
Nonmetals do not displace hydrogen from
2 Metals displace hydrogen from acids.
acids.
With chlorine, metals form chlorides which Nonmetals with chlorine form chlorides
3
are ionic compounds. which are covalent in nature.
With hydrogen, few metals form hydrides Nonmetals with hydrogen form stable
4
which are ionic (electrovalent) in nature. covalent hydrides.
Nonmetals are oxidising agents except
5 Metals are reducing agents. carbon and hydrogen. Carbon and
hydrogen are good reducing agents.

USES OF COMMON NON METALS (iii) Iodine in the form of iodized salt (Nal) is required for
(a) Fluorine : the proper functioning of thyroid gland. Deficiency of
(i) The compound of fluorine – Freon is used as an iodine in the diet leads to the disease called Goitre.
important refrigerator gas. Freon has a formula - CCl2F2. (e) Sulphur :
(ii) Cryolite (Na3AlF6) is an another compound of fluorine (i) It is used to make sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid,
which is used in the electrolysis of molten alumina to black gun powder and insecticides.
produce aluminium metal. (ii) It is used by the rubber industries in vulcanizing the
(iii) Fluorine compounds are used as insecticides and rubber.

wood preservatives. (iii) It is used for making skin ointments.

(iv) Fluorides of sodium and lithium serve as a flux in (f) Nitrogen :

the soldering of aluminium. (i) It serves as raw material for the fertilizer and explosive
industries.
(v) Fluorine up to a concentration of one part per million
in the drinking water prevents decaying of teeth. (ii) It is used to create an inert atmosphere in
(b) Chlorine : metallurgical operations.
(i) It is used to bleach wood pulp in the paper industry,
(iii) It is used in rooms which are meant for storing
cotton and linen fabrics in the textile industry.
inflammable or explosive materials.
(ii) To kill bacteria in drinking water. (iv) It is used in electric light bulbs to increase the life of
(iii) A compound of chlorine–bleaching powder the filament by preventing its oxidation. Argon is

(CaOCl2 ) is used to disinfect the water in swimming sometimes mixed with nitrogen in filling light bulbs.

pools. (v) It controls the burning of fuel and oxidation of food at

moderate rate.
(c) Bromine :
(i) The compound ethylene dibromide is used as (g) Oxygen :
fumigant to kill insect pests in godowns. (i) It is necessary to sustain human life.

(ii) Silver bromide is used to coat photographic films (ii) Cylinders of oxygen gas are used during mountain-
and plates. climbing expeditions to help in respiration at high
elevations.
(iii) Some bromine compounds have a nerve-soothing
(iii) It makes possible the production of high
effect.
temperatures in oxy-hydrogen and oxy-acetylene torches.
(d) Iodine :
(i) An alcoholic solution of Iodine, known as Tincture of (iv) In hospitals it is used to assist in the recovery of
Iodine, is a well -known antiseptic. patients from lung diseases and pneumonia.

(ii) Iodoform (CHI3) is used in the drug industry. (v) It is essential for the combustion of fuels.

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)" Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900 [22]
 (h) Hydrogen : (ii) A compound of white phosphorus–tetraphosphorus
(i) It is used for hydrogenation of vegetable oils to form trisulphide (P4S3) is used in making striking tip of match
boxes.
solid fats called Vanaspati Ghee.
(iii) White phosphorus in the form of Zinc phosphide is
(ii) Hydrogenation process is also used in the refining
used in making rat poisons.
of petroleum products to increase the yield of gasoline.
(iv) White phosphorus is also used in the manufacture
(iii) It is used extensively in the production of ammonia of military grenades and bombs.
and hydrochloric acid.
(v) It is used in making smoke bombs which produce
(iv) The high temperature produced by the flame of smoke screen during war. It is also used in fire works.
oxygen and hydrogen is used for cutting and welding (vi) It is used for making superphosphate which is used
metals. as a fertilizer.
(j) Silicon :
(v) A mixture of hydrogen and helium is used for filling
(i) Purified Silicon is used for making solar cells,
weather observation balloons.
transistors and computer chips.
(vi) It makes a good fuel as it does not cause any (ii) It is used for preparing silicon polymers (called
pollution on burning. silicones) which are heat resistant and water repellent.
(i) Phosphorus : (iii) Compounds of silicon are also very useful. For
Phosphorus occurs in two allotropic forms namely white example –
and red. The white phosphorus is highly reactive and
(a) SiC (carborundum) is used for cutting and grinding
poisonous as compared to red phosphorus. The white
tools.
phosphorus on oxidation becomes yellow. The uses of
phosphorus are : (b) SiO2 (Silica) is used for making glass and cement.
(i) Phosphorus is used in match box. Red phosphorus (c) Na2SiO3 (sodium silicate) which is also called water
is used in making striking surface of match boxes. glass, is used for preserving eggs and for making silica
gardens.
(d) Quartz crystals are used in watches.

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)" Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900 [23]
 14. Which one of the following statements is correct?
EXERCISE–I
(A) Metals lose electrons to become positive ions.
1. The only metal which is liquid at room temperature is: (B) Metals lose electrons to become negative ions.
(A) bromine (B) mercury (C) Metals gain electrons to become positive ions.
(C) both A & B (D) none of these (D) Metals gain electrons to become negative ions.

2. Which among the following is the poorest conductor of 15. The oxides of metals are usually :
heat ? (A) acidic (B) basic
(A) Silver (B) Gold (C) neutral (D) amphoteric
(C) Copper (D) Lead 16. Out of copper, silver, iron and zinc the metal that can
displace all others from their salt solutions is -
3. W hich among the following metals can be cut with a
(A) copper (B) silver
knife ?
(C) iron (D) zinc
(A) Sodium (B) Copper
(C) Aluminium (D) Iron 17. Which of the following reactions will occur ?

4. Which among the following metals are ductile? (A) Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq)  ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
(A) Copper (B) Aluminium
(C) Gold (D) All of these (B) 2Al (s) + 3ZnSO4 (aq)  Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 3Zn (s)

5. The shining appearance of metals is called as : (C) 3Ca (s) + Al2 (SO4)3 (aq)  3CaSO4 (aq) + 2Al (s)
(A) malleability (B) lustre
(C) ductility (D) conductivity (D) All of the above

6. The best conductor of heat is : 18. Which of the following metals will not displace iron from
(A) silver (B) gold iron (II) sulphate solution ?
(C) copper (D) lead (A) Zinc (B) Magnesium
(C) Aluminium (D) Tin
7. The non-metal which has very high melting point is :
(A) Sulphur (B) Graphite 19. The only non-metal included in the reactivity series of
(C) Phosphorus (D) Tungsten metals, is :
8. The non-metal which is a liquid at room temperature is (A) H (B) Cl
: (C) He (D) Br
(A) chlorine (B) bromine
20. The metal which is least reactive is :
(C) iodine (D) carbon
(A) Ag (B) Au
9. The non-metal having a shining surface is :
(C) Cu (D) Pt
(A) sulphur (B) phosphorus
(C) iodine (D) carbon 21. Which of the following oxides will turn blue litmus red ?
(A) CO (B) NO
10. The non-metal which is a good conductor of electricity
(C) N2O (D) P2O5
is:
(A) diamond (B) iodine 22. The oxides of non metals in nature are -
(C) graphite (D) silicon (A) ionic (B) covalent
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these
11. The most reactive metal among the following is : 23. Which non-metal is used in vulcanisation of rubber ?
(A) copper (B) silver
(A) Phosphorus (B) Sulphur
(C) potassium (D) calcium
(C) Hydrogen (D) Silicon
21. The metal which reacts with water only when it is red hot
24. Which non-metal is used in making semi-conductors ?
& steam is passed over it is :
(A) Phosphorus (B) Sulphur
(A) sodium (B) calcium
(C) Hydrogen (D) Silicon
(C) iron (D) magnesium
25. Which among the following elements is a metalloid ?
13. The metal which cannot be stored in packets is :
(A) Beryllium (B) Barium
(A) sodium (B) calcium
(C) Boron (D) Bismuth
(C) magnesium (D) zinc

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)" Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900 [24]
26. Carbon monoxide is a/an - 9. What is amphoteric oxide.?
(A) acidic oxide (B) basic oxide 10. Nature of zinc oxide ?
(C) amphoteric oxide (D) neutral oxide 11. Metals are which types of agent?
12. What is reactivity of halogens?
27. Oxide formed by an element X turns blue litmus red.
Element X is - 13. What is uses of sulphur ?
(A) phosphorus (B) sodium 14. What is name neutral oxide?
(C) iron (D) copper 15. What is hydrogenation?
28. W hich of the following acids is used in lead storage
Long type questions :
batteries ?
1. Why is copper used for making electrical wires ?
(A) Nitric acid (B) Hydrochloric acid
2. Give reasons for the following -
(C) Sulphuric acid (D) None of these (i) Electrical wires cannot be made out of phosphorus.
29. Sulphur dioxide is - (ii) A saucepan cannot be made from sulphur.
(A) basic oxide (B) acidic oxide 3. Why immersion rods for heating liquids are made up of
(C) neutral oxide (D) None of these metallic substances ?
4. W hy metal are used in making aeroplanes, bridges,
30. 2P + X  P2S5. satellites etc. ?
In the above reaction X is - 5. What is malleability ?
(A) 5S (B) 3S 6. Write down the reactivity series of metals.
(C) 2S (D) S 7. Complete & balance the following reactions :
(i) Na (s) + O2 (g) 
EXERCISE–II (ii) Fe (s) + H2SO4 (aq) 

(iii) Zn(s) + Heat

H2O 
Very short type questions : 
1. How many non metals in periodic table ? (steam)
2. What is chemical formula of gypsum ? (iv) Cu(s) + Ag2SO4 (aq) 
3. What is composition of air ? 8. What are displacement reactions ?
4. What is chemical formula of marble ? 9. Ankit has a copper wire which he wounds around a
5. Which has maximum density among all element ? pencil. Now he dips the pencil in a test -tube half filled
6. Nature of metal oxide ? with silver nitrate solution. He now leaves the test-tube
7. What is colour of copper sulphate ? standing for an hour, without disturbing it. Answer the
8. Which is more reactive Zn or fe ? following questions :
9. What is chemical formula of sodium oxide ? (i) What will Ankit observe ?
10. What is colour of zinc suphate ? (ii) Name and define the reaction that is occurring in
11. Nature of non metal oxide? the experiment performed by Ankit.
12. Chemical formula of carbonic oxide? (iii) What is the position of copper in relation to silver in
13. Chemical formula of sodium hypophosphite? the activity series.
14. Which non metal is used for hydrogenation of vegetable (iv) What will happen if silver nitrate solution is replaced
oil ? by lead nitrate solution in this experiment ?
15. Which non metal is used in rat poisons? 10. Importance of reactivity series in displacement
reactions.?
Short type questions : 11. Give reasons for the following -
1. Name two metals which are both malleable and ductile. (a) Electrical wires cannot be made out of phosphorus.
2. Which property of metals makes them suitable for use (b) A saucepan cannot be made from sulphur.
in jewellery ?
12. Name the non-metal which can conduct electricity.
3. Reason of electrical and thermal conductivies of metal ?
4. Name the property of non-metal by which they break into 13. What happens when a non-metal reacts with water ?
pieces by a hammer.? 14. Name a non-metal whose compounds are used as
5. What is general colour of metal? fertilizers ?
6. Name the gas produced, when metals reacts 15. Complete the following reactions :
with acids.
(a) SO2 (g) + H2O () 
7. What are displacement reactions ?
8. No of electrons in outermost shell of metal ? (b) P4 (s) + 5O2 (g) 

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)" Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900 [25]
 ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE–I

1. B 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. B
8. B 9. C 10. C 11. C 12. C 13. A 14. A
15. B 16. D 17. D 18. D 19. A 20. D 21. D
22. B 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. D 27. A 28. C
29. B 30. A

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. "A-14(A)" Road No.1, Indraprastha Industrial Area, Kota (Raj.) DLP Help line. 7340042900 [26]