University of Tripoli

Faculty of Engineering
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department

EE201L

Experiment #10
Three Phase Mains Network

Student Name : Al-Tayeb Abdulrahman Mohammed  al-Tijani

ID : 022130271
Group : B
Introduction :
An ac generator designed to develop a single sinusoidal voltage for each rotation of
the shaft
(rotor) is referred to as a single-phase ac generator. If the number of coils on the
rotor is increased
in a specified manner, the result is a polyphase ac generator, which develops
more
than one ac phase voltage per rotation of the rotor. In this chapter, the three-phase
system is
discussed in detail since it is the most frequently used for power transmission.
In general, three-phase systems are preferred over single-phase systems for the
transmission
of power for many reasons, including the following:
1. Thinner conductors can be used to transmit the same kVA at the same voltage,
which
reduces the amount of copper required (typically about 25% less) and in turn
reduces
construction and maintenance costs.
2. The lighter lines are easier to install, and the supporting structures can be less
massive
and farther apart.
3. Three-phase equipment and motors have preferred running and starting
characteristics
compared to single-phase systems because of a more even flow of power to the
transducer
than can be delivered with a single-phase supply.
4. In general, most larger motors are three phase because they are essentially self-
starting
and do not require a special design or additional starting circuitry.
The frequency generated is determined by the number of poles on the rotor (the
rotating
part of the generator) and the speed with which the shaft is turned. In the United
States, the
line frequency is 60 Hz, whereas in Europe the chosen standard is 50 Hz. Both
frequencies
were chosen primarily because they can be generated by a relatively efficient and
stable mechanical
design that is sensitive to the size of the generating systems and the demand that
must
be met during peak periods. On aircraft and ships, the demand levels permit the use
of a 400 Hz
line frequency.

THREE-PHASE GENERATOR
The three-phase generator in Fig. 23.1(a) has three induction coils placed
120° apart on the stator, as shown symbolically by Fig. 23.1(b). Since the
three coils have an equal number of turns, and each coil rotates with the
same angular velocity, the voltage induced across each coil has the same
peak value, shape, and frequency. As the shaft of the generator is turned
by some external means, the induced voltages eAN, eBN, and eCN are generated
simultaneously, as shown in Fig. 23.2. Note the 120° phase shift
between waveforms and the similarities in appearance of the three sinusoidal
functions.

FIG. 23.1
(a) Three-phase generator; (b) induced voltages of a three-phase generator.
In particular, note that

at any instant of time, the algebraic sum of the three phase voltages
of a three-phase generator is zero.
This is shown at vt _ 0 in Fig. 23.2, where it is also evident that when
one induced voltage is zero, the other two are 86.6% of their positive or
negative maximums. In addition, when any two are equal in magnitude
 FIG. 23.2

Phase voltages of a three-phase generator.

and sign (at 0.5Em), the remaining induced voltage has the opposite polarity
and a peak value.
The sinusoidal expression for each of the induced voltages in Fig.
23.2 is

Theory:
A three phase system has three AC wave forms, separated by an angle of 120
degrees each . a three phase genaretor has three separate windings which are
physically offset by 120 degrees to each other ,
Why do we use three phase?
More phases means more power. its more efficient to generate 3 phase than 1
phase. Its more efficient to transmit 3 phase as well. Industrial machines, high
power tools like cranes, large motors, etc, use three phase, simply because three
phase provides more power for the same infrastructure.
How the three wave forms are generated ?
A permanent magnet rotating at constant velocity , causes a voltage to be induced
in each winding . due to the offset of the phase windings , the voltages induced are
shifted .

L1

L3

L2

The three phase generator used in this exercise , simulate a type of generators used
in power stations and generates similar voltages . however , for reasons of safety ,
smaller amplitude voltages are generated .

Aims of The Exercise :

This exercise should enable the student to :
 - Explain the generator of a three-phase supply .
- Describe the generation of the three phase
- Describe the structure of a three phase network and identify the lines .
- Measure the voltage in a three phase network and differentiate between the
voltages .
- Establish the relationship between the voltages .
- Measure the angle of phase shift between the voltages and explain the
measurements .

Exercise :
voltage and phase measurements in three phase mains network .

Exercise Assembly:

Instruments / components required :

Electronic three phase generator .

Dual trace oscilloscope .
Digital multimeter .
Set of junction .
Adepter,bnc/4mm .

Exercise 1
1. Display the phase voltage L1 & N and L2 &N ; sketch the oscillograms in
the grad : graph (1).
2. Measure the angle of phase shift between the voltages .
The phase shift is 6.8 ms ≈ 122.4 ̊ .
3. With a multimeter , measure phase voltage between L1 & N and the line
voltage between L1 & L2 .
 V L=0.047V
V ph=0.027 V
4. Compare the measured values and interpret the result .
V L 0.047
= =1.74 ≈ √ 3
V ph 0.027
where : √ 3is the conversion factor from line variables to phase variables .
400
For example voltage in public mains supply : =¿ 230 V .
√3

Graph (1)

CONCLUSIONS:

the line voltage is √3 times of phase voltage. Line voltage is the voltage between
two phases in three phase circuit and phase voltage is the voltage between one
phase to the neutral line .
by using multisim to simulate the circuit :

the oscilloscope will show :