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Air Pollution Control: Mohamad Yani

The document discusses various air pollution control techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological methods. It focuses on particulate control technologies like settling chambers, cyclones, wet scrubbers, fabric filters, and electrostatic precipitators. Each technique works in a different way, such as using inertia, gravity, electrostatic forces, or liquid impingement to separate and collect particulate matter from gas streams. The key is selecting the appropriate control method based on the source and characteristics of the emissions.

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tiara amanda
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45 views35 pages

Air Pollution Control: Mohamad Yani

The document discusses various air pollution control techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological methods. It focuses on particulate control technologies like settling chambers, cyclones, wet scrubbers, fabric filters, and electrostatic precipitators. Each technique works in a different way, such as using inertia, gravity, electrostatic forces, or liquid impingement to separate and collect particulate matter from gas streams. The key is selecting the appropriate control method based on the source and characteristics of the emissions.

Uploaded by

tiara amanda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

Mohamad Yani
Air Pollutant
1. Particulate
(Dust / PM, Aerosol, Bioarosol)
2. Emission gas (SOx, NOx, CO2, etc)
3. Odor (NH3, H2S, VOC, etc)
Air Pollution Control Techniques

1. Physical

2. Chemical

3. Biological
Particulate Control
Sources Control :
• Fuel Substitution (Coal, Oil, Gas,
Electricity)
• Process modification
• Improve particulate collectivity
Particulate control equipements (Jenis
Peralatan Pengolahan limbah debu /
partikulat)
Dry collector (Pengumpul Wet collector (Pengumpul
kering) basah)
1. Settling chambers 1. Gravity spray collectors
2. Centrifugal collectors 2. Wet impingement collectors
3. Dynamic precipitators 3. Wet dynamic precipitator

4. Cyclones 4. Venturi scrubber


5. Inertial separators
Baffle chamber
Impingement type
6. Fabric collector
7. Electrical precipitators
Particulate Control Technique
1. Settling chamber
2. Inertial Separator (Cyclone Separator)
3. Impingement Separator
4. Wet Scrubber
5. Fabric Filter
6. Electrostatic Precipitator
1. Settling chamber

The Detention (Residence)


time of the gas stream :
Sistem gravitasi
Sistem siklon
(Gaya
(gayaberat partikel debu)
berputar-melingkar)

Sistem gravitasi (Gaya


berat partikel debu)
2. Inertial Separator
Sistem siklon (gaya
(Cyclone Separator)
berputar-melingkar)
2. Inertial Separator (Cyclone Separator)

Separation Factor :

Efficiency for 50% cut dust :


Incinerator equiped with
Cyclone Separator
Pemisahan Sistem mekanik Pemisahan Sistem mekanik
Gaya Sentrifugal tipe rotor Gaya Sentrifugal tipe Kipas
3. Impingement Separator

Mists and dry particles will impinge on a surface due to their greater
inertia when an exhaust stream is deflected around a surface. The
simplest type of impingement separators are baffled chambers, as
illustrated in Figure 4.15. Various devices with simple to complex patterns
use plates, cylinders, or other surfaces to collect particles.

The collection of mists is the best application of impingement separators.


The collected liquid forms a film on the surface and then drips into the
collection chamber. Since dry particles may be trained as they fall from
the collecting surface, liquid sprays are used to wash the surface. The
wetted surface also improves particle collection.
Impingement separators offer numerous options to the design engineer.
They have potential for use as pretreatment devices or as the primary
collection equipment.
3. Impingement Separator
4. Wet Scrubber

Using a variety of methods, wet scrubbers are collection devices that


wet particles in order to remove them from the gas stream. They
utilize inertial impaction and/or Brownian diffusion as the particle
collection mechanism, and droplets, sheets, and jets as the liquid
collection mechanism. Table 4.8 lists primary advantages and
disadvantages of wet scrubbers with respect to fabric filters and
electrostatic precipitators.

In Table 4.9, major categories of wet scrubbers are listed in order of


increasing performance capabilities and energy requirements for
non mechanical and then for mechanically aided units. Discussions
will follow on the more popular types of scrubbers.
WET SCRUBBER
Sistem semprotan
air 5 tahap

Sistem semprotan
air 2 tahap
5. Fabric Filter
Safety. When handling flammable or explosive contaminants, special
safety provisions are needed to minimize damage in the event of a fire or
explosion. Some basic precautions include:

1. The fabric filter should be located out-of-doors. If this is not possible, it


should be located near an exterior wall as remote as possible from
personnel.
2. An explosion relief hatch should be provided on the unit and sized with
respect to volume and maximum pressures from an event.
3. The construction of the unit shell should be adequately reinforced to
withstand the initial impacts of a fire or explosion until secondary systems
respond.
4. Sprinklers or other means should be provided inside the unit. The system
should be interlocked with process operations so as to stop inlet flow and
outlet exhaust in the event of a fire.
5. In the ductwork, fire and smoke dampers should be installed to protect
personnel and, to the extent practical, equipment and structures.
6. Fabric filters should be of the static-dissipative type to minimize the
possibility of ignition from a static discharge when particles are released from
the filter. Also, the fabric should be fire-resistant.
In many cases, the final fabric selection will be the result
of prior experience with a similar application and the
associated selection of cleaning method and air-to-cloth
ratio. However, important factors to consider include (8):
– Dust penetration
– Temperature—operating and maximum
– Chemical degradation—acid and alkaline
– Abrasion resistance
– Cake release
– Pressure drop
– Cleaning method
– Fabric construction—woven or felted
– Cost—initial and replacement
6. Electrostatic Precipitator

Electrostatic precipitators use electrical energy to charge


and collect particles. They have high removal efficiencies;
in addition, they are effective for a variety of source
categories and emission gas characteristics.
These features are outlined , which lists advantages and
disadvantages of electrostatic precipitation. Discussions
follow on the basic system approaches, system components,
and design considerations.
Electrostatic precipitation (ESP) is defined as the use of electrostatic
forces to remove charged solid particles or liquid droplets from gas
streams in which the particles or droplets are carried in suspension.

The electrical mechanisms for the precipitation of particles or


droplets are provided by discharge electrodes, which charge the
particles or droplets in a corona discharge and create the electrostatic
field that causes the charged particles or droplets to migrate toward
the collecting electrodes. The essential components of the electrode
system consist of one or more discharge electrodes of relatively
small diameter (such as wires) as well as collecting electrodes (such
as plates or tubes). In general, the discharge electrodes are of
negative polarity, whereas the collecting discharges are at ground
potential and considered positive polarity.
A. Advantages
1. High removal efficiency of fine particles/droplets
2. Handling of large gas volumes with low pressure drop
3. Collection of either dry powder materials or wet fumes/mists
4. Sustenance of a wide range of gas temperature up to approx 700C
5. Low operating costs, except at very high removal efficiencies

B. Disadvantages
1. High capital costs
2. Unable to collect gaseous pollutants
3. Large space requirement
4. Inflexibility of operating conditions
5. Variation of removal efficiency with particle/droplet properties
(e.g., resistivity of particles/droplets)
1. The particles/droplets are charged in
passing through an ionized electrostatic
field
2. The charged particles/droplets are
transported by the electrostatic force onto
the surfaces of grounded collecting
electrodes of opposite polarity
3. The charged particles/droplets are
neutralized while arriving at the surfaces
of collecting
electrodes
4. The collected particles/droplets are
removed from the surfaces of collecting
electrodes by
rappers, or other means, to a hopper
beneath the electrostatic precipitator.

Fig. 1. Steps for charging, transportation, neutralization, and


removing of particles/ droplets in the electrostatic fields.
Fig. 2. Types of
electrostatic
precipitators:

(A) single-stage flat


surface type;
(B) single-stage
tubular type;
(C) two-stage type.
Pengumpul debu bergoyang

Pengendapan elektrostatik
Tipe nampan (plate)

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