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HYDROLOGY & WATER

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RESOURCES ENGINEERING

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Chapter 1 - Introduction

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 Introduction ((3 hours))
Scope

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Hydrologic Cycle
System Concept
Hydrologic Processes (6 hours)

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Basin
Tentative Precipitation

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St
Streamflow
fl
Course

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Infiltration
Outline Hydrograph Analysis (7 hours)
Components
C t off runoff
ff

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Hydrograph characteristics
Unit hydrograph theory
Synthetic unit hydrograph
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Hydrologic Flood Routing (3 hours)
Reservoir Routing
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Channel Routing
Groundwater Hydrology (8 hours)
Introduction
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Fundamentals of Groundwater Flow

Groundwater Flow Equations
Well Hydraulics
Dams and Spillways (14 hours)
Classification and parts of the dams

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Planning of dams
Dam construction

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Reservoir capacity determination
Concrete gravity dams Tentative
A ch d
Arch dams
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Course

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Dam safety and rehabilitation
Spillway design flow Outline
H d
Hydraulics
li s of
f overflow
fl sspillway
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Crest gates and spillway profile
Energy dissipation facilities
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Water S l (6 hours)
Supply h )
Municipal water requirements and population estimation
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Fluctuations in water use

Elements of municipal water supply systems
Hydraulics and operation of gravity pipelines
Design
g of transmission lines (g
(gravity,
y pumped,
p p and mixed lines))
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Wastewater Collection and Removal (5 hours)
Introduction and flow in sewers

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Design of storm sewer systems
Design of sanitary sewer systems Tentative

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Irrigation and drainage (4 hours) Course
Land classification
Outline

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Irrigation system design principles

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Land drainage facilities

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ET GRADING

Students who do 1……..

Midterm not attend
25% at least
65% of the classes
Midtermwill2……..
receive their final grades
25%
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according
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the CATALOG!
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TEXTBOOK:
TEXTBOOK

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Usul, N.: Engineering Hydrology (3rd. Ed.), METU Press,
Ankara, 2009.

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Yanmaz, M.: Applied Water Resources Engineering (3rd

,
Ed.), METU Press, Ankara, 2006.

CE
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REFERENCES:

Linsley Kohler,
Linsley, Paulhus Hydrology for Engineers
Kohler and Paulhus,
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(SI Ed.), Mc Graw Hill, New York, 1982.
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Linsley,
Li l Franzini,
F i i FFreyberg,
b and
dTTchobanoglous,
h b l Water
W t
Resources Engineering, 1992.
(c

Anonymous, USBR, Design of Small Dams, 1987.

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Introduction
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Existing Water = f (time, space, quality, quantity)

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Water Demand = f (time, space, quality, quantity)

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Supply and demand
need to be mathched at any time
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Daily matching: operation

Future matching: design
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 Nature of Water Resources Problems

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Relationship between SUPPLY and DEMAND?
design

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analysis

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How much water of good quality is AVAILABLE?
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supply
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How much water will be REQUIRED?

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demand
Wate resources
Water esou ces enginee
engineering
ing

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Conception

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Planning

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of water

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Design resources
systems
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Construction
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Operation
Op r ti n
Fields of Water Resources Engineering

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Water Control

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Flood mitigation
Storm drainage

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Sewerage

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Highway culvert design
Water use
Municipal
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Irrigation
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Hydroelectric
y –p
power development
p
Navigation
Water Quality Management
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For municipal and irrigation uses

Water Control

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Water Control is necessary in order to prevent

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the loss of lives,
the damage to the property, and

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the difficulties in communities encountered due to
waterr related
wat r at problems
pro ms (f(floods).
oo s).

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Measures taken for the solution of these problems:
The design and construction of
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flood control structures for excess water,
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storm drainage
d and
d sewerage systems to get rid
d of
f the
h
unwanted water, and
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culverts
l f the
for h roads
d and
d highways.
h h
 WATER CONTROL

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Diversion channel Levee tied into
Protection from water to p
protect a city
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g ground
g

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Sacramento River

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A natural lowland

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weir
A
used for cattle
grazing
g g
weir
A

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pa
by

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lo
Yo

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Sacramento
to ocean City Levee around
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a meandering
stream
WATER CONTROL

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Protection from water

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WATER CONTROL

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Protection from water

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CE
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Levee failure
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İVEDİK TREATMENT PLANT - FLOWCHART

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Flood !
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ET
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CE
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 Storm drainage system

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CE
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Quantity of Water

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How much water is needed?
Social aspects

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Economic aspects
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Engineering
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Life time of the project
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D vers on (withdrawal)
Diversion (w thdrawal)
Consumption
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Quantity of Water

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How much water can be expected?
p

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Peak rates  Control of water
Volume of flow  Water use

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Location problem  Water transmission
Time problem  Water storage

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E i ti water
Existing t = f (ti
(time, space))
(application of hydrology)
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Who may use this water?

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Water law
Water Quality

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Problems related to

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Municipal water supply

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Irrigation ET http://www.durhamcountync.gov/departments/ceng/images/
Utility_Division/Wastewater_Treatment_Plant-001.jpg

Disposal of waste water

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Water Quality Management

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Amount and character of impurities
Ch i l b
Chemical, t i l i ttests
bacteriologic t

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Effects
Eff t off th
these iimpurities
iti

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Standards of acceptable quality
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Necessary facilities to remove these impurities
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Physical, chemical, biologic methods

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 Sust
Sustainable
in ble Develo
Development
ment

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availability of fresh water in the world ?

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preservation of land and water resources !
environmental impacts of projects !

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Within this context, planners should incorporate
ecosystem, health, social & economic findings

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in the final choice of project through multi-criteria analysis.
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In Turkey, EIA regulation has the following purposes:
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to determine
d i and
d evaluate
l positive
i i and
d negative
i EIE of
f all
ll activities;
i i i
to find out the environmentally sound alternatives;
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to mitigate
i i adverse
d iimpacts f
from environmental
i l and
d social
i l view
i points.
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Characteristics of water resources

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problems

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Uniqueness
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Uncertainty

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Socio-economic aspect
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Forecasting
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Economy of scale
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Irreversibility
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Economy off scale
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C t (C)
Cost

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Total Cost
C(V)

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1.5C

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Marginal Cost
dC(V)/dV

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Capacity (V)
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Economics in Water Resources Engineering

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Unlimited Funds

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No problem, no skill...

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Value Engineering

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Planning to meet the intended purpose with minimum
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cost
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Cost-benefit analysis of several alternatives

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Hydrologic Analysis in

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Water Resources Engineering

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HYDROLOGY is an

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EARTH SCIENCE
which deals with

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 RL
Hydrology deals with...

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Occurence

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Distribution
Movement

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Properties ET
...of WATER
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 RL
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Pulitzer 1994, Kevin Carter

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A famine stricken child crawling

towards a UN food camp, located
1 km away.
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The vulture is waiting for the

Population
P l ti increase
i means hi
higher
h
child to die so that it can eat
demands on natural resources. it.
Hydrology is closely related with...

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Meteorology
Climatology

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Geology
Glaciology

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Limnology
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Cryology (snow, ice) http://www.simgolo.com/text/antarktikadan-new-york-koptu/en/647192853815/show-text.aspx
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Potamology (rivers)
Oceanology
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Water resources engineering is linked to

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hydrology, hydraulics
structural engineering
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materials engineering
geotechnics

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transportationET
construction management, engineering economy
surveying
y g and topographic
p g p detailing
g
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environmental engineering, geological engineering

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sociology politics,
sociology, politics law  HYDROPOLITICS
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H
Hydrologic
i Cycle Elements

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P
Precipitation
i it ti (h(humidity,
idit ttemperature,
t wind)
i d)

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Interception

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Infiltration

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Surface Flow
Subsurface Flow (interflow)
(
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Groundwater Flow (baseflow)
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Evaporation (temperature, wind, atm. pressure)
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Transpiration
Percolation
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Deep Percolation
Hydrologic Cycle

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Cycle
y mayy take place
p in a large
g space
p

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900 m depth in litosphere
16000 m height in atmosphere
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May b very complexl

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Seepage from lakes and rivers to groundwater
Contribution
Contr but on of GW to lakes and rrivers
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Snowfall

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Subsurface flow
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There
h may be b short
h circuits
Water changes phase during cycle
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Cycle
C l will
ill be
b different
diff t  location
l ti & time
ti
Water quality changes during cycle
Pure when evaporates
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Impurities may occur every other parts

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Hydrologic Cycle

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The main concept of Hydrology

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It is,, the cyclic
y movement of water

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from SEA to ATMOSPHERE by EVAPORATION,
& then back to EARTH by PRECIPITATION

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then runs to SEA through STREAMS or GW
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Climatic ( y m g ) factors
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solar radiation, temp., humidity, wind, atm. pres.

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affect the elements of hydrologic cycle

Most Important Elements of

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Hydrologic Cycle Giresun
21/07/2009

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Precipitation
St fl
Streamflow

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Evaporation
I filt ti
Infiltration

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giresunda-sel-araclari-denize-surukledi_2609.html#2

Problems
P bl for
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f an engineer come from
f the
h extreme values
l
of these elements
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DROUGHTS (min. values)  WATER USE

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FLOODS (max.
( values)
l )  WATER CONTROL
Hydrologic Structures are built to solve the problems
created by these extremes & to correct the

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maldistribution of water

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in area  WATER TRANSMISSION
in time  WATER STORAGE

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to fit the demands of people.

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Distribution off Water
D W on Earth
E

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Water volume, in cubic Percent of fresh Percent of total
Water source
kilometers water water

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Oceans, Seas, & Bays 1,338,000,000 -- 96.5

Ice caps, Glaciers, &

24,064,000 68.7 1.74
Permanent Snow

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Groundwater 23,400,000 -- 1.7
Fresh 10,530,000 30.1 0.76
Saline 12,870,000 -- 0.94
Soil Moisture 16,500 0.05 0.001

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Ground Ice & Permafrost ET 300,000 0.86 0.022

Lakes
L k 176,400
176 400 -- 0.013
0 013
Fresh 91,000 0.26 0.007
Saline 85,400 -- 0.006
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p
Atmosphere 12,900
, 0.04 0.001
Swamp Water 11,470 0.03 0.0008
Rivers 2,120 0.006 0.0002
Biological Water 1,120 0.003 0.0001
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Total 1,386,000,000 - 100

Available fresh water ~ 0.32 % (if not contaminated)

Gl b l Water
Global W B
Budget
d

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 RL
Example for Areal vre
z Ke
lkit

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De

Distribution of Water Çe
ke
re k

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m
ılır

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z
Kı

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Kızılırmak Yeşilırmak
Catchment Size ((km2) 75120 35959
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Gaging station 1533 (İnözü) 1408 (Çarşamba)
Mean annual flow (106 m3) 5900 5600
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Mean annual discharge (m3/s) 188 179

Mean annual precipitation (mm) 459 556
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R
Runoff
ff / R
Rainfall
i f ll ratio
ti 0 17
0.17 0 28
0.28
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY includes those parts of

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hydrology
y gy related to design g and operation
p of

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engineering projects (hydraulic structures) for the
CONTROL L and USE
E of
f water..

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HYDROLOGY studies water in its natural
environment.

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HYDRAULICS studies
st di s water
t in channels
h nn ls and
nd manmade
m nm d
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conduits.
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WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT is the

engineering works for the use and control of water.
water
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System Concept

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I H
In Hydrology,
d l

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the change of parameters in TIME and SPACE is

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difficult or impossible to determine.
the knowledge
th kn l d of f ph
physical
si l bbehaviour
h i of
f system
s st m is

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inadequate. ET
systems are heterogeneous.
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We use system concept...

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 System Concept

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INPUT OUTPUT
SYSTEM
I(t) Q(t)

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Φ
(System transfer function)

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Q(t) = Φ I(t)
Transformation Equation
q
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A hydrologic system  a structure or volume in space,
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surrounded by a boundary, that accepts water

and other inputs,
p operates
p on them internally,
y
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and produces them as outputs [1]

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Example [1]

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System:
y

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Global hydrologic system

3 Sub-systems:

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1. Atmospheric water system
2 Surface water system
2.
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3. Subsurface water system
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Question: Represent the storm rainfall-runoff process on a

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watershed as a hydrologic system [1]

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Precipitation, I(t)

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Evaporation,
i Q(t)
Q( ) I(t) – Q(t) = dS/dt

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Basin divide

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Streamflow, Q(t)
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Continuity equation for a linear reservoir is a transfer equation
linking its inflow and outflow

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dS/dt = I(t) – Q(t)

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I(t) : inflow Q(t) : outflow dS/dt : change in storage

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S = (P + SF + I + GWF) – (S + W + E)
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Subject Matter of Hydrology

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DATA COLLECTION
Depth and intensity of precipitation

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River discharge
Snow depth and density

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AVERAGE VALUES
Lake level EXTREME VALUES
ET TIME HISTORIES
İnfiltration rate
DMI, DSI, EIE,
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GW table
t bl level
l l Rural
R lSServices
i

Evaporation rate
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METHOD of ANALYSIS

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for the design
for the operation

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Understanding the phenomena

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Determination of existing situation
Estimation of future values
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or
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Interpretation of data
Establishment of a systematic pattern that governs
these events
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Problem : Inadequate Data

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Estimation of extremes which are rarely observed in
a small data

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Hydrologic characteristics at locations where no data
have been collected

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Estimation of the effects of human actions on the
hydrologic characteristics of an area
ET
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EACH HYDROLOGIC PROBLEM IS UNIQUE

specific basin + distinct set of physical conditions
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Hydrology in Engineering

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HYDROLOGY

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DESIGN AND OPERATION
of HYDRAULIC

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STRUCTURES
ET
CIVIL ENGINEERING
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 D ig off Hydraulic
Design Hyd lic Structures
S c

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1. Hydrologic
y g Design
g

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2. Hydraulic Design
3. Structural Design

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Applications

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Reservoir capacity (water use)

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Spillway design (water control)
Highway drainage (water control)

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Irrigation and drainage (water use)

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Hydropower
y p (water
( use))

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Navigation (water use)
Recreation (water use)
ET
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http://hydropower inel gov/
hydrofacts/images/howworks.jpg
W
Water N
Need
d

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A human being could survive on only 4 ~ 5 lt/day.

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But to remain
Thesein facts
good health
health,
clearlya person needs
explain the10 ~ 20

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times more: 50 ~ 100 lt/day.
importance
p of the wise usage
g
109 people (1/4 of world population) do not have ready

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access to sufficient water&supply of adequate quality.
ET
fair sharing
1 kg cereal needs of the
1000 kg water to water
grow
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1 kg rice needs 2000 kg water

everywhere to grow
in the world
world.
One drop of water is almost equivalent to one drop of oil.
(c
 RL
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BLACK SEA Ku
ak Altınkaya
Ol
Gökırm Dam tu
Ergene

Hasan Uğurlu Ha
rş
Gere
de vre
z Dam Ke
lkit
Ak
su it Aras
Marmara Sea De ruh

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Ço
I ik Lake
Iznik L k Yeşilırmak
Y
ya

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ka ar
kçe m rıy rek Almus
Ulubat ö Sa am ke
Lake
G Da Çe Dam u
D ras ri
Or
ha Porsuk Ka Pe Van
ne
li ak Lake
Susurluk Sa ırm at
Dam ka Hir zıl Mur
y rya fa Kı Ho
ırça Da nlı şa
Bak m Keban Ba p
Tohma Dam tm

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Demirköprü an
Gediz Tuz Sarmısaklı Batman
Dam n
Lake Dam
Karakaya Bota
Dam Dam

p
Dicle

Za
Me
Beyşehir le nd G ök
K. Menderes Eğirdir su Cizre
iz
Lake Lake Atatürk Dam
eres
end Ça Dam
B. M
ET rş a
mb

H
a Birecik

ab
Ak Aslantaş
ça

ur
y Seyhan Dam
Dam
Dam
an Gö
lam ks
u
Da
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MEDITERRANEAN SEA
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Figure 1.5 Major rivers, lakes and dams in Turkey

(c
)M
ET
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CE
, W
RL
(c
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ET
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RL
 Land and water resources of Turkey

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Agricultural land ................................................................ 28.05*106 ha

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Irrigable land ..................................................................... 25.85*106 ha

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Economically irrigable land ............................................. 8.5*106 ha

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Mean annual precipitation depth ................................... 642.6 mm

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Mean annual volume of precipitation ............................ 501 km3
ET
Annual surface runoff volume ........................................ 186.05 km3
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Average runoff coefficient ............................................ 0.37

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Annual extractable groundwater resource................... 12.3 km3

GVA of water-related
water related projects by sector

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in Turkey

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7

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6
ns)

5
US$ (Billion

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4
3
ET
2
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1
0
Irrigation Hydropower Domestic Industry
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References

RL
W
Chow, V.T., Maidment, D.R., and Mays, L.W. (1988)
Hydrology McGraw-Hill,
Applied Hydrology. McGraw Hill Inc
Inc., New York
York.

,
CE
U,
ET
)M
(c