ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:

FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN Syllabus & Student Understandings

ARCH 331
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SUMMER 2014
lecture
one

structural behavior,
systems and design www.greatbuildings.com
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Course Description Course Description

• statics • mechanics of materials
– physics of forces and reactions on bodies – external loads and effect on deformable
and systems bodies
– equilibrium (bodies at rest) – use it to answer question if structure meets
• structures requirements of
• stability and equilibrium
– something made up of interdependent
• strength and stiffness
parts in a definite pattern of organization
– other principle building requirements
• design • economy, functionality and aesthetics
– assessing and meeting structural
requirements of parts and the whole
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Structure Requirements Structure Requirements (cont)
• stability & • strength &
equilibrium stiffness
– STATICS – concerned with
stability of
components

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Structural System Selection Knowledge Required

• kind & size of loads • external forces
• building function • internal forces
• soil & topology of site • material properties
• systems integration • member cross
sections
• fire rating • ability of a material to resist breaking
• construction ($$, schedule) • structural elements that resist excessive
• architectural form – deflection
– deformation
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Problem Solving Relation to Architecture
1. STATICS: “The geometry and arrangement of the
equilibrium of external forces, load-bearing members, the use of
internal forces, stresses materials, and the crafting of joints all
represent opportunities for buildings to
2. GEOMETRY: express themselves. The best
cross section properties, deformations and buildings are not designed by
conditions of geometric fit, strains architects who after resolving the
3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES: formal and spatial issues, simply ask
stress-strain relationship for each material
the structural engineer to make sure it
obtained from testing
doesn’t fall down.” -Onouye & Kane
Statics and Strength of Materials for
Architecture and Building Construction
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Architectural Space and Form Architectural Space and Form

• evolution traced to developments in • structure is a device for channeling
structural engineering and material loads that result from the use and/or
technology presence of the building to the ground
– stone & masonry – span a roof
– timber – hold up a floor
– concrete – cross a river
– cast iron, steel – suspend a canopy
– tensile fabrics, pneumatic structures......
www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/

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Structural Action Structural Action
• axial tension • bending • member breadth & depth
• axial compression

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Structural Action Structural Action

• stabilization • shear & bracing

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Structural Action Structural Action
• lateral resistance • twisting

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Structural Design Structural Loads

• planning • STATIC and DYNAMIC
• preliminary structural
configuration
• dead load
• determination of loads – static, fixed, includes
• preliminary member building weight, fixed
selection equipment
• analysis • live load
• evaluation – transient and moving
• design revision loads (including
• final design occupants), snowfall

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 Structural Loads Structural Loads
• wind loads • earthquake loads
– dynamic, wind pressures treated as lateral – seismic, movement of
static loads on walls, up or down loads on ground
roofs

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Structural Loads Structural Loads

• impact loads • gravity acts on mass (F=m*g)
– rapid, energy loads • force of mass
– acts at a point
• ie. joist on beam
– acts along a “line”
• ie. floor on a beam
– acts over an area
• ie. people, books,
snow on roof or floor

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Structural Math Structural Math
• quantify environmental loads • physics takes observable phenomena
– how big is it? and relates the measurement with rules:
• evaluate geometry and angles mathematical relationships
– where is it? • need
– what is the scale? – reference frame
– what is the size in a particular direction?
– measure of length, mass, time, direction,
• quantify what happens in the structure velocity, acceleration, work, heat,
– how big are the internal forces? electricity, light
– how big should the beam be? – calculations & geometry
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Structural Organization Structural Components

• classifications • bearing walls
– geometry • columns
• line-forming
• surface-forming • beams
– stiffness • flat plates
• rigid
• flexible
• trusses
– one-way or two-way • arches
• spatial organization and load transfer • shells
– materials
• cables
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Bearing Walls Bearing Walls
• behavior as “deep beams”

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Columns & Walls Beams & Plates

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Beams & Plates Trusses and Shells

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Arches and Cables Building Framing

• Components or Assemblages

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Building Framing System Selection
• evaluation of alternatives

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System Selection Structural Design Criteria

• components stay together
• structure acts as whole to be stable
– resist sliding
– resist overturning
– resist twisting and distortion
• internal stability
– interconnectedness
• strength & stiffness

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Structural Design Sequences Systems by Materials
• first-order design • Wood
– structural type and organization
• Steel
– design intent
– contextual or programmatic • Concrete
• second-order • Masonry
– structural strategies
• Composite
– material choice
– structural systems
• third-order
– member shaping & sizing

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Wood Timber Construction

• columns • all-wood framing systems
• beams – studs, beams, floor
diaphragms, shearwalls
• trusses – glulam arches & frames
– post & beams
– trusses
• composite construction
– masonry shear walls
– concrete
– steel
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Timber Construction Timber Construction
• studs, beams • glulam arches & frames
• floor diaphragms & shear walls – manufactured or custom shapes
– glue laminated
– bigger members

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Timber Construction Timber Construction

• post & beam • composite construction

• trusses

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Steel Steel Construction
• cast iron – wrought iron - steel • standard rolled shapes
• cables • open web joists
• columns • plate girders
• beams • decking
• trusses
• frames

http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
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Steel Construction Steel Construction

• welding • fire proofing
• bolts – cementicious spray
– encasement in gypsum
– intumescent – expands
with heat
– sprinkler system

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Concrete Concrete Construction
• columns • cast-in-place
• beams • tilt-up
• slabs • prestressing
• domes • post-tensioning
• footings

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Concrete Floor Systems Concrete Floor Systems

• types & spanning direction

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Masonry (& Stone) Grids and Patterns
• columns • often adopted early in design
• walls – give order
• lintels – cellular, ex.

• beams • vertical and horizontal

• arches • square and rectangular
– single-cell
• footings
– aggregated bays

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Grids and Patterns Systems

• total of components
• behavior of whole
• classifications
– one-way
– two-way
– tubes
– braced
– unbraced

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One-Way Systems Two-Way Systems
• horizontal vs. vertical • spanning system less obvious
• horizontal
– plates
– slabs
– space frames
• vertical
– columns
– walls

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Two-Way Systems Roof Shapes

• coincide
• within

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Tubes & Cores Span Lengths
• stiffness • crucial in selection
of system
• maximum spans
on charts aren’t
absolute limits,
but usual maximums
• increase L, increase depth2 required
(ex. cantilever)
• deflections depend on L
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Approximate Depths Loading Type and Structure Type

• light uniform loads
– surface forming elements
– those that pick up first load dictate spacing
of other elements
• heavy concentrated loads
– member design unique
• distributed vs. concentrated structural
strategies
– large beam vs. many smaller ones
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Design Issues Design Issues
• lateral stability – all directions • configuration

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Design Issues Design Issues

• vertical load resistance • lateral load resistance

walls columns

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Design Issues Design Issues
• lateral load resistance • multi-story
– cores, tubes, braced frames

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Design Issues Foundation Influence

• multi-story • type may dictate fit
– avoid discontinuities – piles vs. mats vs. spread
• vertically – capacity of soil to sustain
• horizontally loads
• high capacity – smaller area
of bearing needing and can
spread out
• low capacity – multiple
contacts and big distribution
areas

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Grid Dependency on Floor Height Large Spaces
• wide grid = deep beams • ex. auditoriums, gyms, ballrooms
– increased building height • choices
– heavier – separate two systems
– foundation design completely and connect
• codes and zoning along edges
may limit – embed in finer grid
– staggered truss
• utilize depth for
mechanical

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Meeting of Grids Meeting of Grids

• common to use more than one grid • horizontal choices
• intersection important structurally
• can use different structural materials
– need to understand their properties
• mechanical
• thermal

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Meeting of Grids Other Conditions
• vertical choices • circulation
• building service systems
– one-way systems have space
for parallel runs
– trusses allow for transverse penetration
– pass beneath or interstitial floors
• for complex or extensive
services or flexibility

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Other Conditions Fire Safety & Structures

• poking holes for member services • fire safety requirements can impact
– horizontal structural selection
• need to consider area • construction types
removed, where removed,
and importance to shear – light
or bending • residential
– vertical • wood-frame or unprotected metal
• requires framing at edges – medium
• can cluster openings to • masonry
eliminate a bay – heavy
– double systems • protected steel or reinforced concrete

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Fire Safety & Structures Fire Safety & Structures
• degree of occupancy hazards • resistance ratings by failure type
• building heights – transmission failure
• fire or gasses move
• maximum floor areas between fire wall
divisions – structural failure
• high temperatures reduce strength
– can impact load bearing wall location
– failure when subjected to water spray
• necessary strength
• ratings do not pertain to usefulness of
structure after a fire
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Project

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