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    5 Jaunpur Provincial Indo Islamic Architecture

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    Dakshata Koli

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    5 Jaunpur Provincial Indo Islamic Architecture

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    661 views26 pages

    5 Jaunpur Provincial Indo Islamic Architecture

    Uploaded by

    Dakshata Koli

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    INDO-ISLAMIC HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

    SESSION 5 PROVINCIAL STYLE - JAUNPUR


    Provincial Style of Architecture

    The Provincial style of Architecture encompasses the architectural trends and developments noticed in
    different provincial capitals in India, but specifically in the following regions:

    -Punjab (1150 – 1325 AD)


    -Bengal (1203 – 1573 AD)
    -Gujarat (1300 – 1572 AD)
    -Jaunpur (1376 – 1479 AD)
    -Malwa (1405 – 1569 AD)
    -Deccan (1347 – 1617 AD)
    -Bijapur (1490 – 1656 AD)
    -Khandesh (1425 – 1650 AD)
    -Kashmir (1410 AD onwards)
    JAUNPUR STYLE
    A.D. 1360- A.D. 1480

    -The Governor of Jaunpur, an eastern province of the sultanate was given the title 'Malik-ush-Sharq' (King of
    the East) by the Tughlaq monarch in Delhi. Hence, the dynasty was called the Sharqi dynasty.
    -Under the Sharqi monarchs, Jaunpur became an important centre of Islamic art, architecture and learning, a
    university town known as 'Shiraz-i-Hind' after the city of Shiraz in Iran.
    -Most of the structures of the style were destroyed when Sikander Lodi of Delhi reconquered Jaunpur, leaving
    only 5 mosques.
    -The style was mainly formed under Sultan Shams-ud-Din Ibrahim (1402- 1436 AD). During his rule several
    palaces, mosques, tombs and other buildings came up, the most prominent being the Atala Masjid built in
    1378. Later other important buildings were produced that include Khalis Mukhlis Masjid (1430 A.D.), Jhangiri
    Masjid (1430 A.D.) Lal Darwaza Masjid (1450 A.D.) and the Jami Masjid (1470 A.D.).

    Rulers of Sharqi Dynasty


    1 Malik Sarwar, Khwajah-i-Jahan
    2 Mubarak Shah
    3 Ibrahim Shah
    4 Mahmud Shah
    5 Muhammad Shah
    6 Hussain Shah
    Architecture - Salient Features:
    - The Sharqi rulers of Jaunpur were known for their patronage of learning and architecture. Jaunpur was
    known as the Shiraz of India during this period.
    -Pylons built on the facade to accentuate entrances etc. are a common feature.
    -Arches are of the 'depressed four centered' or 'Tudor' variety with 'Fleur-de-Lys' fringes.
    -The builders were never certain of the curves and contours of the arches, which wavered weakly in the larger
    examples.
    -The predominantly Hindu masons and artisans were more comfortable with the pillar, beam and bracket
    (trabeate) system of construction which was frequently used.
    -The pillars have square monolithic shafts with bands across the middle. The same bands above form the
    capital out of which clusters of brackets emerge. These have a feel of rough execution.

    Main Buildings:
    Atala Masjid (1378 AD)
    Khalis Mukhlis Masjid (1430 AD)
    Jhangiri Masjid (1430 AD)
    Lal Darwaza Masjid (1450 AD)
    Jami Masjid at Jaunpur (1470 AD)
    ATALA MASJID
    1378 AD
    ATALA MASJID

    -Built by Shams-ud-Din Ibrahim in A.D. 1408 on the foundation built by Firuz Shah Tughlaq 30 years before.
    -Built on the site of the Atala Devi temple whose materials along with those of other temples were used in its
    construction.
    -Provided the model on which all future mosques of the style would be based.
    -The mosque consists of a square courtyard of 177' side with cloisters on 3 sides and the sanctuary on the
    fourth (western) side. Entire mosque is a square of 258' side.

    Cloisters
    -Cloisters are spacious, being 42' across and divided into 5 aisles.
    -The cloisters rise up to 2 storeys.
    -Two aisles of the lower storey are formed into a series of cells with a pillared verandah facing the street to
    provide accommodation to visitors and merchants.
    -There are 3 entrance gateways, one in the centre of each cloister, with the northern and southern ones
    surmounted by domes.
    Sanctuary
    -In the centre of the sanctuary facade, the entrance to the nave is articulated by a lofty pylon, 75' high and 55'
    wide at the base.
    -The pylon houses an 11' deep arched recess which contains the entrance doorway to the sanctuary nave and
    the windows which light it.
    -This arched pylon is the main theme of the structure (and the style as a whole), being repeated by smaller
    pylons on either side of the central one and also on the gateways in the cloisters.
    -The interior of the sanctuary consists of a central nave of 35' X 30' with pillared transepts on either side. The
    nave is roofed high up by a hemispherical dome.
    -The interior nave is vertically divided into three parts. The first level consists of 3 mihrabs and a high pulpit
    with arched openings to the transepts forming the sides of the room.
    -The second level consists of 8 decorated arches, out of which 4 are squinches, turning the room into an
    octagon.
    -The third level has a bracket in each corner turning the room into a 16 sided structure. Each side contains an
    arch, thus creating an arcaded triforium which supports the dome.
    -The dome is 57' high on the inside and constructed by means of circular courses of stone. The exterior is
    covered with a layer of cement to give it a spherical curve.
    -Each transept is a pillared hall with an octagonal bay in the centre roofed by a smaller dome.
    -The transept at both ends becomes two storied, the upper compartment surrounded by perforated screens
    forming a zenana chamber for women.
    Exterior
    -The rear wall of the sanctuary is worth studying for its
    treatment.
    -Since the qibla resolves itself into an expansive wall with
    no opening s, architects face a problem regarding the
    design of the exterior
    -The great plane of this wall is relieved by 3 projections,
    each corresponding to one of the principal compartments
    of the interior and coinciding with the domes.
    -Each projection has a tapering turret on its corner, with a
    larger replica in each corner of the building itself.
    JAMI MASJID, JAUNPUR
    1470 AD
    JAMI MASJID AT JAUNPUR
    -Built by Husain Shah in A.D. 1470.
    -Repeats many of the essential features of the Atala Masjid on a larger scale.
    -The entire structure is raised on a plinth 16'-20' in height and approached by a steep but imposing flight of
    steps.

    Courtyard
    -The courtyard is a square of 210' side.
    -Surrounded by cloisters on three sides and sanctuary on the west.

    Cloisters
    -Cloisters are two storeys high.
    -They are two aisles in width as opposed to the more spacious 5 aisles in Atala Masjid.
    -In the centre of each cloister is an entrance hall covered by a dome.
    Plan of western half
    Sanctuary
    -In the centre of the sanctuary facade is a pylon 85' high and 77' wide at the base.
    -The arcaded wings of the side aisles are seen on both sides of the pylon with the roofs of the two halls which
    form the transepts above them.
    -The interior consists of the nave of 38' side. Sheesh Gumbad

    -The clerestory arcade is open to light the interior of the dome.


    -On both sides of the nave are pillared side aisles with an upper storey. This has its openings filled in with stone
    jalis to provide a private area for the royal ladies.
    -Beyond the side aisles on both sides are two great vaulted halls, each 50' long, 40' wide and 45' high.
    -The interior of these halls have 3 mihrabs each on the western wall, opposite which are the archways which
    open into the courtyard.
    -To achieve such a large columnless space, the builders first threw across the 40' space a framework of two
    transverse ribs at wide intervals in the middle and two wall ribs or 'formerets' at each end.
    -On this permanent centering were laid the infilling or 'severies'Bara Gumbad
    of flat stones fitting on the backs of the ribs.
    -To counteract the thrust of such a large vault, the side walls, from the haunches of the ribs to the foundation
    were made upto 10' thick.
    -Such a large columnless space is a rare occurance in Indian architecture.
    LAL DARWAZA MASJID, JAUNPUR
    1450 AD
    - Lal Darwaza Masjid (Red Portal mosque or Ruby Gate mosque) of Jaunpur, was built in 1447 by Queen Rajye
    Bibi and dedicated to Sayyid Ali Dawood Kutubbudin a saint.
    -The Lal Darwaza Masjid was built with the palace of Bibi Raji, who was the Queen of Sultan Mahmood Sharqi,
    a ruler of the Sharqi Dynasty.
    -The Lal Darwaza Masjid, Jaunpur was formed to serve as a private mosque of the Queen.
    -Built as almost a replica of the Atala Masjid, except about 2/3rd in size and the location of
    the zenana chamber is placed at the centre adjoining the nave, instead of to the ends of the transepts.
    -The courtyard is a square 132' side.
    -Due to the smaller size, only the central pylon in the sanctuary facade is built, the smaller side pylon being
    omitted.
    -The gateways follow the design of the sanctuary entrance.
    -The mosque gets its name from the high gate painted with vermilion through which it was approached from
    the palace it was attached to.
    Transept

    A transept (with two semitransepts) is a


    transverse section, of any building, which lies
    across the main body of the building. In
    churches, a transept is an area set crosswise to
    the nave in a cruciform ("cross-shaped")
    building in Romanesque and Gothic Christian
    church architecture. Each half of a transept is
    known as a semitransept.

    Representative image of a typical church


    Tudor Arch or Four Centred Arch

    A low elliptical or pointed arch; usually drawn from


    four centers, hence also known as a four-centered
    arch, the inner pair of curves having a radius much
    greater than that of the outer pair.

    Four-centered arches are most often found in


    Victorian homes for a simple reason: Victorian
    architecture is a blend of neo-classical styles and
    Gothic designs. And there is no better example of
    Gothic revival architecture than a four-centered
    arch.

    When defining an arch using four different arc


    centers, the possible configurations are almost
    endless. The shape of the arch can vary, even with
    the same span and rise.
    Types of Domes
    Indo-Islamic Architecture

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