CHEMISTRY

COURSE : EDGE-VIII
(2017-18)

INDEX
1. SYNTHETIC FIBRES AND PLASTICS – 2-8

EXERCISE–I – 9-9

EXERCISE–II – 9-10

ANSWER KEY – 10

2. METALS AND NON-METALS – 11-23

EXERCISE–I – 24-25

EXERCISE–II – 25-25

ANSWER KEY – 26

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 SYNTHETIC FIBRES AND PLASTICS
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
In this section, we will study common synthetic
In order to fulfil his needs, man has been able to develop polymers-
new materials from the materials already existing. This (a) Fibres (b) Plastics
has become possible through the scientific knowledge
Plastics and synthetic fibres are categorized as a class
and development of technology that has been achieved
of substance known as polymers This is because they
over the years. Scarcity and drawbacks of traditional consist of many repeating molecular units or monomers.
natural materials has spurred development of new man
 Note :
made materials.
“poly” means many and “mer” means unit in Latin.
A polymer is a compound of high molecular mass
formed by combination of a large number of small FIBRES
molecules. In daily life we use different things like shirt, socks etc.
These things are made up of different kinds of fabrics
The small molecules which constitute the repeating
units in a polymer are called monomer units. The made of different types of fibres.
process by which monomers are transformed into a A thread or filament from which a cloth is made is called
polymer is called polymerization. a fibre.
Polymerisation
n (monomer) (monomer)n To begin with, here is a quick glance at some of the
Polymer terms and steps associated with fabrics.
where n is an integer.

(a) Types of Fibres :

 Note :
Fibres may be of three types -
All synthetic fibres are prepared from raw materials of
(i) Natural Fibres
petroleum origin called ‘petrochemicals’.
(ii) Synthetic fibres
(iii) Semi synthetic fibres (iii) Semi synthetic fibres :
Modified natural fibres are known as semi - synthetic
(i) Natural fibres :
fibres.
Fibres obtained from plants and animals are known as
Example : Rayon or Viscose.
natural fibres. Natural fibres are usually short fibres.
Example : Wool, cotton, silk (it can be obtained up to 1 SYNTHETIC CLOTHING MATERIALS
km length)
Most synthetic fabrics can be used as clothing material.
(ii) Synthetic fibres :
Nylon, rayon, polyester, acrylic and spandex are some
Fibres synthesized by human being are known as
synthetic fibres. Synthetic fibres are continuous filament commonly used synthetic clothing fabrics.
fibres.
Example : Nylon, Polyester, Acrylic, Spandex etc.

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 (a) Properties and Uses of Synthetic Clothing (B) Uses :
Materials : • Shirts, ties, linings etc. are made up of rayon fabric.
• It is used in home furnishing materials (bed sheets,
(i) Rayon :
curtains, table clothes, sofa covers etc.) and bandages.
Rayon is the first man-made (semi-synthetic) fibre. It is
composed of regenerated cellulose, a component of (ii) Nylon :
green plants. It can imitate the feel and the texture of It is the first fully synthetic fibre. It was prepared in 1931
silk, wool, cotton and linen. Rayon was first made in the using coal, water and air.
USA and later on its method of preparation was modified (A) Properties : Nylon is a high strength fibre. It is elastic
in Europe. The process of making it in Europe is known and so does not lose strength even after repeated use.
as viscose process. The rayon thus obtained is known It is one of the light synthetic fabrics. It is lustrous and
as viscose in Europe. easy to wash.

Preparation of Rayon : (B) Uses :

• It is used in making sarees, socks, stockings etc.
The raw material for the preparation of rayon is wood.
W ood is changed into wood pulp. The wood pulp is • It is blended with wool to increase the strength.
changed into a viscous solution, known as viscose, with • It is used for making tents, umbrellas, parachutes and
the help of chemicals. tarpaulins.
• Its fibers are used for making tooth brush bristles.
Cellulose + Sodium Alkali cellulose
hydroxide • Due to their high strength and elasticity, nylon threads
are used to make fishing nets, climbing ropes, seat
Alkali + Carbon Orange-coloured belts, sleeping bags and strings in badminton and
Cellulose disulphide suspension like tennis racquets.
small fragments
of beads  Note :
Orange- + Sodium Viscose solution Nylon is an acronym obtained from the name of the
coloured hydroxide cities Newyork (NY) and London (LON). Most common
suspension nylon is nylon-66. It’s monomer units are adipic acid
The viscose solution is then passed through the fine and hexamethylene diamine.
holes of a shower head of a spinneret into an acid bath. (iii) Polyester :
Finally, these cellulose filaments are spun into rayon
It is made of repeating units of a chemical called ester
yarn.
which has fruit like smell. Most polyester fabrics have
Viscose + Sulphuric Cellulose Yarn excellent wash and wear characteristics and therefore,
solution acid filament require minimum care.

(A) Properties :
Winding spool Viscose solution • It absorbs very little water and hence dry quickly after
Spinneret washing.
• It is a strong, lightweight and elastic fabric.
• It resists wrinkling and springs back into shape when
creased.

(B) Uses :
• Polyester fibres are widely used in textile industry for
making a variety of textiles such as sarees, dress
materials, curtains etc.

• Terrywool, a blend of Terylene (a type of polyester) and

wool, is used for making suits.
Sulphuric acid
• Terrycot , a blend of Terylene and cotton is commonly
used for making skirts, shirts and other dress materials.
• It is light weight and strong. This property makes it
Production of viscose rayon yarn suitable for making light weight sails.
(A) Properties : • Terylene is used for making conveyor belts as it is very
• It has tendency to absorb moisture. Because of its elastic.
tendency to absorb moisture, rayon can absorb sweat. • Polyester films (commonly known as mylar) are also
Therefore, it is generally preferred over other synthetic used for making magnetic recording tapes in audio
fabrics in summer. cassettes, video cassettes and floppy discs.

• It is shiny and lustrous and resembles to silk in

appearance. So, it is also called artificial silk.

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 Note : Natural and synthetic fibres have their own advantages
Terylene is also called Dacron or Mylar. and disadvantages. For example, natural fibres are
comfortable to wear as they retain moisture and breathe.
(iv) Acrylic : Acrylic fabric closely resembles to wool in
However, they are not very strong. Also, they shrink when
its properties.
washed and are readily attacked by moth.
(A) Properties : It is warm, soft, light and flexible fibre. Synthetic fibres are very strong, do not shrink and are
Acrylic yarn can be easily knitted. It is cheaper than natural resistant to moth attack, though they are not very
wool and is available in a variety of colours. comfortable to wear. Hence, the best fibres are obtained
 Note : by blending two types of fibres which combine the
advantages of both and are free from their
Acrylic fabrics are also known as ORLON or ACRILAN
fabrics. disadvantages.

(B) Uses : ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SYNTHETIC

• Acrylic fabric is used for making sweaters, socks and FABRICS
shawls.
Different properties of synthetic fabrics like moisture
• It is used for making carpets and blankets. absorbing capacity, tensile strength, elasticity etc. make
(v) Spandex : synthetic fabrics very advantageous but they need great
• These fabrics have excellent elasticity. The high care also.
elasticity of these fabrics make them suitable for use in
(a) Advantages :
clothes that require snug fitting, for example swimming
(i) Most synthetic fabrics can handle heavy loads
costumes.
without breaking : The ability to withstand loads is due
• Spandex is mixed with other fabrics, such as cotton, to to a property called tensile strength.
get stretch fabrics, which are used for making
T-shirts and caps (ii) Most synthetic fabrics are elastic : Elasticity
refers to the ability of a material to regain its original
Uses :
shape, after it has been stretched or compressed.
• It is used in the making of swimming costumes, caps,
T-shirts etc. (iii) Most synthetic fabrics do not wrinkle easily : If
 Note : wrinkled and released, they retain their original shape.
Spandex is also known as LYCRA . Hence, people find them convenient to wash and wear.
In addition to these properties, synthetic fibres drawn
(vi) Koroseal : from the spinneret can be made very fine and thin. Thus,
It has a trade name of high polymer of vinyl chloride. the texture of the synthetic fabrics produced is generally
Uses of Koroseal : soft.
Koroseal is water proof as well as air proof. It is used for
coating fabrics of silk, rayon or cotton to make them (iv) They are less expensive and readily available :
water proof. Water proof fabrics so obtained can be used Synthetic fibres are cheaper than natural fibre.
on rainy days or as bathroom curtains.
(b) Disadvantages :
(vii) Blended fibres : (i) Most synthetic fabrics can absorb very little moisture.
Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of They become sticky when the body sweat. On the other
blended fibres. More often, a synthetic fibre is mixed hand, most natural fabrics absorb moisture readily. As a
with a natural fibre. Two similar fibres, for example, both result when we sweat, the sweat is not trapped between
natural fibres, may also be mixed to form blended fabrics.
the fabric and the skin. It keeps on evaporating from the
A few examples of blended fibres are given in table 4.1
fabric and we feel that our skin can breathe.
below :
On the other hand, polythene and polypropylene are (ii) Most synthetic fabrics melt very easily thus they should
considered to be both macromolecules as well as not be worn while working in the kitchen and in laboratory.
polymers because they contain a large number of They require very careful ironing.
repeating structural units.
 Note :
Table : Examples of blended fibres :
Ropes made of nylon and polyester are commonly used
in cranes and elevators because of their high elasticity
Fibres Blended firbes
and tensile strength.
Polyester and cotton Polycot
Polyester and wool Terry wool
Cotton and wool Cotswool

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ACTIVITY TO STUDY THE STRUCTURE OF VARIOUS FIBRES

Materials required :
Fibres of various clothing materials, such as cotton, silk,
wool, rayon, nylon, polyester etc.

Procedure :
Place fibres on a glass slide and observe them with the
help of a magnifying glass (or a microscope). Record
your observations. Can you now explain, why certain
Structure of various fibres
clothes are smooth, whereas others are rough to touch?
ACTIVITY TO DETERMINE EFFECT OF FLAME ON DIFFERENT
Table : Observations :
KINDS OF FIBRES
Smooth/
Fibre Structure Materials required :
Rough to touch
 10 cm long fibre of (i) Cotton, (ii) Rayon, (iii) Wool, (iv)
Cotton Short, uneven, folded, porous Rough
Silk, (v) Nylon (vi) Polyester and (vii) Acrylic
Wool Short, uneven, folded, porous Rough  A spirit lamp or a candle
Silk Long, even, straight, fine Smooth  Fire–tongs

Nylon Long, even, straight, fine Smooth  A plate made of china clay or glass

Polyester Long, even, straight, fine Smooth Method :

Light the spirit lamp or the candle and place it on the
table. Next to it place a plate of china clay or glass. Hold
Conclusion : the cotton fibre in the fire–tongs and then hold it over the
The results show that flame, till it catches fire. Shift the burning fibre over china
clay plate and make observations till a small amount of
 Cotton and wool are rough because of uneven, folded
it is left. Drop this small burning fibre in the china plate.
and porous structure.
Repeat the activity with the fibres of other materials. Your
 Nylon, silk, polyester are smooth because of long, observations will be as listed under :
even, straight and fine structure.

EFFECTS OF FLAME ON DIFFERENT KINDS OF FIBRES

Fibre Obse rva tions
Cotton (i) Burns vigorously producing a large flam e.
1 (ii) The smell of burning fibre is like that of burning paper.
(iii) Very little ash or beady residue is formed.
Ra yon (i) Burns vigorously producing a large flam e.
2 (ii) The smell of burning fibre is like that of burning paper.
(iii) A hard black globular m ass is left behind as residue.
W ool (i) Burns poorly without any flame.
3 (ii) The smell of burning fibre is like that of burning hair.
(iii) The residue form s a kind of grey ball along the burning portion.

Silk (i) Burns poorly without any flame.

4 (ii) The smell of burning fibre is like that of burning hair.
(iii) The residue swells up to form black ash.
Nylon (i) It melts and burns with difficulty.
5 (ii) The fibre shrinks from flame, forming beady residue.
(iii) The smell of burning fibre is like that of burning hair.

6 Polye ste r Same as nylon, except that it produces black smoke.

Acrylic (i) It produces a sooty flame.
7 (ii) The fibre shrinks from flame forming black beads.

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ACTIVITY TO DETERMINE RELATIVE TENSILE STRENTH OF PLASTICS
DIFFERENT FIBRES OF SAME THICKNESS AND SAME
A plastic is a polymeric material which can be easily
LENGTH
moulded or set into any desired shape and size.
Activity :
Types of Plastics :
Take an iron stand with a clamp. Take a cotton thread of
about 60 cm length. Tie it to the clamp so that it hangs (I) All plastics do not have same type arrangement of
freely from it as shown in fig.. At the free end suspend a monomer units. On basis of structure they are classified
pan so that weight can be placed in it. Add weight one by as :
one till the thread breaks. Note down the total weight (i) Linear plastics : The monomer units are joined
together to form long straight chains of polymer
required to break the thread.
molecules.These chains are stacked over one another
to give a well packed structure.
Ex: HDPE, PVC, polythene ,etc.

(ii) Branched chain plastics : The monomer units not

only combine to produce the linear chain but also form
branches of different length along the main chain.
Ex : LDPE, etc.
(iii) Cross-linked or three dimensional network
plastics: The initially formed linear polymer chains are
joined together to form a three - dimensional network
structure. These polymers are hard and rigid.
Ex : Bakelite, melamine-formaldehyde etc.

An Iron stand with a thread

hanging from the clamp

This weight indicates the strength of the fibre. Repeat

(II) Different types of plastics may be classified as
the same activity with threads of wool, cotton, silk and
thermosetting plastics and thermoplastics on the basis
nylon. Tabulate the data as shown in Table. Arrange the
of their reaction to heat.
threads in order of their increasing strength.
(i) Thermoplastics : Thermoplastics can be melted by
Table : Observation
heating and there after moulded into desired shapes
Type of W e ight re quire d and sizes.These plastics soften on heating and become
S.No.
Thre a d/Fibre to bre a k the Thre a d fluids, but on cooling they become hard. These are
1. W ool Minimum capable of undergoing such reversible changes on
2. Cotton More than W ool heating and cooling repeatedly. Examples of
3. Silk More than Cotton thermoplastics are polyethene (polyethylene),
4. Nylon Maximum polyvinylchloride (PVC), polystyrene etc.

(ii) Thermosetting Plastics : Thermosetting plastics are

You may use a hook or a nail on the wall for hanging the harder and stronger than thermoplastics and can retain
fibres and a polythene bag at the other end. In place of their shape and size even at high temperature.These
weights you may use marbles (or pebbles) of similar polymers once set in a given shape on heating cannot
size. be softened or melted on being reheated. These
(Precaution : Note that all threads should be of the same polymers undergo a permanent change upon melting
length and almost of the same thickness.) and set to a solid which cannot be remelted. For example
bakelite, melamine.

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 (A) Melamine : Melamine is a thermosetting polymer. It made of plastic are used for storing water and plastic
is hard and a high polish polymer. Melamine is used for tumblers and cups for drinking water.
making unbreakable dinner-ware, and decorative (iv) Effect of Flame : Plastic polybags melting on
objects. accidentally coming in contact with a hot pan. This
(B) Bakelite : Bakelite is also a thermosetting polymer. happens because plastics are inflammable.
Once set into a shape, bakelite does not melt/soften (v) Non - reactivity : Plastics do not react with air and
and retains its shape. Bakelite is obtained by reacting water. Unlike metals they are not corroded and thus are
phenol with formaldehyde in the presence of a catalyst. used as storage containers in which a variety of
Properties : materials, including chemicals, can be stored.
(i) Bakelite is hard and stiff. (ii) Bakelite is an insulator. (vi) Plastics are light, strong, durable and can be
Uses : moulded in any desired shape and size.
Bakelite is used :
GENERAL CHARACTERSTICS OF SYNTHETIC
(i) for making electrical switches and plugs.
PLASTICS/FIBRES
(ii) for making gear wheels and table top laminates.
The synthetic plastics can be easily moulded. Following
(iii) for making combs, fountain pen bodies, phonograph
are the characteristics of plastics :
records.
1. Chemical resistance : Synthetic plastics are hardly
 Note : affected by strong chemicals such as acids and alkalis.
Bakelite, the first completely synthetic substance, is a Contrary to it, all natural fibres such as cotton, wool, jute,
thermosetting plastic. It was created by Leo Baekeland silk, wood cellulose, etc. are affected by acids and alkalis.
in 1907. 2. Light weight : Synthetic plastic materials weigh far
General Properties of Plastics : less as compared to natural fibres materials, such as
Although different types of plastics differ in some physical wool, jute, etc.
and chemical properties, the following properties are
3. Toughness or Tensile strength : Synthetic plastics
common to most of them-
can withstand lot of force without getting broken. For
(i) Thermal Conductivity :‘Thermal’ means ‘heat’.
example, a thread of synthetic plastic can withstand a
Plastics (like bakelite etc.) are poor conductors of heat.
lot of weight as compared to a thread of cotton of same
This is why they are used -
thickness.
(A) for making handles of cooking containers.
4. Insulation : Synthetic plastic materials are far better
(B) in refrigerators (as plastic foam core) to prevent with respect to heat and electrical insulation. It is for the
heat from outside to enter inside. same reason that electric wires are covered with plastic
(C) in the thermal innerwear that people wear in extreme insulation rather than cotton or silk insulation.
winters. 5. Appearance : Synthetic plastic material can be made
(D) for making containers and films used in microwaves as transparent as glass. Furthermore, they can be used
ovens. for making large variety of household products.
(ii) Electrical Conductivity : Plastics are poor conductors Uses of Plastics :
of electricity. This explains why they are used as covering Plastics can be recycled, reused, coloured, melted,
materials in electrical appliances, cords, electrical rolled into thin sheets or made into wires. Thus, they
outlets and wiring. find a variety of uses, some of which are listed below:
(iii) Solubility in Water : Plastics are insoluble in water
and for this reason bottles, buckets and containers

Monomer Plastic (Polymers) Uses

PET (Poly Ethylene Containers for microwave cooking, carbonated
Ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid
pterephthalate) beverage bottles and other food containers.
For packaging strong and corrosive household and
HDPE (High Density
Ethylene or Ethene (C2H4) industrial chemicals like bleaches, acids and liquid
PolyEthylene)
detergents.
Vinyl Chloride (CH2=CH-Cl) PVC (PolyVinyl Chloride) PVC pipes for sanitary fittings (such as water pipes).
LDPE (Low Density Polybags, grocery bags and packages of frozen foods and
Ethylene or Ethene (C2H4)
PolyEthylene) bread.
Ketchup bottles, yoghurt containers, medicine bottles,
Propylene or Propene (CH2=CH-CH3) PP (PolyPropylene)
automobile battery casings.
Thermocol, a form of PS, is used for making disposable
Styrene or Vinyl benzene (CH2=CH-C6H5) PS (Polystyrene) cups and packaging material for fragile items like
computers and televisions.

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 Teflon : as toxic substances present in plastics can cause death
or reproductive failure in fish and other aquatic animals.
Teflon is the brand name of polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE). It’s monomer unit is tetrafluoro ethylene (iv) When plastics are burned, they produce toxic gases
(CF2 = CF2) Teflon coatings are widely used in nonstick and smoke that cause air pollution.
cooking pans and other cookwares. Teflon does not stick (v) The polybags carelessly thrown here and there are
to materials easily and has a high melting point which responsible for the deaths of many animals, especially
makes it effective for the use in pans for easy cooking cows. The animals, in the process of eating food waste,
and cleaning.Teflon is a type of plastic discovered by US swallow materials like plastic bags and wrappers of
food which choke their respiratory system or form a lining
based company DuPont in 1938.
in their stomach leading to their death.
 Note :
Although synthetic plastic catch fire easily, yet there are Solutions of Problems Associated with Plastic
some fire-proof synthetic plastic, like melamine, which disposal :
are used to coat the uniforms of firemen to make them W e can use two methods to reduce the hazards
fire resistant. associated with the disposal of plastic waste.
Types of Wastes : (i) Reducing the usage of plastics.
Waste materials are of two types : Avoid the use of plastics as far as possible. Make use of
(i) Biodegradable bags made of cotton or jute when you go for shopping.
(ii) Non - biodegradable
The biodegradable and non–biodegradable wastes
(i) Biodegradable wastes : should be collected separately and disposed off
Waste materials which can be decomposed into simpler separately.
and less harmful substances through natural
processes, like action of micro - organisms are called (ii) Recycling of plastics.
biodegradable wastes. Different biodegradable wastes Recycling of plastic involves collecting, sorting and
take different time to degenerate. Some examples of processing plastic waste with an aim to reuse the
biodegradable wastes with the approximate time taken
material in manufacturing other products.
by them to degenerate are given below :
(A) Cotton cloth - 2 to 5 months e.g. Polyester soft drink bottles could be melted down
(B) Woollen clothes - about an year and the resulting molten material could be spun into
(C) Kitchen wastes - 1 to 2 weeks fibres.
(D) Paper - 10 to 30 days Two types of bins are made available by the municipality
(E) Wood - 10 to 15 years
- a green bin and a blue bin to aid recycling of plastic
(ii) Non - biodegradable wastes : garbage. Biodegradable wastes such as food items
W aste materials which are not easily decomposed by should be thrown into the green bin. Recyclable wastes
natural resources are called non - biodegradable such as plastic and glass, which cannot be degraded
wastes.
by microorganisms should be thrown into the blue bin.
e.g. Metal cans like those of tin, aluminium etc. take
about 100 to 500 years to degenerate,  Note :
plastic bags take several years to degenerate.
(i) 4 R principle : As a responsible citizen remember the
Problems Associated with Plastic Disposal : 4 R principle. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover.
Despite of the many different uses of plastics, there are Develop habits which are environment friendly.
environmental and health hazards associated with their
disposal. This is because plastics are non- (i) Scientists all over the world are trying to produce
biodegradable, i.e. they cannot be decomposed by micro- biodegradable (decomposed by micro-organisms) and
organism. Accumulation of plastics is considered a photodegradable (decomposes in the presence of
serious problem because most of the methods used to sunlight) plastics. Some example of biodegradable
dispose them result in some type of pollution to the
plastic are starch based biopolymer,
environment.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates ( PHA’s) like Poly-3-hydroxy
For e.g. butyrate (PHB)
(i) If plastics are buried in soil, they cannot be
decomposed by micro-organisms. This prevents rain (ii) To identify what type of plastic a particular product
water from seeping into earth. The water thus remains belongs to, numbers have been allotted to the different
on the earth’s surface, forming muddy puddles. This types of plastics. The principle followed is, the smaller
also affects the plants growing in the area as they do not the number, the easier it is to recycle.
get enough water from the soil.
(ii) Plastic wastes may end up in littering roadsides,
floating in lakes and streams and collecting in ugly
dumps. These provide homes for many disease -
causing germs and animals.
(iii) W hen wastes are dumped in water, they result in
water pollution. They also pose a threat to aquatic life,
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 EXERCISE– I 13. W hich of the following is used in automobile battery
1. Which of the following is a natural fabric? casings?
(A) Polyethylene (B) PVC (A) HDPE (B) PP
(C) Nylon (D) Wool (C) PVC (D) Polyester

14. Which out of the following is used for making disposable

2. .................. is an example of synthetic fibre.
cups?
(A) Wool (B) Cotton
(C) Polyester (D) Silk (A) LDPE (B) PS
(C) PP (D) PVC
3. Which of the following fibres is also known as artificial
15. Which of the following plastic is a thermosetting plastic ?
silk ?
(A) PVC (B) Polystyrene
(A) Nylon (B) Rayon
(C) Polyester (D) Spandex (C) Polyethylene (D) Bakelite

16. Non-stick cookwares have the coating of-

4. Which of the following is not a polyester fabric ?
(A) PET (B) teflon
(A) Terylene (B) Styrene
(C) acrylic (D) melamine
(C) Terrycot (D) Terrywool
17.  PVC (Poly vinyl chloride) and Polythene are -
5. Which of the following fabrics closely resembles to wool
(A) thermosetting plastics (B) thermoplastics
in its properties ?
(A) Orlon (B) Acrilan (C) natural fibres (D) synthetic fibres
(C) Acrylic (D) All of these
18.  Uniform of fireman is coated with -
6.  Plastics and synthetic fibres are made of large units (A) teflon (B) rayon
called as - (C) PVC (D) melamine
(A) nylon. (B) rayon.
(C) monomers. (D) polymers. 19.  The property due to which plastic is found in all shapes
that it is -
7.  The fibre which is used as a substitute of wool is-
(A) rayon (B) nylon. (A) reusable (B) recyclable
(C) acrylic (D) polyester. (C) mouldable (D) stretchable

8.  Polycot is made by blending polyester with 20.  The  material  suitable  to  make  buckets  is  -
(A) wool (B) terylene. (A) iron (B) brass
(C) rayon (D) cotton.
(C) wood (D) plastic
9.  The fibre obtained from plant is -
(A) silk (B) wool. EXERCISE– I I
(C) cotton (D) nylon.
1. Give two examples each of natural and synthetic fabrics.
10.  The synthetic fibre that burns with a smell of burning
2. W hat are the sources of raw materials for synthetic
paper is - fabrics ?
(A) acrylic (B) polyester.
(C) nylon (D) rayon. 3. Why is rayon called artificial silk ?
11. Which of the following plastics is used in the making of 4. Name the man made fibre made of wood pulp.
thermocol ? 5. What are the different steps involved in the process of
(A) Polyethylene fabric formation from petroleum products ?
(B) High density polyethylene 6. Give two clothing-related applications of each of the
(C) Polypropylene following :
(i) Nylon (ii) Polyester (iii) Acrylic.
(D) Polystyrene
7. W hy are ropes made of nylon used in cranes and
12. To identify the type of plastic a specific number is allotted elevators ?
to plastic products. This number represent - 8. Discuss the limitations associated with synthetic
(A) durability of plastic product fabrics.
(B) electrical conductivity of plastic product 9. List two uses of each of the following fabrics in
(C) thermal resistance of plastic product applications other than clothing:
(i) Nylon (ii) Polyester (iii) Acrylic.
(D) recycling of plastic product

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10. A strand of wool burns with the odour of burning hair 16. What do the following stand for:
while that of cotton burns with the odour of burning paper.
PP, HDPE, PS and PVC ?
Why ?
List two uses of each.
11. Who discovered bakelite ?
17. Discuss the problems associated with plastic disposal.
12. Write the brand name of polytetrafluoroethylene.
18. Write general properties of plastics.
13. Why teflon is used in making non-stick cooking pans ?
19. W hat is the solution of the problems associated with
14. Why is it dangerous to leave plastic bags near a burning plastic disposal ?
gas stove ?
20. W rite differences between thermoplastic and
15. Give reasons why : thermosetting plastic.
(a) refrigerators and freezers have a plastic foam core ?
21. Explain the statement “Plastics are non-corrosive”.
(b) electrical wires have a plastic covering ?
(c) cooking pans have plastic handles ?

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE–I

1. D 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. C
8. D 9. C 10. D 11. D 12. D 13. B 14. B
15. D 16. B 17. B 18. D 19. C 20. D

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