Physics

Unit IV
Unit IV
Power Supply and Measuring Instruments
Basic building blocks of regulated power supply, Series and shunt voltage regulator
using Transistor
Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) – Basic DC voltmeter and DC ammeter
Oscilloscope: Block diagram – Measurement of voltage, current, phase and

frequency using CRO – Digital Storage Oscilloscope: Block diagram
Basic building blocks of
Regulated Power Supply
(RPS)
Need for Power Supplies
There are many small sections present in the electronic devices such as Computer,
Television, Cathode ray Oscilloscope etc. but all of those sections doesn’t need 230V AC
supply which we get.
Instead one or more sections may need a 12v DC while some others may need a 30v DC.
In order to provide the required dc voltages, the incoming 230v AC supply has to be
converted into pure DC for the usage.
The Power supply units serve the same purpose.
What is a Regulated Power Supply?
A regulated power supply converts unregulated AC (Alternating Current) to a constant

DC (Direct Current). A regulated power supply is used to ensure that the output remains
constant even if the input changes.
A regulated DC power supply is also known as a linear power supply, it is an embedded

circuit and consists of various blocks.
Block Diagram of a Power Supply Unit
The regulated power supply will accept an AC input and give a constant DC output.
The figure below shows the block diagram of a typical regulated DC power supply.
Step down Transformer
A step down transformer will step down the voltage from the ac mains to the required voltage level.
The output of the transformer is given as an input to the rectifier circuit.
Rectification
Rectifier is an electronic circuit consisting of diodes which carries out the rectification process.
Rectification is the process of converting an alternating voltage or current into corresponding direct
(DC) quantity.
The input to a rectifier is AC whereas its output is unidirectional pulsating DC.
Although a half wave rectifier could technically be used, its power losses are significant compared
to a full wave rectifier.
As such, a full wave rectifier or a bridge rectifier is used to rectify both the half cycles of the ac
supply (full wave rectification).
DC Filtration
The rectified voltage from the rectifier is a pulsating DC voltage having very high ripple
content.
But this is not we want, we want a pure ripple free DC waveform. Hence a filter is used.
Different types of filters are used such as capacitor filter, LC filter, Choke input filter, π type
filter.
Regulation
This is the last block in a regulated DC power supply.
The output voltage or current will change or fluctuate when there is a change in the input
from ac mains or due to change in load current at the output of the regulated power supply
or due to other factors like temperature changes.
This problem can be eliminated by using a regulator.
A regulator will maintain the output constant even when changes at the input or any other
changes occur.
Transistor series regulator, Fixed and variable IC regulators or a zener diode operated in
the zener region can be used depending on their applications.
Need for regulated power supply
An ordinary or unregulated d.c. power supply contains a rectifier and a filter circuit as
shown in fig.
The output from the rectifier is pulsating d.c.
These pulsations are due to the presence of a.c. component in the rectifier output.
The filter circuit removes the a.c. component so that steady d.c. voltage is obtained
across the load.
Limitations of ordinary power supply (Draw Backs)
1. The d.c. output voltage changes directly with input a.c. voltage
2. The d.c. output voltage decreases as the load current increases. This is due to voltage
drop in (a) transformer windings (b) rectifier and (c) filter circuit
These variations in d.c. output voltage may cause inaccurate or erratic operation or even
mal-functioning of many electronic circuits.
Therefore , ordinary power supply is unsuited for many electronic applications and is
being replaced by regulated power supply
Regulated Power Supply
A DC Power Supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of AC
mains fluctuations or load variations is known as regulated DC power supply.
A regulated power supply consists of an ordinary power supply and voltage regulating
device. Fig shows the block diagram of a regulated power supply.
The output of ordinary power supply is fed to the voltage regulator which produces the
final output.
The output voltage remains constant whether the load current changed or there are
fluctuations in the input AC voltage.
Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage of a preset

magnitude that remains constant regardless of changes to its input
voltage or load conditions
A voltage regulator is a combination of elements designed to

ensure that the output voltage of the supply remains constant
Types of Regulator
Line regulation
Line regulation is defined in percentage and percentage per volt (%/V).
To define Line regulation in percentage, it is the ratio of change in output voltage to

change in the input line
Line voltage can be explained in percentage per volt (%/V)

Load regulation/Voltage regulation
load regulation can be defined as the percentage change in output voltage for a given
change in load current or load resistance
It is also expressed as a percentage change in output voltage [from no-load (NL) to

full-load(FL)] for the full-load voltage
For good power supply load regulation should be less

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Unit IV

Power Supply and Measuring Instruments

Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) – Basic DC voltmeter and DC ammeter

Oscilloscope: Block diagram – Measurement of voltage, current, phase and

The Power supply units serve the same purpose.

What is a Regulated Power Supply?

A regulated power supply converts unregulated AC (Alternating Current) to a constant

A regulated DC power supply is also known as a linear power supply, it is an embedded

The output of the transformer is given as an input to the rectifier circuit.

The input to a rectifier is AC whereas its output is unidirectional pulsating DC.

This problem can be eliminated by using a regulator.

The output from the rectifier is pulsating d.c.

A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage of a preset

A voltage regulator is a combination of elements designed to

Line regulation is defined in percentage and percentage per volt (%/V).

To define Line regulation in percentage, it is the ratio of change in output voltage to

Line voltage can be explained in percentage per volt (%/V)

It is also expressed as a percentage change in output voltage [from no-load (NL) to

For good power supply load regulation should be less

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