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    Pharmacognosy Alkaloids

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    dr amjad
    This document summarizes different types of alkaloids found in plants, including their structures, biological sources, and uses. It discusses purine alkaloids like caffeine and theobromine found in tea, coffee and chocolate. It also describes the lupinane alkaloid sparteine extracted from broom plants. Veratrum plants contain toxic steroidal alkaloids. Solanum plants accumulate steroidal alkaloids like solasodine and solanidine. The diterpine alkaloids aconine and aconitine are found in aconite roots and have analgesic and circulatory effects but can also be toxic.

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    Pharmacognosy Alkaloids

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    dr amjad
    51 views14 pages
    This document summarizes different types of alkaloids found in plants, including their structures, biological sources, and uses. It discusses purine alkaloids like caffeine and theobromine found in tea, coffee and chocolate. It also describes the lupinane alkaloid sparteine extracted from broom plants. Veratrum plants contain toxic steroidal alkaloids. Solanum plants accumulate steroidal alkaloids like solasodine and solanidine. The diterpine alkaloids aconine and aconitine are found in aconite roots and have analgesic and circulatory effects but can also be toxic.

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    This document summarizes different types of alkaloids found in plants, including their structures, biological sources, and uses. It discusses purine alkaloids like caffeine and theobromine found in tea, coffee and chocolate. It also describes the lupinane alkaloid sparteine extracted from broom plants. Veratrum plants contain toxic steroidal alkaloids. Solanum plants accumulate steroidal alkaloids like solasodine and solanidine. The diterpine alkaloids aconine and aconitine are found in aconite roots and have analgesic and circulatory effects but can also be toxic.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    51 views14 pages

    Pharmacognosy Alkaloids

    Uploaded by

    dr amjad
    This document summarizes different types of alkaloids found in plants, including their structures, biological sources, and uses. It discusses purine alkaloids like caffeine and theobromine found in tea, coffee and chocolate. It also describes the lupinane alkaloid sparteine extracted from broom plants. Veratrum plants contain toxic steroidal alkaloids. Solanum plants accumulate steroidal alkaloids like solasodine and solanidine. The diterpine alkaloids aconine and aconitine are found in aconite roots and have analgesic and circulatory effects but can also be toxic.

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    of 14

    Pharmacognosy

    Alkaloids
    lec 8
    Purine alkaloids

    Sometimes called alkaloids, xanthine derivatives are


    stimulants and bronchodilators. Caffeine 1,3,7-trimethyl
    xanthine is the most common and found in tea and
    coffee. The derivative theophylline (1,3-
    dimethylxanthine, found in trace amounts in tea) is used
    in the treatment of asthma.
    Theobromine (3,7-dimethyl-xanthine) is found in
    chocolate – which is made from the beans of Theobroma
    cacao (NB: ‘Theobroma’ means food of the gods!)
    Caffeine

    Occurs in
    Coffee ,tea , cacao, cola and mate. Although can be produce
    synthetically , but usually prepared from tea. Solubility in
    water can be markedly increased by the presence of citric acid
    or benzoic acid , medicinal compounds of this class are
    citrated caffeine which is suitable for intramuscular injection
    To treat circulatory failure
    Caffeine and related derivatives are CNS stimulant.
    Green tea is prepared in China and Japan
    By rapidly drying the fresh leaves in copper pans over a mild
    artificial heat.
    Black tea the fresh leaves are left until fermentation began.
    Lupinane alkaloid

    Quinolizidine
    The most important alkaloid is Sparteine is a class of
    antiarrythmic agent a sodium channel blocker. It is
    an alkaloid and can be extracted from scoparius
    broom. It is the predominant alkaloid in Lupinus
    mutabilis, and is thought to chelate the bivalents
    calcium and magnesium It is not FDA approved for
    human use as an antiarrhythmic agent, and it is not
    included in. is used as oxytocic (stimulate
    contraction of uterus
    It is also used as a chiral base in Organic synthesis
    Biosynthesis of sparteine

    Note: designate the type of reaction in each step


    Pseudoalkaloids
    1- Steroidal alkaloids

    Veratrum album (the white veratrum) grown in europe used


    as pesticide
    Verartrum viridi (green veratrum) contains the alkaloid
    veratraine and protoveratrine
    Veriloid is a mixture of veratrum alkaloid.Used as
    hypotensive agent.
    Verartrum toxicity

    Veratrum species produce highly toxic steroidal alkaloids only


    when the plants are in active growth. During the winter
    months, when the plant enters its dormant stage, it degrades
    and metabolizes most of its toxic alkaloids. Herbalists and
    Native Americans who used this plant for medicinal purposes
    harvested the roots during the winter months when the levels
    of toxic constituents were at their lowest.
    The roots of V. nigrum and V. schindleri have been used in
    Chinese herbalist (where plants of this genus are known as "li
    lu Li lu is used internally as a powerful emetic of last resort,
    and topically to kill external parasites, treat tinea and stop
    itching.. Some herbalists refuse to prescribe li lu internally,
    citing the extreme difficulty in preparing a safe and effective
    dosage
    Solanum alkaloids
    A good number of plants belonging to the natural order Solanaceae have
    been found to accumulate favourably several steroidal alkaloids based on a
    C27 cholestane skeleton, such as: solasodine,
    solanidine
    Solanum alkaloids
    Pseudo alkaloids
    Terpenoid alkaloids
    Aconite: Is the dried roots of Aconitum napellus
    (Ranunculaceae).
    Aconite contains diterpine alkaloids aconine and aconitine.
    Aconine
    antineuralegic liniment a “counterirritant” for treating facial
    pain, joint pain
    Aconite root contains chemicals that may improve
    circulation, but it also contains chemicals that can seriously
    harm the heart, muscles, and nerves.
    Aconitine is ester of aconine

    Used to treat neuralgia and induce arrhythmia in experimental animal


    Biosynthesis of aconite alkaloids
    Thank you for listining
    THE END

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