1

Unit I
Topic: Linear System of Equations
Definitions and examples of different types of matrices:
Matrix: A system of mn elements arranged in the form of an ordered set of m
rows, each row consisting of an ordered set of n members between [ ] or ( ) is
called a matrix of order or type 𝑚 × 𝑛. Thus, we write a matrix
𝑎11 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
𝐴=[ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ]
𝑎𝑚1 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛
Simply 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛

Diagonal matrix: A square matrix whose elements except those in leading

diagonal are zero is called “diagonal matrix”.
If 𝑑1 𝑑2 .. 𝑑𝑛 are diagonal elements of a diagonal matrix A, then A is
written as 𝐴 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔(𝑑1 𝑑2 .. 𝑑𝑛 ).
−1 0 0
Ex: 𝐴 = 𝑑 (−1,8,2) then 𝐴 = [ 0 8 0]
0 0 2

Scalar matrix: A diagonal matrix whose leading diagonal elements are equal is
called a scalar matrix.
−2 0 0
Ex: 𝐴 = [ 0 −2 0 ]
0 0 −2

Triangular matrix: A square matrix whose elements below the leading

diagonal are zero is called an “upper triangular matrix”. A square matrix all of
whose elements above the leading diagonal are zero is called a “lower triangular
matrix”.
1 2 3 0 7 0 0 0
0 4 2 1  5 6 0 0 
Ex:  is an upper triangular matrix and  is a lower
0 0 6 2  4 1 5 0
   
0 0 0 8 2 3 1 5
triangular matrix.

Idempotent: If A is a square matrix such that𝐴2 = 𝐴, then A is called an

Idempotent.

Nilpotent: If A is a square matrix such that𝐴𝑚 = 0, where m is a positive

integer, then A is called ‘Nilpotent’. If m is least positive integer such that𝐴𝑚 =
0, then A is called ‘Nilpotent of index m’.

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Involuntary: If A is a square matrix such that 𝐴 = 𝐼, then A is called an
Involuntary.
Symmetric matrix: A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]is said to be symmetric matrix if
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 ∀𝑖, 𝑗.

Skew-symmetric matrix: A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]is said to be symmetric

matrix if
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖 ∀𝑖, 𝑗
i.e.𝑎𝑖𝑖 = −𝑎𝑖𝑖 ∀𝑖, 𝑗
2𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0
𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0 ∀𝑖
Thus, every diagonal element of a skew-symmetric is necessarily zero.
0 1 −2
Ex: 𝐴 = [−1 0 1]
2 −1 0

Orthogonal matrix: A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal if𝐴𝐴𝑇 =

𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼, that is 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴−1 .
Note:
1) Every square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and skew
symmetric matrices in one and only one way.
2) If A, B are orthogonal matrices, each of order n then AB and BA are
orthogonal matrix.
3) The inverse of an orthogonal matrix is orthogonal and its transpose is also
orthogonal.

Conjugate of a matrix: The matrix obtained from any given matrix A, on

replacing its elements by the corresponding conjugate complex numbers is
called the conjugate of A and it is denoted by 𝐴̅ .
2 3𝑖 2 − 5𝑖 2 −3𝑖 2 + 5𝑖
Ex: If 𝐴 = [ ] then 𝐴̅ = [ ]
1 𝑖 6𝑖 1 −𝑖 −6𝑖

Transpose of conjugate of a square matrix: If A is a square matrix and its

conjugate is 𝐴̅, then the transpose of 𝐴̅ is (𝐴̅)𝑇 .
̅̅̅̅
It can be easily seen that (𝐴̅)𝑇 = (𝐴 𝑇 ) that is the transpose of the conjugate of a

square matrix is same as the conjugate of its transpose.

The transposed conjugate of A is denoted by 𝐴𝜃 .
𝐴𝜃 = (𝐴̅)𝑇

Sub matrix of a matrix: A matrix obtained by deleting some rows or columns

or both of a given matrix is called it Sub matrix.
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1 5 6
1 5 6 1 5
Ex: [ ] is a sub matrix of 𝐴 = [8 9 10] and [ ] is a square
8 9 10 8 9
3 4 5
1 5 6
sub matrix of 𝐴 = [8 9 10]
3 4 5
Rank of a matrix: Let A be a 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix. If A is null matrix, we define its
rank to be zero.
If A is a non-zero matrix, then a positive integer r is said to be rank of A, if
1) There is at least one square sub matrix of A of order r. where determinant
is not equal to zero.
2) If there is any square sub matrix of order 𝑟 + 1, then the determinant of
each such square sub matrix must be zero.
Thus the rank of a non-zero matrix is the order of the highest order non-zero
minor of A.
The rank of A is denoted by (𝐴)
Note:
1) Every matrix will have a rank.
2) Rank of a matrix is unique.
3) If A is a matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛, then 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ min{𝑚, 𝑛}.
4) If 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝑟 then every minor of A of order 𝑟 + 1 or more is zero.
5) If A is a non-singular matrix of order n, then (𝐴) = 𝑛 .
6) If A is a singular matrix of order n, then (𝐴) < 𝑛 .

Elementary Transformation (operations) on a matrix:

1) Interchange of two rows. If i th row and j th row are interchanged, it is
denoted by R i ↔ R j
2) Multiplication of each element of a row (column) with a non-zero scalar
i.e. R i → kR i (Ci − kC1 )
3) Multiplying every element of a row (column) with a non-zero scalar and
adding to the corresponding elements of another row (column) i.e.
R1 → R i + kR j (Ci → Ci + kCj )

Echelon Form of a matrix: A matrix is said to be in Echelon form if it has

following properties
1) Zero rows, if any, are below any non-zero row.
2) The first non-zero entry in each non-zero row is equal to 1.
3) The number of zeros before the 1st non-zero element in a row is less than
the number of such zeros in the next row.
Important Result: (1) The number of non-zero rows in an echelon form of A is
rank of A.
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(2) Rank of the transpose of a matrix is the same as that of the original matrix.
Note: Rank of a product of two matrices cannot exceed the rank of either
matrix
i.e. 𝜌(𝐴𝐵 ) ≤ 𝜌(𝐴) 𝑜𝑟 𝜌(𝐵 ).
Day 1
Class work:
1. Definition of a Rank of a matrix
2. Reduction of a matrix to echelon form (Procedure)
3. Examples
1 1 2 1
1 1 1  2 1 3 2 0 2
  3 4   
 i  A   2 2 5   ii  B    iii  C   4 0 2 1 
3 4 2 0  1 1 1 1
 3 3 5    
 4 1 1 0
Homework:
1. Find 𝐴 + 𝐵, 𝐴 − 𝐵, 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐴, det 𝐴, det(𝐴𝐵)
 1 1 3   1 1 4 
   
2. A   2 0 5  and B   2 5 5  .
 3 2 1  3 2 1
   
3. Define the rank of the matrix and find the rank of the following matrix
2 1 3 5
4 2 1 3 

8 4 7 13 
 
8 4 3 1
1 2 0 1
2 1 1 0 
4. Find the rank of the matrix  .
3 3 1 1
 
 1 1 1 1
 0 2 3 1 0 
 
5. Find the rank of the matrix  3 2 5 1 5
 4 5 5 3 1 
 
 0 2 3 1 0 
𝑇  
6. Find the rank of the matrices 𝐴 and𝐴 , where A   3 2 5 1 5
 4 5 5 3 1 
 
4 4 3 1 
1 1 1 0 
7. For what value of k the matrix  has rank 3.
k 2 2 2
 
9 9 k 3
JNTUK Previous Examination Questions:

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1 2 3 0
 
1. Reduce the matrix into echelon 2 4 3 2
from and hence find its rank
3 2 1 3
 
6 8 7 5
 1 2 1 
 
2. Reduce the matrix  2 1 1 into echelon from and hence find its rank
3 2 1
 
Dec-16
 2 3 1 1 
 
3. Find the rank of  1 1 2 4 
after reducing it to echelon form Dec’16
3 1 3 2 
 
6 3 0 7 
 1 3 3 1 
 
 1 1 1 0 
4. Reduce the matrix to echelon form and find its rank. Ans:4
 2 5 2 3 
 
 1 1 0 1 
June’11(set-4)
Day 2
Topic to be covered: Problems on rank of a matrix
Class Work:
1 2 0 1
2 1 1 0 
1. Find the rank of the matrix A if A  
T
.
3 3 1 1
 
 1 1 1 1
1 2 3   4 5 5
   
2. Find the rank of the matrix A  B if A  1 0 2  and B   6 6 2 
1 1 3   1 1 5 
   
1 2 3   4 5 5
   
3. Find the rank of the matrix AB if A  1 0 2  and B   6 6 2 
1 1 3   1 1 5 
   
4 4 3 1 
1 1 1 0 
4. For what value of k the matrix  has rank 3.
k 2 2 2
 
9 9 k 3
Homework:
1 2 1
1. Find the rank of the matrix by reducing it to echelon form  2 3 0  .
2 3 1
 

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0 1 3 1
 
0 0 1 1
2. Find the rank of the matrix by reducing it to echelon form  .
3 1 0 2
 
1 1 2 0 
 1 2 3 2 
3. Find the rank of the matrix by reducing it to echelon form  2 2 1 3  .
3 0 4 1 
 
4. Find the rank of the matrix by reducing it to echelon form
 2 4 3 1 0
 
 1 2 1 4 2
 0 1 1 3 1
 
 4 7 4 4 5
JNTU Previous Examination Questions:
1. Define the rank of the matrix and find the rank of the given matrix
2 1 3 5
 
4 2 1 3
Ans: 2: JNTU May’05S, 05, 06S (set2), Sep-08,
8 4 7 13 
 
8 4 3 1
July’11(Set2)
 1 4 3 2 1 
 
2. Find the rank of  2 3 1 4 3  Ans:2, [June-09,July-11,May11 Set 3]
 1 6 7 2 9 
 
 3 3 6 6 12 
 1 2 1 8 
 
3. Find the rank of  2 1 1 0  Ans: 3; [June-09, May 10]
 3 2 1 7
 
Day 3
Normal Form: Every 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix of rank r can be reduced to the form
𝐼 𝐼 0
𝐼𝑟, [𝐼𝑟 0], [ 𝑟 ] 𝑜𝑟 [ 𝑟 ] by a finite chain of elementary row or column
0 0 0
operations, where 𝐼𝑟 is the r-rowed unit matrix.
The above form is called “Normal Form” or “Canonical Form” of a matrix.
Class work:
 1 2 1 
1. Find the rank of the matrix by reducing it to normal form  5 3 0  .
3 0 1
 
0 1 3 1
 
0 0 0 1
2. Find the rank of the matrix by reducing it to normal form  .
0 1 0 2
 
1 1 2 0 

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 1 2 3 2 
3. Find the rank of the matrix by reducing it to normal form  2 2 1 3  .
3 0 0 1
 
Homework:
1 2 1
1. Find the rank of the matrix by reducing it to normal form  2 3 0  .
2 3 1
 
 0 1 3 1
 
 0 0 1 1
2. Find the rank of the matrix by reducing it to normal form .
3 1 0 2 
 
 1 1 2 0 
 1 2 3 2 
3. Find the rank of the matrix by reducing it to normal form  2 2 1 3  .
3 0 4 1 
 
4. Find the rank of the matrix by reducing it to normal form
 2 4 3 1 0
 
 1 2 1 4 2
r 3
 0 1 1 3 1
 
 4 7 4 4 5

JNTU Previous Examination Questions:

 0 1 2 2 
 
1. Reduce the matrix  4 0 2 6  to normal form and hence find the rank.
2 1 3 1 
 
JNTU’06, 06S, 07S(set1)
 2 2 0 6
 
2. Find the rank of the matrix 4 2 0 2
by reducing it into canonical form.
 1 1 0 3
 
 1 2 1 2
JNTUK 2006(set3), sup2008, july2011(set-3) Ans:3
3. Reduce the matrix A to the normal form and hence find its rank,
2 1 3 4
 
0 3 4 1
A
2 3 7 5
 
2 5 11 6
JNTU2003, Dec-2011(Set-1) Ans: 3
 2 3 1 1 
 
4. By reducing the matrix,  1 1 2 4 
into normal form, find its rank.
3 1 3 2 
 
6 3 0 7 
Ans: 3 [JNTU2005, june-2011, May2012]
Day 4
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PAQ Form
Class Work:
1. Determine the non-singular matrix P and Q such that PAQ is in the normal
form for A. Hence, find the rank of the matrix A.
2 4 2 
A  1 2 1
0 1 1 
2. Determine the non-singular matrix P and Q such that PAQ is in the normal
form for A. Hence find the rank of the matrix A
 3 5 2 1 
 
A   3 1 1 1 
 1 0 4 2 
 
3. Determine the non-singular matrix P and Q such that PAQ is in the normal
 1 2 3 
 
 1 1 1
form for A. Hence find the rank of the matrix A, A 
0 0 2
 
 1 3 1

Homework:
1. Determine the non-singular matrix P and Q such that PAQ is in the normal
form for A. Hence, find the rank of the matrix A.
1 1 2 
A  1 2 3 
0 1 1
2. Determine the non-singular matrix P and Q such that PAQ is in the normal
form for A. Hence find the rank of the matrix A
2 5 2 1
 
A   1 6 1 1
 1 0 5 2 
 
3. Determine the non-singular matrix P and Q such that PAQ is in the normal
1 2 4
 
2 2 1
form for A. Hence find the rank of the matrix A, A  
0 0 2
 
 1 3 1 
JNTUK Previous Examination Questions:
1. Find the nonsingular matrices P and Q such that the normal form of
1 3 6 1
 
𝐴is𝑃𝐴𝑄, where A  1 4 5 1  hence find its rank.
1 5 4 3 
 

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2. Find the two nonsingular matrices 𝑃 and 𝑄 such that 𝑃𝐴𝑄 is in normal
 2 1 3
form hence find the rank of 𝐴 where A  1 1 1
1 1 1
3. Determine the nonsingular matrices 𝑃 and 𝑄 such that 𝑃𝐴𝑄 is in the
normal for𝐴. Hence, find the rank of the matrix 𝐴. JNTUK 2003(set-4),
2005S(set-2)
 1 2 3 2 
 
A   2 2 1 3 
3 0 4 1 
 
Day 5
The inverse of a matrix by elementary transformations:
Suppose 𝐴is non-singular square matrix of order 𝑛, we write 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 𝐴,
Now apply the elementary row operations only to matrix 𝐴 and prefactor 𝐼𝑛 of
right hand side. We will do this until we set an equation of the form 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐵𝐴 ,
then the required inverse of 𝐴 is 𝐵.
Note: to find the inverse of the matrix using column operations only we proceed
as follows we write = 𝐴𝐼𝑛 , now we go on applying column operation only to the
matrix 𝐴 in the LHS and the same operations on the post factor matrix 𝐼𝑛 in RHS
until we reach the result
𝐼𝑛 = 𝐴𝐵. where𝐵is the required inverse𝐴.
Class work:
 1 0 1
1. Find the inverse of the matrix, A   2 1 0  .
 0 1 1 
2. Find the inverse of the matrix A usingelementary operations.
0 1 2 2
1 1 2 3 
A
2 2 2 3
 
2 3 3 3
Homework:
 1 0 1
1. Find the inverse of the matrix, A  2 1 0 .
 0 1 1 
2. Find the inverse of the matrix A usingelementary operations.
4 0 0 1
1 3 1 1
A
0 0 0 2
 
2 4 2 3
JNTUK Previous Examination Questions:

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0 1 2 2
1 1 2 3 
1. Compute the inverse of the matrix A by using elementary
2 2 2 3
 
2 3 3 3
operations. JNTU 2004S(Set-3) Mar-2005
1 6 4 
2. Find the inverse of the matrix A  0 2 3  by using elementary row
0 1 2 
operations
Day 6
System of linear simultaneous equations
Definition: System of homogeneous linear equations
Let us consider above system of equations
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0
. . .
. . .
. . .
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0
As equation (1) it is called a system of homogeneous linear equations in n
unknowns 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 . The system (1) can be expressed in the matrix form as
AX=O
𝑎11 𝑎12 … … 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥1 0
𝑎21 𝑎22 … … 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥2 0
Where𝐴 = ( ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ), 𝑋 = ( ⋮ ) and 𝑂 = ( )
⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 … … 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 0
The matrix 𝐴 is called coefficient matrix of system of equations (1).If 𝑥1 =𝑥2 =
𝑥3 = ⋯ = 𝑥𝑛 = 0 is solution of (1) then solution called trivial solution or zero
solution
Note: Homogeneous system is always consistent that is it has trivial solution
always.
Theorem: the number of linearly independent solutions of a system 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂
is 𝑛 − 𝑟 where 𝑛 is number of unknowns and 𝑟 is rank of 𝐴.
Note:
1) If 𝐴 is non-singular matrix then the system 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 has only zero solution
2) If 𝐴 is singular matrix then the system 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 has non-zero solution

Nature of solution:
Let 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 be a system of m homogeneous linear equation in n unknowns and
𝑟 be the rank of 𝐴 then
Case1: if 𝑟 = 𝑛 then system 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 has only one solution that is zero solution
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Case2: if 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛 in this case the system will have n-r linearly independent
solutions. Since the linear combination of linearly independent solution is again
solution. Thus, in this case the system will have infinitely many non-zero
solutions.
Class work
1. Solve the system x  2 y  3z  0;3x  4 y  4 z  0;7 x  10 y  12 z  0
2. Solve the system 2 x  2 y  5 z  3w  0; 4 x  y  z  w  0;3x  2 y  3z  4w  0;
x  3 y  7 z  6w  0
Homework: Solving the System of Homogeneous Equations
1. Solve the system of equations x  3 y  2 z  0; 2 x  y  4 z  0; x  11y  14 z  0 .
2. Show that the system of equations x  y  w  0, y  z  0, x  y  z  w  0 ,
x  y  2z  0
3. Solve the equations x  y  z  t  0, x  y  2 z  t  0, 3x  y  t  0

JNTU Previous Examination Questions:

1. Show that the only real number 𝜆 for which sthe system x+2y+3z= 𝜆𝑥;
3x+y+2z = 𝜆𝑦; 2x+3y+z = 𝜆𝑧 has non-zero solution is 6 and solve them
when 𝜆 = 6. [2005-may, 2006, 2006s (set1), sep 2008 (set1)]
2. Solve the system of equations x+y+w = 0, y+z = 0, x+y+z+w = 0, x+y+2z
= 0. [2008, June 2009, May 2010 (set3)]
3. Solve the system of equations x+3y-2z=0, 2x-y+4z=0, x-11y+14z=0.
[2002, May 2010(set2)]
4. Determine whether the following equations will have non-trivial solution
if so solve them 4x+2y+z+3w=0, 6x+3y+4z+7w=0, 2x+y+w=0. [May
2006, 2006s (set 2)]
5. Solve x+3y-2z=0, 2x-y+4z=0, x-11y+14z=0. [June 2009, may 2010]
Day 7
Topics to be covered: Problems on homogeneous equations
Class work:
1. Show that the only real number  for which the system x  2 y  3z   x;
3x  y  2 z   y; 2 x  3 y  z   z has non-zero solution is 6 and solve them,
when   6 .
2. Find the values of  for which the equations   1 x  3  1 y  2 z  0
  1 x   4  2 y     3 z  0 ;2x  3  1 y  3  1 z  0 are consistent and
find the ratio of x : y : z when  has the smallest of these values. What
happens when  has greater of these values.
Homework:

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1. Show that the system of equations 2 x  2 y  z   x, 2 x  3 y  2 z   y,
 x  2 y   z can possess a non-trivial solution only if   1,   3 .

2. Solve 2x  3ky  3k  4 z  0; x   k  4 y   4k  2 z  0; x  2  k  1 y  3k  4 z  0

JNTU Previous Examination Questions:
1. Show that the only real number  for which the system x  2 y  3z   x,
3x  y  2 z   y, 2 x  3 y  z   z [May 05-,2006,2006S(set-1),sep.2008(s-11)]
2. Find the values  of for which the system of equations
  1 x  3  1 y  2 z  0,   1 x   4  2 y     3 z  0,
2 x   3  1 y  3   1 z  0 Is consistent and find the ratio of x: y: z when 
has the smallest of these values. What happens when  has the greater of
these values.JNTU 2004S, 2013, 2014.
3. Solve the system of equations
x  y  w  0, y  z  0, x  y  z  w  0, x  y  2 z  0 [08, 2009, May10]
4. Solve x+3y-2z = 0, 2x-y+4z = 0, x-11y+14z = 0. [June-09,may-10(set 2)]
5. Determine b such that the system of homogeneous equations 2x+y+2z = 0,
x+y+3z = 0, 4x+3y+bz = 0 has trivial and non-trivial solutions. Find the
non-trivial solution.
Day 8
Topic to be covered: Solving the System of Non-Homogeneous Equations
Definition: System of non-homogeneous linearly equations:
Let us consider above system of equations
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏2
. . .
. . .
. . .
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑚
as equation (1) it is called a system of non-homogeneous linear equations in 𝑛
unknowns 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 . The system (1) can be expressed in the matrix form as
AX = B
𝑎11 𝑎12 … … 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥1 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑎22 … … 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥2 𝑏2
Where 𝐴 = ( ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ) , 𝑋 = ( ⋮ ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = ( )
⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 … … 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑏𝑚
The matrix 𝐴 is called coefficient matrix of system of equations (1)
Augmented matrix: the matrix
𝑎11 𝑎12 … … 𝑎1𝑛 : 𝑏1
𝑎 𝑎 … … 𝑎2𝑛 ∶ 𝑏2
[𝐴|𝐵] = ( 21 22 ) is called augmented matrix of AX = B
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 … … 𝑎𝑚𝑛 : 𝑏𝑚
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Conditions for consistency of 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
The system of equations 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 is said to be consistent or said to have solution
if 𝜌[𝐴|𝐵 ] = 𝜌(𝐴)
Otherwise, system is said to be inconsistent.
Nature of solution of 𝐀𝐗 = 𝐁
Consider a system of m non-homogeneous linear equations in n unknowns is
AX = B.
Let 𝑟 be the rank of 𝐴
If 𝜌[𝐴|𝐵] ≠ 𝜌(𝐴) then the system 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 has no solution
If 𝜌[𝐴│𝐵] = 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝑟 then system has solution and the following cases are
applied
Case1: if 𝑟 = 𝑛 (number of unknowns) then system has unique solution that is
system will have solutions, which are independent of arbitrary constants.
Case2: if 𝑟 < 𝑛 then system will have infinitely many non-zero solutions.
Class work:
1. Solve the system x  y  z  6; x  y  2 z  5; 2 x  2 y  3z  7
2. Solve the system x  4 y  7 z  8;3x  8 y  2 z  6;7 x  8 y  26 z  31
3. Solve the system x  y  2 z  4;3x  y  4 z  6; x  y  z  1
Homework:
1. Find whether the following systems of equations are consistent. If so solve
them
x  2 y  2 z  2;3x  2 y  z  5;2 x  5 y  3z  4; x  4 y  6 z  0
2. Solve the system of equations
3x  3 y  2 z  1; x  2 y  4; 10 y  3z  2;2 x  3 y  z  5 .
3. Show that the system x  2 y  5 z  9,3x  y  2 z  5, 4 x  5 y  z  3
2 x  3 y  z  3, is consistent and solve it.
JNTU Previous Examination Questions:
1. Solve the system of equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6,2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2,5𝑥 +
𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13.Jntu June 2010(set 1)
2. Find whether the following equation are consistent, if so solve them
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4; 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 9; 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2. [May 2005s, 2005,
july2011 (set 4)]
3. Solve x+2y-z=3;3x-y+2z=1;2x-2y+3z=2;x-y+z=-1, [2003s (set-1)]
4. Solve x+y+z=6; x-y+2z=5; 2x-2y+3z=7. [2000,2008s (set-3)]
5. Solve 2p+q+2r+s = 6, 6p-6q+6r+12s = 36, 4p+3q+3r-3s = 1, 2p+2q-r+s =
10. [Feb. 2011(set 1)]
Day 9
Topics to be covered: Problems on non-homogeneous equations
Class work
1. Solve the system x  2 y  5 z  9;3x  y  2 z  5; 2 x  3 y  z  3; 4 x  5 y  z  3
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2. Solve the system x  y  2 z  t  2  0;3x  2 y  t  1  0; 4 x  y  2 z  2t  3  0
3. Solve the system 3x  3 y  2 z  1; x  2 y  4;10 y  3z  2; 2 x  3 y  z  5
Homework:
1. Find the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ for which the equations
x  y  z  3; x  2 y  2 z  6; x  ay  3z  b have (i) No solution (ii)
Unique solution (iii) Infinite number of solutions.
JNTU Previous Examination Questions:
1. Solve 2x+3y+7z=5; 3x+y-3z=12; 2x+19y-47z=32. Jntu 2003s(set 4)
2. Solve x+3y-5z=-9;3x-y+2z=5;2x+3y-z=3;4x-5y+z=-3. Jntu 2004s(set 1)
3. Find whether the following system of equations is consistent. If so, solve
them 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2; 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5; 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −4; 𝑥 +
4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 0. [May 2005s,sep. 2008, June 2010(set 4)]
4. Prove that the following set of equations is consistent and solve them3𝑥 +
3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4; 10𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −2; 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5.
Jntu may 2006, April 2007; aug. 2007, 2008, 2009, May 2010 (set 1).
5. Solve the system of equations x+u+2z=4,3x+y-3z=-4,2x-3y-5z=-5
Jntuk Feb 2011 (set 4).
Day 10
Topics to be covered: Problems on non-homogeneous equations
Class work:
1. Find the values of ‘𝑎’ and ‘𝑏’ for which the equations
x  ay  z  3; x  2 y  2 z  b; x  5 y  3z  9 have (i) No solution (ii)
Unique solution (iii) Infinite number of solutions.
2. Investigate for what values of  and  the simultaneous equations
3x  3 y  2 z  1; x  2 y  4; 10 y  3z  2; 2 x  3 y  z  5 have (i) No
solution (ii) Unique solution (iii) Infinite number of solutions.
Homework:
1. Find the value of  for which the system of equations x  2 y  5 z  9,
3x  y  2 z  5, 4 x  5 y  z  3 2 x  3 y  z  3, will have infinite number of
solutions and solve them.
2. Find the values of ‘𝑎’ and ‘𝑏’ for which the equations
x  y  z  3; x  2 y  2 z  6; x  ay  3z  b have (i) No solution (ii) Unique
solution (iii) Infinite number of solutions.
JNTU Previous Examination Questions:
1. Find the values of a and b for which the equations x+ay+z=3; x+2y+2z=b;
x+5y+3z=9 are consistent. When will these equations have a unique
solution? Jntu 2004s(set 1)
2. Investigate for what values of a and b the equations x+2y+3z=4;
x+3y+4z=5; x+3y+az=b have i) no solution ii) unique solution iii) an
infinite number of solutions. Jntuk June 2011(set 3)

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3. Discuss for what values of 𝜆,𝜇 the simultaneous equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 =
6, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇 have i) no solution ii) a unique
solution iii) an infinite number of solutions. Jntu 2001,2002,2004,2005
4. Find the values of p and q so that the equations 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 9,7𝑥 +
3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 8,2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑝𝑧 = 𝑞 have i. No solution ii.unique solution iii.
Infinite number of solutions. Jntu dec 2010
Day 11
Topic to be covered: Solving the System Equations by using direct methods
Gauss Elimination method: This method of solving a system of 𝑛 linear
equation in 𝑛 unknowns consists of eliminating the coefficient in such a way
that the system reduced to upper triangular system, which may be solved by back
ward substitution
If 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 is system the augmented matrix
𝑎11 𝑎12 … … 𝑎1𝑛 : 𝑏1
𝑎 𝑎 … … 𝑎2𝑛 ∶ 𝑏2
[𝐴|𝐵 ] = ( 21 22 ) is reduced to
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 … … 𝑎𝑛𝑛 : 𝑏𝑛
𝑎11 𝑎12 … … 𝑎1𝑛 : 𝑏1
0 𝑐22 … … 𝑐2𝑛 ∶ 𝑏2
form [𝐴|𝐵] = ( )
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
0 0 … … 𝑐𝑛𝑛 : 𝑏𝑛
Gauss-Jordan method: This method is modified method Gauss elimination
method. In this method the unknowns eliminated in such a way, that system
reduced to diagonal form.
𝑎11 𝑎12 … … 𝑎1𝑛 : 𝑏1
𝑎 𝑎 … … 𝑎2𝑛 ∶ 𝑏2
[𝐴|𝐵] = ( 21 22 ) is reduced to form
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 … … 𝑎𝑛𝑛 : 𝑏𝑛
𝑐11 0 …… 0 ∶ 𝑑1
0 𝑐22 …… 0 ∶ 𝑑2
[𝐴|𝐵] = ( )
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
0 0 … … 𝑐𝑛𝑛 ∶ 𝑑𝑛
Class work:
1. Solve the equations 2 x  y  z  10, 3x  2 y  3z  18, x  4 y  9 z  16 using Gauss-
Elimination method.
2. Using Gauss-Jordan Method, solve the system of equations 3x  y  z  3,
2 x  8 y  z  5 and x  2 y  9 z  8 .
Homework:
1. Solve the equations 3x  y  2 z  3, 2 x  3 y  z  3, x  2 y  z  4 using Gauss-
Elimination method.

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2. Solve the equations x  y  z  6, 3x  3 y  4 z  13, 2x  y  3z  13 using Gauss-
Elimination method
3. Using Gauss-Jordan Method, solve the system of equations 2 x  y  z  10,
3x  2 y  3z  18 and x  4 y  9 z  16
4. Using Gauss-Jordan Method, solve the system of equations 10 x  y  z  12,
2 x  10 y  z  13 and x  y  5 z  7
JNTU Previous Examination Questions:
1. Using Gauss-Elimination Method, solve the system of equations
3x  y  2 z  3, 2 x  3 y  z  3 and x  2 y  z  4 JNTU2008, Nov-2009(s-3)
2. Using Gauss-Elimination Method, solve the system of equations
x  2 y  3z  1, 2 x  3 y  8 z  2 and x  y  z  3 JNTU2008
3. Using Gauss-Elimination Method, solve the system of equations
3x  y  2 z  3, 2 x  3 y  z  3 and x  2 y  z  4 JNTU2008S
4. Use Gauss-Elimination Method, solve the system of equations
2 x1  x2  2 x3  x4  6,
6 x1  6 x2  6 x3  12 x4  36, 4 x1  3x2  3x3  3x4  1, 2 x1  2 x2  x3  x4  10,
JNTU2008,2008S,2009, 2010(may)
Day 12
Topic to be covered: Solving the System Equations by using Direct methods
Gauss-Seidel iteration method:
Consider a diagonally dominant system of equations
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + 𝑎13 𝑥3 = 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + 𝑎23 𝑥3 = 𝑏2
𝑎31 𝑥1 + 𝑎32 𝑥2 + 𝑎33 𝑥3 = 𝑏3
Where the diagonal coefficients are non-zero and large compared to other
coefficients, such system is called diagonally dominant system.
From the above system of equations write
𝑏 −𝑎 𝑥 −𝑎 𝑥
𝑥1 = 1 12 2 13 3….. (1)
𝑎11
𝑏2 −𝑎21𝑥1 −𝑎23 𝑥3
𝑥2 = …. (2)
𝑎22
𝑏3 −𝑎31𝑥1 −𝑎32 𝑥2
𝑥3 = …. (3)
𝑎33
Let the initial approximate solution is 𝑥10 , 𝑥20 , 𝑥30. Substitute 𝑥20 , 𝑥30 in (1) to get
𝑥11
Substitute 𝑥11 , 𝑥30 in (2) to get 𝑥21
Substitute𝑥11 , 𝑥21 in (3) to get 𝑥31
Repeat this process until two consecutive approximations 𝑥𝑖𝑘 , 𝑥𝑖𝑘+1 are equal.
Note: we can take any values as initial approximations for 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3
Class work:

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1. Solve the system of equations by the Gauss-Seidel method 10 x  y  z  12,
2 x  10 y  z  13, 2x  2 y  10 z  14
2. Solve the system of equations by using Gauss-Seidel method
8 x  3 y  2 z  20, 4 x  11y  z  33, 6 x  3 y  12 z  35
Homework:
1. Solve the system of equations by the Gauss-Seidel method 20 x  y  2 z  17,
3x  20 y  z  18, 2x  3 y  20 z  25
2. Solve the system of equations by the Gauss-Seidel method
10 x1  2 x2  x3  x4  3,
2 x1  10 x2  x3  x4  15,  x1  x2  10 x3  2 x4  15, and  x1  x2  2 x3  10x4  9
3. Solve the system of equations by the Gauss-Seidel method
10 x  2 y  z  9, 2 x  20 y  2 z  44, -2x  3 y  10 z  22
4. Solve the system of equations by the Gauss-Seidel method
20 x  2 y  6 z  28, x  20 y  9 z  23, 2x  7 y  20 z  57
5. Solve the system of equations by the Gauss-Seidel method
25 x  2 y  2 z  69, 2 x  10 y  z  63, x  y  z  43
Day 13
Topics to be covered: Applications of Linear System of equations
Finding the current in an electrical circuit:
We can use the method for solving linear system of equations to solve problems
involving electrical circuits. In a given circuit if value of currents, resistances
and potential differences are known, we are able to find the unknown values of
those quantities.
The current is denoted by 𝐼 measured in amperes (𝐴)
R measured in ohms denotes resistance
An electrical circuit is a closed connection of batteries, resisters, wires. An
electrical circuit conation of voltage loop and current nodes.
Class work:
1. Solve the following circuit, using loop current method:

2. Solve the following circuit, using loop current method

REC/RIT Dept. of Mathematics Mathematics III Unit - 1

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REC/RIT Dept. of Mathematics Mathematics III Unit - 1