ABSTRACT

Neonatal jaundice, clinically known as Hyperbilirubinemia, is associated

with elevated serum bilirubin levels in the bloodstream of infants. The chances

of developing Kernicterus are higher in sick and preterm newborns even at

lower concentrations of serum bilirubin. Detection and accurate quantification

of the yellowness caused by bilirubin deposition in skin tissue provides a

window of opportunity to prevent the onset of kernicterus.Instead of using the

existing method, light emitting diodes (LEDs) which operate in the 410 - 490

nm wavelength range (peak at 475 nm) can produce high irradiance with very

low power requirements. These LEDs emit light within the peak absorption

range of bilirubin, are low cost, and have long operational lifespans when

compared to existing. PIC16F877A (Programmable Interface Controller) are

the popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low

cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes.

In our project three values are measure in bilirubin solution.1.normal, 2.less

danger, 3.Danger. When the bilirubin value is normal means the LDR capture

the high light intensity of the led radiation so white LED is glow at the same

time LCD display monitoring to normal. The same operations continue to the

next two values.

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
ABSTRACT i
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION viii
1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction To Bilirubin 1

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2

3. BLOCK DIAGRAM 6

4. Block Diagram Description 7

4.1 PIC Microcontroller (pic16f877a) 7

4.2 LCD Display 9

4.3 Pin Details of LCD Module 9

4.4 Photo Diode 10

4.5 Power Supply 11

5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 14

6 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 15

6.1 Hardware Specification 16

6.2 Software Details 16

6.3 Existing System 16

2
 6.4 Proposed System 16

6.5 Power Supply 16

7 COMPONENTS DETAILS 17

7.1 Step down Transformer 17

8 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION 18

8.1 Rectifier Unit 18

8.2 Input Filter 19

8.3 Regulator Unit 20

8.4 IC Voltage Regulators 21

8.5 LM 7805 Voltage Regulators 21

8.6 Output Filter 21

9 SOFTWARE USED 24

9.1 MPLAB IDE 26

9.2 Proteus professional 30

9.3 Program 31

10 CONCLUSION 43

11 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 44

LIST OF TABLES

3
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.3 Pin Details of LCD Module 14

LIST OF FIGURES

4
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1.1 Block Diagram 6

4.1 PIC 16F877A 7

4.3 Pin Details of LCD 9

Module

4.4 Photo Diode 10

5.1 Circuit Diagram 14

8.1 Power supply 18

8.2 Step Down Transformer 19

8.3 Rectifier circuit 20

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

ADC Analog to Digital Converter

5
EPROM Erasable Programmable read only
memory

IDE Integrated Development

Environment

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

LED Light Emitting Diode

MPLAB Microprocessor Laboratory

PIC Peripheral Interface Controller

ROM Read only memory

RISC Reduced Instruction

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

6
 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO BILIRUBIN

Jaundice is one of the most common conditions needing medical attention

in newborn babies.Jaundice refers to the yellow colouration of the skin and the
sclera (whites of the eyes) causedby the accumulation of bilirubin in the skin
and mucous membranes. Jaundice is caused by arised level of bilirubin in the
body, a condition known as Hyperbilirubinaemia.

Approximately 60% of term and 80% of preterm babies develop jaundice in

the first week of life,and about 10% of breastfed babies are still jaundiced at 1
month. For most babies, jaundice isnot an indication of an underlying disease,
and this early jaundice(termed 'physiologicaljaundice') is generally harmless.
Breastfed babies are more likely than bottle-fed babies to develop
physiological jaundice withinthe first week of life. Prolonged jaundice – that is,
jaundice persisting beyond the first 14 days –is also seen more commonly in
these babies. Prolonged jaundice is generally harmless, but canbe an indication
of serious liver disease.
Jaundice has many possible causes, including blood group incompatibility
(most commonlyRhesus or ABO incompatibility), other causes of Haemolysis
(breaking down of red blood cells),Sepsis (infection), liver disease, bruising and
metabolic disorders. Deficiency of a particularenzyme, glucose-6-phosphate-
dehydrogenase, can cause severe neonatal jaundice.Glucose-6-phosphate-
dehydrogenase deficiency is more common in certain ethnic groups andruns in
families.

CHAPTER-2

7
 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA AND TRANSCUTANEOUS

BILIRUBINOMETRY

Neonatal jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia is a common occurrence

in newborns. Although most cases of neonatal jaundice have a benign course,
severe hyperbilirubinemia can lead to kernicterus, which is preventable if the
hyperbilirubinemia is identified early and treated appropriately. This review
discusses neonatal jaundice and the use of transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB)
measurements for identification of neonates at risk of severe
hyperbilirubinemia. Such a practice requires appropriate serial testing and result
interpretation according to risk level from a nomogram that provides bilirubin
concentrations specific for the age of the neonate in hours. In this context, we
have evaluated the potential impact on clinical outcome and limitations of TcB
methods in current use.TcB measurement is a viable option in screening
neonates to determine if they are at risk for clinically significant
hyperbilirubinemia. Total serum bilirubin should be measured by a clinical
laboratory if a newborn is shown to be at higher risk for clinically significant
hyperbilirubinemia. In addition, external quality assessment to identify biases
and operator training issues should be part of any TcB monitoring program.

2.2 BILIRUBIN-ALBUMIN BINDING AND FREE BILIRUBIN

8
 The relevance of plasma bilirubin-albumin binding and, in particular,
the nonalbumin-bound or "free" bilirubin concentration to neonatal bilirubin
toxicity is controversial. The pivotal role that "free" bilirubin played in the
bilirubin toxicity that occurred following administration of sulfisoxazole or
benzyl alcohol to jaundiced newborns, and the correlation of "free" bilirubin
with bilirubin-induced changes in the auditory brainstem response are strong
support for measuring "free" bilirubin when evaluating neonatal jaundice.
Reliable methods for measuring "free bilirubin" are available, and population
reference values are needed to help determine its proper clinical use

2.3 DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF HUMAN

ADENOMATOUS COLON POLYPS IN VIVO

Detection of interactions between light and tissue can be used to

characterize the optical properties of the tissue. The purpose of this paper is to
develop an algorithm that determines the reduced scattering coefficient (μs’) of
tissues from a single optical reflectance spectrum measured with a small source-
detector separation. A qualitative relationship between μs’ and optical
reflectance was developed using both Monte Carlo simulations and empirical
tissue calibrations for each of two fiber optic probes with 400-μm and 100-μm
fibers. Optical reflectance measurements, using a standard frequency-domain
oximeter, were performed to validate the calculated μs’ values. The algorithm
was useful for determining μs’ values of in vivo human fingers and rat brain
tissues. ©2005 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (170.3660) Light
propagation in tissues; (170.4580) Optical diagnostics for medicine; (170.6510)
Spectroscopy, tissue diagnostics; (290.4210) Multiple scattering.

9
2.4 RETRIEVAL OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SKIN FROM
MEASUREMENT AND MODELLING THE DIFFUSE
REFLECTANCE
Neonatal jaundice is a medical condition which occurs in newborns as
a result of an imbalance between the production and elimination of bilirubin.
The excess bilirubin in the blood stream diffuses into the surrounding tissue
leading to a yellowing of the skin. As the bilirubin levels rise in the blood
stream, there is a continuous exchange between the extra vascular bilirubin and
bilirubin in the blood stream. Exposure to phototherapy alters the concentration
of bilirubin in the vascular and extra vascular regions by causing bilirubin in the
skin layers to be broken down. Thus, the relative concentration of extra vascular
bilirubin is reduced leading to a diffusion of bilirubin out of the vascular region.
Diffuse reflectance spectra from human skin contains physiological and
structural information of the skin and nearby tissue. A diffuse reflectance
spectrum must be captured before and after blanching in order to isolate the
intravascular and extra vascular bilirubin. A new mathematical model is
proposed with extra vascular bilirubin concentration taken into consideration
along with other optical parameters in defining the diffuse reflectance spectrum
from human skin. A nonlinear optimization algorithm has been adopted to
extract the optical properties (including bilirubin concentration) from the skin
reflectance spectrum. The new system model and nonlinear algorithm have been
combined to enable extraction of Bilirubin concentrations within an average
error of 10%.

10
 CHAPTER-3
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig.1.1.Block Diagram

CHAPTER-4
11
 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

4.1 PIC CONTROLLER (PIC16F877A)

PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture microcontrollers made

by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1650 originally developed
by General Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially
referred to Peripheral Interface Controller. The first parts of the family were
available in 1976; by 2013 the company had shipped more than twelve billion
individual parts, used in a wide variety of embedded systems.

Fig. 4.1.PIC16F877A

Early models of PIC had Read-Only Memory (ROM) or field-programmable

EPROM for program storage, some with provision for erasing memory. All
current models use Flash memory for program storage, and newer models allow
12
the PIC to reprogram itself. Program memory and data memory are separated.
Data memory is 8-bit, 16-bit and in latest models, 32-bit wide. Program
instructions vary in bit-count by family of PIC, and may be 12, 14, 16, or 24 bits
long. The instruction set also varies by model, with more powerful chips adding
instructions for digital signal processing functions.

PIC devices are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists
due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of
application notes, and availability of low cost or free development tools, serial
programming, and re-programmable Flash-memory capability.

The original PIC was built to be used with General Instrument's

new CP1600 16-bit Central processing unit (CPU). While generally a good
CPU, the CP1600 had poor I/O performance, and the 8-bit PIC was developed
in 1975 to improve performance of the overall system by offloading I/O tasks
from the CPU. The PIC used simple microcode stored in ROM to perform its
tasks, and although the term was not used at the time, it shares some common
features with RISC designs.

In 1985, General Instrument spun off

their microelectronics division and the new ownership cancelled almost
everything which by this time was mostly out-of-date. The PIC however was
upgraded with an internal EPROMto produce a programmable channel
controller. Today, a huge variety of PICs are available with various on-board
peripherals and program memory from 256 words to 64k words and more.

PIC and PIC micro are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology. It

is generally thought that PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller, although
General Instruments' original acronym for the initial PIC1640 and PIC1650

13
devices was "Programmable Interface Controller".The acronym was quickly
replaced with "Programmable Intelligent Computer”.

4.2 LCD DISPLAY:

 The 16×2 LCD Board makes it easy to interface a module with low cost

microcontroller development board which do not have built in support for
LCD modules. This board has the following
 16×2 LCD module (you can choose either a green or a blue backlight
LCD)

 The contrast adjust resistor.

 Backlight current limiting resistor.

4.3PIN DETAILS OF LCD MODULE:

Fig.4.3.LCD module

Pin Pin Name Pin Type Connected with

14
Number PIC16F877A’s pin
1 VSS Power Supply -
2 VCC Power Supply -
3 VEE Contrast Adjust -
4 RS Control Line RD4
5 R/W Control Line RD5
6 E Control Line RD6
7 DB0 Data Line -
8 DB1 Data Line -
9 DB2 Data Line -
10 DB3 Data Line -
11 DB4 Data Line RD0
12 DB5 Data Line RD1
13 DB6 Data Line RD2
14 DB7 Data Line RD3
15 LED+ Backlight Power -
16 LED- Backlight Power -
Table.4.3.Pin details of LCD module

4.4 PHOTO DIODE:

A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into current. The

current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. A small
amount of current is also produced when no light is present. Photodiodes may
containoptical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas.
Photodiodes usually have a slower response time as their surface area increases.
The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a
large area photodiode.

Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that

they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with
a window oroptical fiber connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of
the device. Many diodes designed for use specifically as a photodiode use a PIN
junction rather than a p-n junction, to increase the speed of response. A
photodiode is designed to operate in reverse bias.

15
 Fig.4.4.Photo diode

4.5 POWER SUPPLY:

Fig.4.5.Power supply

The operation of power supply circuits built using filters, rectifiers, and then voltage
regulators. Starting with an AC voltage, a steady dc voltage is obtained by
rectifying the ac voltage, then filtering to a dc level, and finally, regulating to obtain
a desired fixed dc voltage. The regulation is usually obtained from an IC voltage
regulator unit, which takes a dc voltage and provides a somewhat lower dc voltage,
16
which remains the same even if the input dc voltage varies, or the output load
connected to the dc voltage changes.

A block diagram containing the parts of a typical power supply andthe voltage
at various points in the unit is shown. The ac voltage, typically 120Vrms, is
connected to a transformer, which steps that ac voltage down to the level for the
desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage
that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage.

This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation. A

regulator circuit can use this dc input to provide a dc voltage that not only has much
less ripple voltage but also remains the same dc value even if the input dc voltage
varies somewhat, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This
voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of a number of popular voltage
regulator IC units.

CHAPTER-5

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

17
 Fig.5.1.Circuit diagram

CHAPTER-6

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

18
The circuit diagram is drawn by using the proteus professional software. This
software is used for the circuit simulations. The controller which we are using is
PIC 16F877A (Peripheral Interface Controller).PICs are popular with both
industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability,
large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low
cost or free development tools, and serial programming capability.

Here the LCD display is connected to the PORTB (RB0 to RB7), 8-

bit data coding is used for LCD display.The 16×2 LCD Board makes it easy to
interface a module with low cost microcontroller development board which do
not have built in support for LCD modules.

 The LCD display is connected to the PORTB to display the sensor value
and the status SOLUTION.

 Instead of using the existing method, Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

which operate in the 410 - 490 nm wavelength range (peak at 475 nm)
can produce high irradiance with very low power requirements.

 These LEDs emit light within the peak absorption range of bilirubin, are
low cost, and have long operational life spans when compared to existing.

6.1Existing System:

 To detect Hyperbilirubinemia the following existing methods are used.

19
  Using Bilirubinmeter, placed on the baby’s forehead or chest.

 Taking a blood sample, from the baby’s heel.

Drawbacks of existing system:

1. It will affect the premature baby health.

6.2PROPOSED SYSTEM:

 Instead of using the existing method, Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

which operate in the 410 - 490 nm wavelength range (peak at 475 nm)
can produce high irradiance with very low power requirements.

These LEDs emit light within the peak absorption range of bilirubin are low
cost, and have long operational life span when compared to existing.

Advantages of proposed system:

 Low power consumption

 Long life
 Detects a small change in bilirubin level

CHAPTER-7

20
 COMPONENTS DETAILS

7.1 Hardware specifications:

 PIC16F877A
 LED
 Relay (12V, 5A)
 LCD display (2x16)
 Photodiode

7.2 Software Details:

 MPLAB IDE
 Proteus Professional

CHAPTER -8

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

8.1POWER SUPPLY:

21
 Fig.8.1.Power supply

Power supply unit consists of following units:

1.      Step down transformer

2.      Rectifier unit

3.      Input filter

4.      Regulator unit

5.      Output filter

The circuit is powered by a 12V dc adapter, which is given to LM7805 voltage

regulator by means of a forward voltage protection diode and is decoupled by
means of a 0.1uf capacitor. The voltage regulator gives an output of exactly 5V

22
dc supply. The 5V dc supply is given to all the components including the
Microcontroller, the serial port, and the IR transmitters and sensors.

The AC supply which when fed to the step down transformer is leveled
down to 12 volts AC.  This is then fed to full wave rectifier which converts it
into 12 volts DC. This is then passed to a filter to remove the ripples. Then it is
fed to a voltage regulator that converts 12V to 5V stable voltages and currents.

8.2STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER 

Fig.8.2.Step down transformer

The step down transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage from
230AC to lower value. This 230AC voltage cannot be used directly, thus its
stepped down. The transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To
reduce or step down the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less

23
number of turns in its secondary core. Thus the conversion from AC to DC is
essential. This conversion is achieved by using the rectifier
circuit.                         

8.3RECTIFIER UNIT:

Fig.8.3.Rectifier circuit

The Rectifier circuit is used to convert AC voltage into its corresponding DC

voltage. There are Half-Wave and Full-Wave rectifiers available for this
specific function. The most important and simple device used in rectifier circuit
is the diode. The simple function of the diode is to conduct when forward biased
and not to conduct when reverse biased. The forward bias is achieved by
connecting the diode’s positive with of positive of battery and negative with
battery’s negative. The efficient circuit used is full wave bridge rectifier
circuit.The output voltage of the rectifier is in rippled form, the ripples from the
obtained DC voltage are removed using other circuits available. The circuit used
for removing the ripples is calledFilter circuit.

8.4INPUT FILTER:

Capacitors are used as filters. The ripples from the DC voltage are
removed and pure DC voltage is obtained. The primary action performed by

24
capacitor is charging and discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the AC
voltage and it will discharge in its negative half cycle, so it allows only AC
voltage and does not allow the DC voltage.This filter is fixed before the
regulator. Thus the output is free from ripples.

8.5REGULATOR UNIT:

Regulator regulates the output voltage to be always constant. The output

voltage is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input AC voltage.
As the AC voltage changes, the DC voltage also changes. To avoid this,
regulators are used.  Also when the internal resistance of the power supply is
greater than 30ohms, the pull up gets affected. Thus this can be successfully
reduced here.  The regulators are mainly classified for low voltage and for high
voltage.

8.6IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC

units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control
device and overload protection all in a single IC. Although the internal
construction of the IC somewhat is different from that described for discrete
voltage regulator circuits, the external operation is much the same.  IC units
provide the regulation of a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage or an
adjustably set voltage.

A Power Supply can be built using a transformer connected to the AC

supply line to step the ac voltage to desired amplitude, then rectifying that ac
voltage using IC regulator. The regulators can be selected for operation with
25
load currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding
to power ratings from milli watts to tens of watts

The purpose of the regulator is to maintain the output voltage constant

irrespective of the fluctuations in the input voltage. The Microcontroller and PC
work at a constant supply voltage of +5V,-5Vand +12V and -12V respectively.
The regulators are mainly classified for positive and negative voltage.

8.7LM 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

  FEATURES:

1. Output current upto 1A

2. Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 24V

3. Thermal Overload Protection

4. Short Circuit Protection

5. Output Transistor Safe Operating area Protection

DESCRIPTION:

26
The MC78XX/LM78XX series of three-terminal positive regulators are
available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages,
making them useful in a wide range of application.

Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe
operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat
sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current.

8.8 OUTPUT FILTER:

The filter circuit is often fixed after the regulator circuit. Capacitor is
most often used as filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge and
discharge. It charges during the positive half cycle of the AC voltage and
discharges during the negative half cycle. So it allows AC voltage and not DC
voltage. This filter is fixed after the regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly
found ripples in the output received finally.

CHAPTER-9

SOFTWARE USED

MPLAB IDE
27
The Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

Introduction:

Microchip offers a wide range of tightly integrated development tools to ease

the application development process. These can be broken down into the core
development tools and the supplemental tools.

The core tools are as follows:

• MPLAB Integrated Development Environment, including full featured editor

• Language Products

- MPASM Assembler

- MPLAB-C C Compiler

• MPLAB-SIM Software Simulator

• Real-Time In-Circuit Emulators

- PICMASTER/PICMASTER CE Emulator with Full Featured Trace and

Breakpoint debug capabilities

- ICEPIC Low-Cost Emulator with Breakpoint debug capabilities

• Device Programmers

- PRO MATE II Universal Programmer

- PICSTART Plus Entry-Level Prototype Programmer

Supplemental Tools:

• Other Software Programming Tools

- MP Fuzzy logic development system

28
• Development Boards

The minimum configuration of MPLAB is the Integrated Development

Environment (IDE), the assembler (MPASM), and the software simulator
(MPLAB-SIM). Other tools are added to MPLAB as they are installed. This
gives a common platform for the design activity, from the writing and
assembling of the source code, through the simulation/emulation, to the
programming of prototype devices.

Note:The most current version may be downloaded from Microchip’s web site
or BBS for free.

In addition to Microchip, there are many third party vendors. Microchip’s Third
Party Handbook gives an overview of the manufactures and their tools.

The Integrated Development Environment (IDE):

The core set of development tools operate under the IDE umbrella, called
MPLAB. This gives a consistent look and feel to all the development tools so
that minimal learning of the new tool interface is required.

The MPLAB IDE integrates all the following aspects of development:

• Source code editing

• Project management

• Machine code generation (from assembly or “C”)

• Device simulation

• Device emulation

• Device programming

MPLAB is a PC based Windows 3.x application. It has been extensively tested

using Windows 95 and recommended in either of these operating environments.

29
This comprehensive tool suite allows the complete development of a project
without leaving the MPLAB environment.

9.1 MPLAB IDE:

The MPLAB IDE Software brings an ease of software development previously

unseen in the 8-bit microcontroller market.

MPLAB is a Windows based application that contains:

• A full featured editor

• Three operating modes

- Editor

- Emulator

- Simulator

• A project manager

• Customizable tool bar and key mapping

• A status bar with project information

• Extensive on-line help

MPLAB allows you to:

• Edit your source files. This includes:

- MPASM assembly language

- MPLAB-C ‘C’ language

• One touch assembles (or compile) and download to PIC16/17 tools

(automatically updates all project information)

30
• Debug using:

- Source files&Absolute listing file

- Program memory

• Run up to four emulators on the same PC

• Run or Single-step

- Program memory

- Source file

- Absolute listing

Microchip’s simulator, MPLAB-SIM, operates under the same platform as the

PICMASTER emulator. This allows the user to learn a single tool set which
functions equivalently for both the simulator and the full featured emulator.

Some of the highlights are:

• Tool bars, multiple choices and user configurable

• Status, mode information, and button help on footer bar

• Multiple windows, such as

- Source code

- Source listing (most useful for ‘C’ programs)

- Register file window (RAM)

- Watch windows (to look at specific register)

- Stop watch window for time/cycle calculations

• Programmer support (in this case PRO MATE pull down menu)

31
MPLAB Software Language Support:
To make the device operate as desired in the application, a software
program needs to be written for the microcontroller. This software program
needs to be written in one of the programming languages for the device.
Currently MPLAB supports two of Microchip’s language products:

• Microchip Assembler (MPASM)

• Microchip ‘C’ Compiler (MPLAB-C)

• Other language products that support Common Object Description (COD) may
also work with MPLAB.

Assembler (MPASM):

The MPASM Universal Macro Assembler is a PC-hosted symbolic

assembler. It supports all Microchip microcontroller families.

MPASM offers full featured Macro capabilities, conditional assembly, and

several source and listing formats. It generates various object code formats to
support Microchip's development tools as well as third party programmers.

MPASM allow full symbolic debugging from the Microchip Universal

Emulator System (PICMASTER).

MPASM has the following features to assist in developing software for specific
use applications.

• Provides translation of Assembler source code to object code for all Microchip
microcontrollers.

• Macro assembly capability.

• Produces all the files (Object, Listing, Symbol, and special) required for
symbolic debug with Microchip’s emulator systems.
32
• Supports Hex (default), Decimal and Octal source and listing formats.

MPASM provides a rich directive language to support programming of the

PICmicro. Directives are helpful in making the development of your assemble
source code shorter and more maintainable.

C Compiler (MPLAB-C):

The MPLAB-C is a complete ‘C’ compiler for Microchip’s PICmicro family of

microcontrollers. The compiler provides powerful integration capabilities and
ease of use not found with other compilers. For easier source level debugging,
the compiler provides symbol information that is compatible with the MPLAB
IDE memory display, Watch windows, and File register windows.

9.2 PROTEUS PROFESSIONAL:

Introduction Proteus Professional design combines the ISIS schematic capture

and ARES PCB layout programs to provide a powerful, integrated and easy to
use tools suite for education and professional PCB design.As a professional
PCB design software with integrated shape based auto router, it provides
features such as fully featured schematic capture, highly configurable design
rules, interactive spice circuit simulator, extensive support for power planes,
industry standard CADCAM and OD++ output, and integrated 3D viewer.We
will use ISIS for simulating PIC response, it has many variety modeling
libraries, and its powerful concentrates in MCUs and MPUs modeling, along
with wide range of supporting chips such that AVR MCU series, 8051 MCU
series, Basic stamp, HC11 MCU series, ARM CPU, Z80, Motorola 68K CPU,
and most PIC's families, also it has a debugger, register contents viewer and
many other features.

9.3 PROGRAM

33
#include<pic.h>

#include"Lcd_1.h"

static bit LED_GN @((unsigned) &PORTC*8+0);

static bit LED_YW @((unsigned) &PORTC*8+1);

static bit LED_RD @((unsigned) &PORTC*8+2);

static bit RLY_LD @((unsigned) &PORTC*8+4);

static bit RLY_D @((unsigned) &PORTC*8+3);

voidmcu_init();

void sensor();

void send();

void adc0();

voidser_dis(const unsigned char*da,unsigned char no);

voidser_out(unsigned intss);

voidser_init();

unsignedinttemp,ii;

unsignedintt,cnt,val;

unsignedintth,thr,h,hr,tt,o,count;

unsignedinta,b;

bitg,c,fi;

34
void main()

mcu_init();

RLY_LD=0;

RLY_D =0;

lcd_init(); // LCD Initialization

read(0x01);

read(0x80);

lcd_dis("BILLRUBIN MONITOR",16);

read(0xc0);

lcd_dis(" SYSTEM ",16);

//del();del();

read(0x01);

read(0x80);

lcd_dis("B.VAL: ",16);

ser_init();

while(1) // Always True so continouslyexcute the loop

adc0();

//count++;

35
//if(count>10)

//{

//send();count=0;

if ((val>0)&&(val<60))

ser_dis("NORMAL",6);ser_out(0x0d);send();

read(0xc0);

lcd_dis(" NORMAL ",16);

RLY_LD=0;

RLY_D =0;

LED_GN =1;

LED_YW =0;

LED_RD =0;

else if ((val>60)&&(val<95))

ser_dis("LESS DANGER",11);ser_out(0x0d);send();

read(0xc0);

lcd_dis(" LESS DANGER ",16);

//lcd_dis(" NORMAL ",16);

RLY_LD=1;

36
RLY_D =0;

LED_GN =0;

LED_YW =1;

LED_RD =0;

Else

if((val>96)&&(val<110))

ser_dis("DANGERTREATMENT",16);ser_out(0x0d);send();

read(0xc0);//lcd_dis(" DANGER ",16);

lcd_dis("DANGER TREATMENT",16);

//lcd_dis(" NORMAL ",16);

RLY_LD=1;

RLY_D =1;

LED_GN =0;

LED_YW =0;

37
LED_RD =1;

else

//lcd_dis(" NORMAL ",16);

read(0xc0);

lcd_dis(" ",16);

//send();

/*RLY_LD=0;

RLY_D =0;

LED_GN =0;

LED_YW =0;

LED_RD =0;*/

//}

38
voidmcu_init()

TRISB = 0X00;

TRISD = 0X0e;

TRISC = 0X00;

TRISA = 0X0F; // analog input(4 ch)

ADCON1= 0X80; // A/D Input sel

void adc0()

t=0;

for(ii=0;ii<10;ii++)

ADCON0=0XC5;

while(ADGO==1);

a=ADRESL;

b=ADRESH;

b=b*256;

val=((a+b)/4);

39
read(0x80);

lcd_dis("B.VAL: ",16);

read(0x88);

// th=val/1000;

// thr=val%1000;

h=val/100;

hr=val%100;

tt=hr/10;

o=hr%10;

//write(th+0x30);

write(h+0x30);

write(tt+0x30);

write(o+0x30);

void send()

//th=val/1000;

//thr=val%1000;

h=val/100; //h=thr/100;

hr=val%100;//hr=thr%100;

tt=hr/10;

40
o=hr%10;

ser_out('*');

ser_out(' ');

ser_dis("BILLRUBIN VAL",14);

ser_out(':');

//ser_out(th+0x30);

ser_out(h+0x30);

ser_out(tt+0x30);

ser_out(o+0x30);

ser_out(' ');

ser_out('*');

ser_out(0x0d);

voidser_init()

SPBRG= 25; // for 9600 baud rate 4MHz crystal

BRGH = 1; // baud rate high

SYNC = 0; // asynchronous mode

SPEN = 1; // serial port enable

RCIE = 1; // interrupt set

CREN = 1; // Rx ENable
41
TXEN = 1; // Tx enable

GIE=1;PEIE=1;

voidser_out(unsigned intss)

TXREG = ss;

while(!TXIF);

TXIF = 0;

delay(4000);

voidser_dis(const unsigned char*da,unsigned char no)

unsigned char ss;

for(ss=0;ss<no;ss++) ser_out(da[ss]);

CHAPTER-10

42
 CONCLUSION

 The objective of this work was to design and implement a medical

diagnostic measurement system for the bilirubin assessment. The
system was implemented as a photometric method utilizing
measurement system with two specific wavelengths for the non-
invasive bilirubin value assessment.

CHAPTER-11

43
 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

In Future we can include the wireless monitoring from another

hospital and also interfacing with internet for receiving information from
online. In future bilirubin level can be automatically controlled by
increasing the wavelength of LED. This method is named as LED
Controlled Theraphy(LCT).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

44
[1] S.N. el-Beshbishi, K.E. Shattuck, A.A. Mohammad, and
J.R.Petersen,”Hyperbilirubinemia and transcutaneous
bilirubinometry,” Clin. Chem.,vol.55,no.7,pp.1280-1287,Jul.2009.

[2]C.E Ahlfors,”Bilirubin-albumin binding and free bilirubin,”

J.Perinatol.,vol.21,pp.S40-S42,Dec.2001.

[3] G.Zonios,LevT.Perelman, V.Backman, R.Manoharan,

M.Fitzmaurice,J. Van Dam,andM.S.Feld,”Diffuse reflectance
spectroscopy of human adenomatous colon polyps in
vivo,”Appl.Opt.,vol.38,pp.6628-6637,1999.

[4] L.F.A. Douven and G.W.Lucassen,”Retrieval of optical properties

of skin from measurement and modeling the diffuse
reflectance,”inProc.SPIE,2000, vol.3914,pp.312-323.

45
46