ENGLISH LEARNING MODULE

Arranged to be a learning medium for 12th grade students

Tutor : Eva Djuliawati, S.Pd, MM.

Arranged by All Students from XII Science 1

One Soreang Senior Highschool

Jl.Raya Soreang – Banjaran KM.3 Kab.Bandung
Telp: (022) 589 1662 Post Code 40911
Website: www.sman1soreang.sch.id
2019/2020
 FOREWORD

Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.

Praise the authors pray to the presence of Allah SWT who has provided guidance and
strength so that this English Learning Module can be completed.

This module is organized and made based on available materials. This module aims to
increase knowledge and insight in knowing all English material in 12th grade.

In the preparation of this module, not a few obstacles faced. However, the smooth
development of this module is due to the help, encouragement and guidance so that the
obstacles encountered can be overcome. Therefore the authors thank: English teacher, Ms.
Eva Djuliawati, S.Pd, MM. which has provided instructions so that this English Module can
be completed.

Hopefully this module can be useful and be a contribution of thought for those in need,
the author also hopes that critics and suggestions from readers for all the deficiencies in this
module.

Wassalamualaikum Wr. Wb.

Bandung. September 08th 2020

Writer,

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 Chapter List

Chapter 1 : May I Help You? (The Expression for Offering Help) 4

Chapter 2 : How To Apply For A Job? (Job Vacancy, Application Letter, Curriculum Vitae) 12

Chapter 3 : Caption (Giving Information Through Pictures, Photos, Tables, Graphics, Charts) 18

Chapter 4 : News Item Teks ( Who Was Involved ) 21

Chapter 5 : News Item Texts (Online School Registration) 24

Chapter 6 : News Item Teks (It’s Garbage In, Art Works Out) 31

Chapter 7 : Why Don’t You Visit Seattle (Conditional Statements) 40

Chapter 8 : Procedure Teks ( Steps In Using Technological Products/ How To Make ) 51

Chapter 9 : Procedure Text (Do It Carefully) 58

Chapter 10 : Procedure Text (How To Use Photoshop) 66

Chapter 11 : Let’s Make A Better World For All (Songs) 69

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 CHAPTER 1 - MAY I HELP YOU?
(The Expression for Offering Help)

A. Definition
Asking and Offering Help is one of the expression in English which states that we ask
and provide assistance to someone. Usually the asking or offering for help sentence starts
with the capital, auxiliaries in the form of can, may, will, shall, should, may, might, and
must.
B. Purpose
 To offer assistance for someone who is doing something politely.
 To offer help to other people who are in need
C. Type Of Offering Help and the response

1. Formal: Formal is usually used for foreigners, as well as people who are respected.
2. Informal: Infromal is usually used for people closest, friends, or colleagues.

D. Offering Help Formal

 May I help you?
 Would you like some help?
 Might I help you?
 Perhaps I could assist in?
 Could I help you?
 What can I do for you?

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  May I offer my assistance?
E. Accepting Offering Help Formal
 That's very kind of you
 If you sure it's not trouble you're mosy kind
 That's extremely kind / good / thoughtful of you
F. Declining Offering Help Formal
 It's very good of you to offer, but...
 That's extremely kind of you, but...
 I'm very grateful for your offer, however....
G. Offering Help Informal
 Can I help you?
 Need any help?
 Do you need a hand?
 Can I give you a hand?
 Can I do anything to help?
H. Accepting Offering Help Informal
 Thanks very much
 Just what I needed....
 Lovely / Great
 Yes, please !
I. Declining Offering Help Informal
 No, thank you
 No, really. I can manage
 Don't think so, thank you
 No, don't worry
 No, it's alright, really
J. Type of expression Offering Help
 Offering Help Interrogatives
Interrogatives using to ask some help to other people who needs it. The types are as
follows:

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 a. May I (do something)?: May is a modal verb that indicates a possibility, a
concession, or a request. In its interrogative form, may can be a very formal way of
offering help.
 May I offer you my help?
 May I carry your bag for you?
b. Would you like me to (do something)?: Would … like is the conditional form of like
which can be used to express an offer of help to someone. It is a formal and kind way
to express yourself.
 Would you like me to open the window?
 Would you like me to bring you a drink?
c. Can I (do something)?: The modal verb can is used to offer help somewhat less
formally while still being kind. This means you can use it with friends as well as
strangers. It is a warm way of showing your desire to do something for the other
person.
 Can I bring you a dessert?
 Can I give you a lift?
d. Do you want me to (do something)?: While less formal than the previous forms,
this interrogative is no less kind. It is used when you are not completely sure of the
answer your offer will receive.
 Do you want me to go for you?
 Do you want me to come to pick you up?
e. Shall I (do something)?: This verb does not have very widespread use, especially in
the United States, where it has practically disappeared. It is only used for first person
singular and plural. It is an encouraging way to express your wish to assist someone.
 Shall I turn off the radio?
 Shall I help you with your homework?
K. Offering Help Affirmatives
Affirmatives using for response someone who needs help. The types are as follow :
a. I’d be happy to (do something): This construction is a very formal way of offering
your help. It is often used in the workplace or between people who do not know each
other well.
 I’d be happy to reschedule the appointment.
 I’d be happy to go with you.

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 b. I can (do something): The modal verb can is a kind way to offer help to someone, in
both its interrogative and affirmative forms.
 I can write this email for you.
 I can go buy some coffee if you want.
c. Let me (do something): This expression is a kind but informal way of offering
assistance to someone.
 Let me help you with your jacket.
 Let me find out if it’s true.
d. I will (do something): The simple future represents an informal way to offer aid. Use
it with people who you know well and who will be happy to accept your help.
 I’ll go shopping for you.
 I’ll go to the chemist’s/pharmacy for you.

L. Example Dialog Of Offering Help

Dialogue 1

Anita : Hello Ms. Ratu you looks so busy, may I help you?

Ms. Ratu : Yes I am. Could you please bring students’ homework books to your class,
and say sorry to your friends that I may coming late to the class.

Anita : Okay Miss Ratu. Is there anything else?

Ms. Ratu : No it’s enough. Thank you very much for your help Anita.

Anita : Your welcome.

Dialogue 2

Hanny : Hai Mom, What are you doing?

Mom : I’m cooking fried banana?

Hanny : May I help you Mom?

Mom : Yes, please, that would be very lovely. Take knife on the table

Hanny : Ok Mom. Anymore?

Mom : Peel the banana, and don’t forget slice the banana long-wise

Hanny : Yes mom, I have finished it.

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Mom : Thank you my pretty daughter.

Hanny : you’re welcome Mom…

Dialogue 3

Nephew : Where are you doing Uncle?

UnclE : I’m waiting Taxi?

Nephew : By the way, Can I do for you Uncle?

Uncle : Please call the taxi

Nephew : OK. I will call it for you? By the way, Where do you go Uncle?

Uncle : I will go to office

(a few minutes the taxi came)

Nephew : Can I bring the bag?

Uncle : Yes, please. Thanks advance

Nephew : Don’t mention it. Take care Uncle

Summary

 Offering help is a way or an expression to suggest or offer help to someone who needs
it.
 The purpose to offer assistance for someone who is doing something politely, and to
other people who are in need.
 The Type of Offering help is formal and informal
 Formal is usually used for foreigners, as well as people who are respected.
 Infromal is usually used for people closest, friends, or colleagues.
 There are two responses to the Offering Help, namely accepting and declining.
Accepting to accept help, and declining to reject help from someone.
 The Type of expression Offering help is interrogatives and affirmatives.
 Interrogatives using to ask some help to other people who needs it. The types are as
follows: May I (do something)? , would you like me to (do something)?, Can I (do
something)?, Do you want me to (do something)?, Shall I (do something)?
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 Affirmatives using for response someone who needs help. The types are as follow : I'd
be happy to (do something), I can (do something), Let me (do something), Let me (do
something), I Will (do something

The Questions

A. Choose one of the most correct answers!

The following dialogue is for number 1 to 2

Guest : “Excuse me, but…...?”

Staff : “Of course Ma’am. What can I do for you?”

Guest : “Someone just stole my purse off my shoulder outside the hotel”

Staff : “Are you OK?”

Guest : “Yes, just shaken up a bit.”

Staff : “Why don’t you sit down here and I’II call the police for you.”

Guest : “Thank you; I appreciate you help.”

Guest : “I don’t understand what the taxi driver is trying to say. Could you translate for me?”

Staff : “Of course sir, I’d be delighted to help.”

1. The suitable answer to complete the dialogue is….

a. Could I help you
b. Can you help me
c. May you need my favor
d. Would you need my help
e. No, thanks

2. “Of course Ma’am, what can I do for you?

What does the sentence mean?”
a. Offering a help
b. Refusing a help
c. Declining an offer
d. Accepting an offer
e. Refusing a help

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B. Write “True” for the correct and “False” for the incorrect form !

 May I offer you my help ? ( )

 Let you help me with your jacket ? ( )

C. Match!

Example : … turn up the fan.

Answer : a. Could you

1. … switch off the cell phone a. Could you

2. … switch on the computer b. Can you

D. Complete the dialogue below !

Judy : Good morning, Sir. Do you have a science book about animal anatomy?
Shopkeeper : Of course, dear. We have a book that you want. ______ (1) to show the
shelf?
Judy : I am fine, Sir. I can find by myself. I have other books to find, too.
Shopkeeper :________(2). Take your time.
Judy : Thank you, Sir.

E. Essay

1. What is meant by offering help?

2. How many types of offering help are there, and explain!

Answer Key

A.
1. B
2. A
B.
1. True
2. False
C.
1. B
2. A
D.

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 1. Would you like me
2. Thank you

E.
1. Offering help is a way or an expression to suggest or offer help to someone who needs
it.
2. There are two Type of offering help, Formal and Informal Formal is usually used for
foreigners, as well as people who are respected. Infromal is usually used for people
closest, friends, or colleagues.

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 CHAPTER 2 : HOW TO APPLY FOR A JOB ?

(Job Vacancy, Application Letter, Curriculum Vitae)

A. PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice is a form of sentence in which the subject of the sentence receives action,
not taking action.

Subject + To Be + Past Participle (V3)

Tense Passive Voice Formula

Simple Present Am/is/are + Past Participle
Present Continuous Am/is/are + Past Participle
Simple Past Was/were + Past Participle
Past Continuous Was/were being + Past Participle
Present Perfect Has/have been + Past Participle
Past Perfect Had been + Past Participle
Simple Future Will be + Past Participle
Future Continuous Am/is/are going to be + Past
Participle
Future Perfect Will have been + Past Participle

An example of passive voice

Tense Passive Voice Active Voice

Simple Present A letter is written I write a letter
Present Continuous A letter is being written I am writing a letter
Simple Past A letter was written I wrote a letter
Past Continuous A letter was being written I was writing a letter
Present Perfect A letter has been written I have written a letter
Past Perfect A letter had been written A had written a letter
Simple Future A letter will be written I will write a letter

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 In passive voice, the subject disappear. Passive voices are usually used when te
subject (doers) are ot really important, therefore they might be erased from the sentences. In
passive voices, the process is more important than the doers.

B. JOB VACANCY, APPLICATION LETTER, CURRICULUM VITAE

Job Vacancy

Job vacancy is a job which has not been filled. The purpose of job vancacy is to
describe the detail informations about what company's need for its qualified employees. An
Example of job vacancy:

VACANCY
Apika Plaza, a reputed and well-established showroom, is seeking to fulfill job vacancy
from qualified, motivated, and experienced individuals.
If you think you have the confidence and the capability in you, then you are more than
welcome to apply.

Position: Sales Executive

Qualifications:
• Bachelor’s degree in any discipline
• Minimum 2 years of experience in a similar position
• Proficiency in both English and Indonesian
• Basic computer skills
• Charming personality and good interpersonal skills
Roles and Responsibilities:
• Deal and negotiate with customers
• Respond to customers’ queries about various products and services
Interested candidates should send their CV and scanned photograph to: Apika Plaza
Ltd., Jl. A. Yani 25, Sukamakmur 65126

(Attn. Mr. Feliks Diansyah, Manager)

Application Letter

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 Application letter or job application letter is a form or letter that shows our interest and
desire for a position or job in a company. Job application letters usually contain identification
such as name, address and telephone number including work experience.
The main function of the application letter or job application letter is for initial
assessment whether the applicant is suitable for the position required and at the same time
written evidence that we are applying for the job.

Structure of application letter:

No Parts of Application Letter

1. Your address
2. The address of the company you are writing to. Use complete title and
address; don't abbreviate.
3. Always make an effort to write directly to the person in charge of hiring
4. Opening paragraph – Use this paragraph to specify which job
you are applying for, or, if you are writing to inquire whether a job
position is open, question the availability of an opening.
5. Middle paragraph(s)/body – This section should be used to highlight your
work experience which most closely matches the desired job requirements
presented in the job opening advertisement. Do not simply restate what is
contained in your resume, but give strong reasons why you are suited to
the position.
6. Closing paragraph – Use the closing paragraph to ensure action on the part of the
reader. One possibility is to ask for an interview appointment time. Make it easy for
the personne department to contact you by providing your telephone number and
email address.
7. Always sign the application letter. ("enclosure" indicates that you are enclosing your
resume.)

An example of application letter:

January 23, 2014

George Sebastian Address of the
Prosperous Company company
25 Saint John Court
Hatfield, CA 08065

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Dear Mr. Sebastian, Opening
I am writing to apply for the programmer position advertised in the paragraph
Times Union. As requested, I am enclosing a completed job
application, my certification, my resume and three references.
The opportunity presented in this listing is very interesting, and Middle
I believe that my strong technical experience and education will paragraph
make me a very competitive candidate for this position. The
key strengths that I possess for success in this position include: I
have successfully designed, developed, and supported live use
applications. I strive for continued excellence, and I provide
exceptional contributions to customer service for all customers.
With a BS degree in Computer Programming, I have a full
understanding of the full life cycle of a software development
project. I also have experience in learning and excelling at new
technologies as needed.
Please see my resume for additional information on my experience. Closing
I can be reached anytime via email at paragraph
john.donaldsonemailexample.com or my cell phone, 909-555-5555.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to
speaking with you about this employment opportunity.
Sincerely, Sign
Signature (for hard copy letter)

John Donaldson

Curriculum Vitae
Curriculum vitae is a brief account of a person's education, qualifications, and
previous experience, typically sent with a job application.
A functional CV is skills based and is written, focused and places more emphasis on
showing your work experience, knowledge and expertise. It is developed and organized by
your individual skills rather than your previous job titles or chronology. An example of
curriculum vitae:

CURRICULUM VITAE

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PERSONAL DETAILS
Name : Kammilah
Place & Date of Birth : Jakarta, December 07,1991
Gender : Female
Religion : Moslem
Marital Status : Single
Nationality : Indonesian
Address : Jl. Batu Ampar Jakarta Timur 13520
Contact Number : 081212 17xxxx
EDUCATION DETAILS
 2010-2014 : Accounting of Departement Economics, Gunadarma
Of University Depok
 2007-2010 :State Senior High School 51 Jakarta
 2004-2007 :State Junior High School 126 Jakarta

EDUCATION NON FORMAL

 :English Course at LIA (Certified)

WORK EXPERIENCES

 CIPUTRA GROUP as a Secretary

 2015-2017 PT. Bank BCA as a Accountant
PROGRAM SKILLS
 Auditing
 MYOB
 ZAHIR
 Analysis
LANGUANGES
 Bahasa Indonesia
 English
 Germany

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 CHAPTER 3 - CAPTION
(Giving Information Through Pictures, Photos, Tables, Graphics, Charts)

A. What is a caption text?

Caption text is brief description, heading, or title that identifier or introduces a
document, graphic, photograph, or table.
B. Generic structure of caption
1. The title
2. The lead
3. Section Heading
C. Language Features
1. Exclamation
2. Question
3. Adjective Phrase
4. Personal Phrase
D. What is the caption function?
Helping readers or viewers to understand more information that might not be in photos
or videos.
E. Rule of Writing a caption?
1. Supply specific information (Answering 5W1H Question)
2. User present tense on the first sentence
3. Caption are written in a complete sentences
4. Clearly identify the people and location in the photo
5. Identify the person from left to right
F. How to a write caption text?

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 1. Observe the picture or video you will give the caption
2. Find out the message that will be sent from the picture before you write caption
3. Write sentence or phrase under the picture

A caption is text that appears below an image.  Most captions draw attention to
something in the image that is not obvious, such as its relevance to the text. A caption may be
a few words or several sentences. Writing good captions takes effort; along with the lead and
section headings, captions are the most commonly read words in an article, so they should be
succinct and informative.
There are several criteria for a good caption:
1. clearly identifies the subject of the picture, without detailing the obvious;
2. is succinct;
3. establishes the picture's relevance to the article;
4. provides context for the picture;
5. draws the reader into the article.

Example Of Captions:

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 Chapter 4 : News Item Teks
( Who Was Involved )

(Text of News item)

1. Introduction
In this module you will study a Descriptive text What is the purpose of a news item
text framework / news item text section and the language characteristics of the news item text
2. Competency Standards
Understanding the meaning of simple functional short written essays in the form of
descriptive and news items in the context of everyday life and to access knowledge
3. Basic Competence
Respond to the meaning and steps of the essay written text accurately, smoothly and
acceptable in the context of daily life and to access knowledge in the form of news items
4. Indicator
1. Identify detailed information
2. Identifying general information
3. Identify the steps of rhetoric from the text
4. Identify the purpose of text communication

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 5. Identifying Past tense
The purpose : News item text is a written discourse that aims to describe a particular object,
place or person.
Example of News Item Text:
Winning Award for Airport Toilet
Surabaya's Juanda International Airport has won the Culture and Tourism Ministry's 2009
toilet award, beating out the 2007 Denpasar Ngurah Rai Airport winner, which now drops to
fourth. Indonesia's main gateway, Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, just outside Jakarta,
moves up from fourth in 2007 to second, in the biennial "Sapta Pesona Clean Public Toilet
Award" The award was first handed out in 2007, and has so far involved only international
airports. Acting Culture and Tourism Minister Muhammad Noah said he expected the award
in the future to also cover public toilets at tourist sites across the country.
"Granting the award to those running public toilets at tourist sites is expected to improve the
quality of products and services, particularly in terms of cleanliness. As part of efforts to
enhance the image of national culture," Noah said during the award presentation ceremony.
Text organization
Each written discourse has an organizational text or text framework. News item text
has organization text, which is:
1. Newsworthy event
2. Back Ground Event
3. sources
Newsworthy event
The Newsworthy event is a concise and concise delivery of news or information. In
the text above it says that the Newsworthy event
These are: Surabaya's Juanda International Airport has won the 2009 Culture and
Tourism Ministry's toilet award
Back Ground Event
Back Ground Event is a generic structure that aims to elaborate on more specific /
detailed news. In the text above it is stated that the back ground event is:
Beating out 2007 Denpasar's Ngurah Rai Airport winner, which now drops to fourth.
Indonesia's main gateway, Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, just outside Jakarta,
moves up from fourth in 2007 to second, in the biennial "Sapta Pesona Clean Public
Toilet Award" The award was first handed out in 2007, and has so far involved only
international airports. Acting Culture and Tourism Minister Muhammad Noah said he
expected the award in the future to also cover public toilets at tourist sites across the
country.
At the back ground stage of this event a more specific chronological description of an
event is discussed.

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Sources
At this stage sources are news sources that can be perpetrators, witnesses or authotity
holders. The sources in the text above are:
"Granting the award to those running public toilets at tourist sites is expected to improve the
quality of products and services, particularly in terms of cleanliness. As part of efforts to
enhance the image of national culture," Noah said during the award presentation ceremony.
Example of Text organization News Item:
Newsworthy event
Surabaya's Juanda International Airport has won the 2009 Culture and Tourism
Ministry's toilet award
Back Ground Event
Beating out 2007 Denpasar's Ngurah Rai Airport winner, which now drops to fourth.
Indonesia's main gateway, Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, just outside Jakarta, moves
up from fourth in 2007 to second, in the biennial "Sapta Pesona Clean Public Toilet Award"
The award was first handed out in 2007, and has so far involved only international airports.
Acting Culture and Tourism Minister Muhammad Noah said he expected the award in the
future to also cover public toilets at tourist sites across the country. Resources "Granting the
award to those running public toilets at tourist sites is expected to improve the quality of
products and services, particularly in terms of cleanliness. as part of efforts to enhance the
image of national culture, "Noah said during the award presentation ceremony.

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 CHAPTER 5 - NEWS ITEM TEXT

(ONLINE SCHOOL REGISTRATION)

A. What is News Item Text?

News Item Text is text that inform the readers about newsworthy or important event
of the day.

Purpose: To inform the readers about newsworthy or important event of the day.

B. Generic Structure of News Item Text

 Main Events / Newsworthy events, is recounts the event in summary form.

 Elaboration / Background events, is elaborate what happened, to whom, in what
circumstance.
 Resource of Information, is comments by participants in, witnesses to and
authorities expert on the event.

Example:

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Parents upset, disappointed with online school registration

The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | Headlines | Sat, July 05, 2014, 9:25 AM

Hundreds of parents thronged the Jakarta Education Agency's office in Kuningan,

South Jakarta, to report problems with the online school registration system on Friday.
During their visit to the agency's office, the parents expressed their dissatisfaction with
the online system, which according to them was disorganized and made it difficult for them to
register their children for enrollment in public schools.
Riki Setyanto, one of the parents, said that he had registered his daughter for
enrollment at state vocational high school SMKN 47 Jakarta, but she then got rejected due to
the minimum height policy applied by the state-run school.
However, he added, his daughter was also tumed down after she registered at a
different school because her name was still listed for SMKN 47 Jakarta.
"First, my daughter was rejected because of her height, and now due to technical
issues, she can't register at any school. I just want to get her into a good school," he said,
adding that he hoped the agency could solve the problems as soon as possible.
Nuraisyah Paransa, another parent, also said that she was unable to register her son at
any state-run high school due to similar technicalproblems.
She said that her son was initially accepted at East Jakarta public school through
public admission phase. However, he did not re- register with that school as he wanted to
shoot for a better state-run school through the local admission phase.
But the second school rejected him because he had been accepted through the public
admission phase. Since my son did not re-register at the first school, now he isn't registered
anywhere," she said.
The online registration system has been applied in the capital since 2004. No such
problems occurred with the previous registration system.
This year's student admission system has three phases: public admission, where
students vie for seats with other students throughout the country; local admission, where
students compete with others in the same province; and third admission, where students who
did not get accepted during first and second admission resubmit their applications.
Lasro Marbun, head of the Jakarta Education Agency, said that anyone who did not re-
register in the public admission phase and was unable to register during local admission or
third admission, could register their children at private schools.

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 "They can then transfer them to a public school in the second semester," he said on
Thursday as quoted by kompas.com. However, Rida Afrida, who wanted to register her son at
state junior high school SMP 194, did not agree with that idea. According to her, a lot of
people have chosen public schools over private schools for financial reasons.
"I cannot pay for a private school, if he thinks that is a good alternative for us, he
should just give us the money to pay for those schools," she said.
Meanwhile, acting Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama said that the parents
should be patient and not panic.
"We had no problems last year. The process might be a little complicated, but there's
no reason to panic," the acting governor told reporters at City Hall. (idb/dwa)

C. Characteristic of News Item Text

 Actual, is an event becomes the talk of many people, news is current, or new.
 Factual, is an event that is real, actually happens and is not bound by time, whether
it happened now, or in the past.
 Interesting, is the news must create curiosity, and interest from the public to listen
the contents
 Objective, is the news delivered is not influenced by personal or group views or
opinions and is neutral

D. Languange Rules of News Item Text

a. Using saying verbs

example: “….”, She said, informed, told, reported, expressed

b. Using adverbs (time, place and manner)

example: time (now, yesterday, late, soon), place (down, here, there, somewhere,
home), manner (adjective + -ly adverb)

c. Using temporal conjunctions (time)

example: then, after, finally.
d. Using material process to retell the news
e. Using language:
 Raw and simple
 Short, compact and straightforward

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  Communicative
 Neutral or objective.
f. Using past tense in explaining, but Using present tense if it is still happening now or
still in the form of facts.

example : ....them was disorganized....(past tense)

E. Writing Pattern of News Item Text

News item text using inverted pyramid. Inverted

pyramid is a story method by arranging events from important
to not important.

 Leads (Important top priority / headline), is the

main information that contains 5 W+1H elements.
 Neck (very important), is shifting the flow of news in the lead to proceed to the low
priority.
 Body (Important), is a description of the lead and neck for example the answer why
and how.
 Advanced Body (Less Important), is the part that includes data that is not too
important placed.

F. Type of News Item Text

1. Straight news is news that is scanned briefly and straightforwardly.

2. Depth news is news developed with the deepening of the event.
3. Investigation news is news based on research, observation or investigation.
4. Interpretative news is news with the opinion or judgment of the writer or reporter.
5. Opinion news is news about someone's opinion about something.

G. Reading Techniques of News Item Text

1. Pronunciation is a way for a person or group of people to pronounce the sounds of

language. Sounds include vowels, consonants, diftones, consonant combinations
2. Pressure or tone is the high or low pronunciation of a word. serves to put special
emphasis on certain words
3. Tempo is a slow or fast reading of a news

27
 4. Pause is the stop of a sentence song. There are 3 types of pauses, namely: long
pause (period), medium pause (comma), short pause (space)
5. Volume is the measure slowly or loudly the sound issued
6. Intonation is the rise and fall of sentence songs. function as forming the meaning of
the sentence

H. Direct And Indirect Sentences

1. Direct Sentences, is the sentence quoted from someone's conversation is exactly

what he said. The utterances are quoted ("...")
example: "I cannot pay for a private school, if he thinks that is a good
alternative for us, he should just give us the money to pay for those
schools," she said.
2. Indirect Sentences, are sentences that report the words or utterances of others.
example: Lasro Marbun, head of the Jakarta Education Agency, said that
anyone who did not re-register in the public admission phase and
was unable to register during local admission or third admission,
could register their children at private schools.

SUMMARY OF NEWS ITEM TEXT

News item text is text that inform the readers about newsworthy or important event of
the day.
Purpose: To inform the readers about newsworthy or important event of the day.
Generic structure of news item text:
1. Main Events / Newsworthy events
2. Elaboration / Background events
3. Resource of Information.

Characteristic of news item text:

1. Actual, is an event becomes the talk of many people, news is current, or new.
2. Factual, is an event that is real, actually happens and is not bound by time, whether it
happened now, or in the past.
3. Interesting, is the news must create curiosity, and interest from the public to listen the
contents
4. Objective, is the news delivered is not influenced by personal or group views or
opinions and is neutral

Language rules of news item text:

1. Using saying verbs
2. Using adverbs (time, place and manner)
3. Using temporal conjunctions (time)

28
 4. Using material process to retell the news
5. Using language:
 Raw and simple
 Short, compact and straightforward
 Communicative
 Neutral or objective.

Using past tense in explaining, but Using present tense if it is still happening now or
still in the form of facts.
Writing patterns of news item text is inverted pyramid. Inverted pyramid is a story
method by arranging events from important to not important.The part it is: Leads (Important
top priority / headline), Neck (very important), Body (Important), Advanced Body (Less
Important)
Type of News Item Text:
1. Straight news is news that is scanned briefly and straightforwardly.
2. Depth news is news developed with the deepening of the event.
3. Investigation news is news based on research, observation or investigation.
4. Interpretative news is news with the opinion or judgment of the writer or reporter.
5. Opinion news is news about someone's opinion about something.

Reading Techniques of News Item Text:

1. Pronunciation
2. Pressure or tone
3. Tempo
4. Pause
5. Intonation.

Direct and indirect sentences

1. Direct Sentences, is the sentence quoted from someone's conversation is exactly what
he said. The utterances are quoted ("...")
2. Indirect Sentences, are sentences that report the words or utterances of others.

THE QUESTIONS OF NEWS ITEM TEXT

Choose the answer from the letters a, b, c, d or e which is the most accepted.

1. The purpose of the news item text is...

a. To tell
b. To inform
c. To explain
d. To entertain
e. To persuade
2. The characteristics of news item text are, except ...
a. Actual
b. Factual

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 c. Objective
d. Interesting
e. Persuade
Do the following problem with a short and clear answer
3. Hundreds of parents thronged the Jakarta Education Agency's office in Kuningan, South
Jakarta, to report problems with the online school registration system on Friday.
The section above is included in the structure of the section...
Main Events / Newsworthy events
4. The main information in the news that contains elements of 5W + 1H is....
Leads (Important top priority / headline)

Determine the statement below is true(T) or false(F)

5. Tenses used in the news item text are past tense and present tense.(F/T)
6. At the present time we must accept and trust various news, without filtering it and looking
for more details about the authenticity of the information.(F/T)
Describe the answers to the following questions
7. What is meant by news item text?
News Item Teks is text that inform the readers about newsworthy or important event
of the day.
8. In your opinion what is...
a. Straight news is news that is scanned briefly and straightforwardly.
b. Intonation is the rise and fall of sentence songs. Function as forming the meaning
of the sentence.

30
 Chapter 6 - News Item Teks
(It’s Garbage In, Art Works Out)

A. The meaning of News Item Text

News item text is a text that informs readers about daily events that are newsworthy or
important. So, the function of news items is to provide information about daily events or
events.

B. Structure of News Item Text

 Main Event / Newsworthy Event: this section is the part that tells or contains news
about an event or core event that is usually written in summary form.
 Event Background / Elaboration: this section tells in detail the background of an
event or an event that occurred, the people involved, where and how an event
occurred.
 Source: is the last part of the structure of news item text, tells about comments,
witnesses to events, opinions of experts / informants, and so on about events or
events reported.

C. News Item linguistic element

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  Focus on an event
 Using saying verbs, as reported, said, preached, and so on.
 Generally use action verb, which is a verb that indicates activity
 Frequently use auxiliary verbs that indicate time and place
 Using process material.

D. Purpose News Item Text

The purpose of news items text is to inform readers or listeners of news about daily
events / events that are worth reporting or important. And the events reported are usually the
latest events or events.

E. Feature News Item Text

 Brief, information about the story captured in the title

 Using action verbs
 Using Past tense in explaining news events
 Using saying verbs
 Using adverbs: time, place and way.

F. Characteristics of News Item Text

 Actual, is an event becomes the talk of many people, news is current, or new.
 Factual, is an event that is real, actually happens and is not bound by time, whether it
happened now, or in the past.
 Interesting, is the news must create curiosity, and interest from the public to listen
the contents
 Objective, is the news delivered is not influenced by personal or group views or
opinions and is neutral

G. Language Rules of News Item Text

 Using saying verbs

example: “….”, She said, informed, told, reported, expressed
 Using adverbs (time, place and manner)
example: time (now, yesterday, late, soon), place (down, here, there, somewhere,
home), manner (adjective + -ly adverb)
 Using temporal conjunctions (time)

32
 example: then, after, finally.
 Using material process to retell the news
 Using language:
a. Raw and simple
b. Short, compact and straightforward
c. Communicative
d. Neutral or objective.
 Using past tense in explaining, but Using present tense if it is still happening
now or still in the form of facts.
example : ....them was disorganized....(past tense)

Example Of News Item Text:

Rice farmers in Indonesia

dodge El Nino
The El Nino weather pattern, known to trigger an extension to the dry season, is
reported to have had limited impact on Indonesia’s rice production. The nation’s harvest area
and rice productivity per hectare increased by 2.31 percent and 3.97 percent respectively last
year.
According to a preliminary Central Statistics Agency (BPS) report, rice production in
Indonesia reached 75.36 million tons last year, an increase of 4.51 million tons or 6.37
percent from the 70.85 million tons reported during the 2014 harvest.

“The productivity of rice crops increased by 2.04 quintal per hectare or 3.97 percent
compared to that of in 2014,” BPS head Suryamin announced during a press conference in
Jakarta on Tuesday.

In addition, the harvest area rose 320,000 hectares (ha), an increase of 2.31 percent
compared to the 2014 harvest area.

The jump in rice production was mostly due to an increase in production between
May to August, following the increase to harvest area between January and April, which
reached 505,410 ha, he explained.

El Nino, according to the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and

Geophysics (BMKG) report, started in March, rose in August and peaked to extremes in
October and November.

33
“When the intensity of El Nino began to strengthen, rice that had been planted from May to
August was already in its growth phase, a period which does not necessarily require a lot of
water,” Suryamin told reporters.

However, the impact of El Nino on rice production between September and December
was apparent, compacted by a 4.08 percent year-on-year decrease in harvest area during the
period, down to 128,100 hectares.

Meanwhile, corn production rose by 600,000 tons or 3.17 percent to 19.61 million
tons last year, despite a decrease in harvest area, by 1.31 percent or 50,200 ha. Corn
production stood at 19.01 million tons in 2014.

“Productivity rose 2.25 quintals per ha, up by 4.54 percent,” Suryamin said.

Soybean production amounted to 963,100 tons last year, an increase of 8,100 tons
compared to 955,000 tons in 2014. Seeing productivity up 1.16 percent or 0.18 quintals per
hectare, the harvest area shrank 1,800 ha, 0.29 percent.

SUMMARY

News Item Text

News item text is a text that informs readers about daily events that are newsworthy or
important. So, the function of news items is to provide information about daily events or
events.

Purpose News Item Text

The purpose of news items text is to inform readers or listeners of news about daily
events / events that are worth reporting or important. And the events reported are usually the
latest events or events.

Structure of News Item Text

 Main Event / Newsworthy Event: this section is the part that tells or contains
news about an event or core event that is usually written in summary form.
 Event Background / Elaboration: this section tells in detail the background of an
event or an event that occurred, the people involved, where and how an event
occurred.

34
  Source: is the last part of the structure of news item text, tells about comments,
witnesses to events, opinions of experts / informants, and so on about events or
events reported.

Language Rules of News Item Text

 Using saying verbs

example: “….”, She said, informed, told, reported, expressed
 Using adverbs (time, place and manner)
example: time (now, yesterday, late, soon), place (down, here, there, somewhere,
home), manner (adjective + -ly adverb)
 Using temporal conjunctions (time)
example: then, after, finally.
 Using material process to retell the news
 Using language:
a. Raw and simple
b. Short, compact and straightforward
c. Communicative
d. Neutral or objective.
 Using past tense in explaining, but Using present tense if it is still happening
now or still in the form of facts.
example : ....them was disorganized....(past tense)

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Jakartans working late at night have warmly welcomed Transjakarta’s 24-hour service,
which they say facilities them with cheap and safe public transportation.

Since June 1, Transjakarta has provided a 24-hour service to passenger traveling along
three of its corridor: Corridor I, the Blok M-Kota route; Corridor III, the Kalideres-Pasar baru
route; and Corridor IX, the Pinang Ranti-Pluit route

A bus serving one of the most crowded routes during rush hour, Blok M-Kota, still
carried many passenger on its night shift – from 11 p.m to 4 a.m. – on Tuesday night. The
Blok M-Kota route passes several of the city’s business centre on Jl. Sudirman in South
Jakarta, and Jl. M.H Thamrin in Central Jakarta.

35
 Although the street were deserted that evening, dozens of passengers were still queuing
for a bus at the Dukuh Atas 1 bus stop in Central Jakarta. Dukuh Atas 1 is one of the most
jam-packed Transjakarta bus stops during rush hours.

Around 20 passengers were on board the bus. One passengers, Damas Wicaksana, a
worker at a government office near the Sarinah building on Jl. M.H Thamrin, was reading a
magazine to stay awake. Damas said that he often worked late nights and was forced to take a
taxi as he did not own a private vehicle. He changed from taxing to Transjakarta as as the 24-
hour service was implemented.

“I sometimes get off work at 11 p.m or midnight. You can imagine how expensive it
would be if I took a taxi from Sarinah to my house in Bekasi every day,” Damas said.

Damas added that he would get on at the Sarinah bus stop and get off at Benhil stop to
catch a bus at Semanggi for Pinang Ranti, East Jakarta. “From Pinang Ranti, I take a taxi. I
can save up to Rp 40.000 [US\)3.43] a day with this route.” he said.

Jakarta Transportation Agency head Muhammad Akbar previously said that

Transjakarta would gradually expand 24-hour service to the remaining nine corridors and
increase the number of buses to 80.

Currently, 18 buses operate on the night service – six for each route – and two buses are
on standby asss backup. (dwa)

1. Why are Jakartans working late able to safe their money more on public transport?

a. The companies provide public transport for them

b. The government suggest them to use private transport
c. There are more taxi available
d. There is Transjakarta’s 24-hour service
e. The government limits work hour for the workers

Answer: D

2. “… the streets were deserted that evening, dozens of passengers were still queuning
for a bus…” (paragraph 4)

The underlined word closest in meaning to…

a. Quiet

36
 b. Abondened
c. Empty
d. Hollow
e. Effervescent

Answer: A

3. Which corridor does serve the most crowded routes?

a. Corridor I
b. Corridor VIII
c. Corridor III
d. Corridor V
e. Corridor IX

Answer: A

4. Which one of the followings in the source of the news item?

a. The Jakarta Post

b. Damas Wicaksana
c. Jakarta Transportation Agency
d. Muhammad Akbar
e. Jakartans working late at night

Answer: B

RITAIN: They have a show. They have a social networking. Now comes, Wikileaks –
the album. Wikileaks is branching out into the entertainment industry, announcing a “Beat the
Blockade” CD intended to raise money to keep the online transparency advocates afloat.

The group said in a statement late Thursday that the CD would feature 12 song
including “Where There Are No Secret,” “The Ballad of Julian Assange,” and “B Manning”.

It’s the latest attack outside the secret-busting business for Wikileaks, which has
spawned a TV show called “The World Tomorrow” and started its own social network, called
Friends of Wikileaks.

37
 Wikileaks chief Julian Assange say his website, drop once featured an anonymous
electronic drop box for secret document, has been effectively mothballed by a US financial
blockade.- AP

5. What is meant by the latest attck outside the secret-busting business for Wikileaks?

a. The website business of Wikileaks

b. The TV show called “The World Tomorrow”
c. The social network called Friends of Wikileaks
d. The music CD called “Beat the Blockade”
e. The electronic box of secret documents

Answer: D

News Item Text 1

The Surabaya Police have arrested a man, identified only as MN, for allegedly buying
an infant via Instagram.

MN was arrested at his house on Jl. Karah in Jambangan district in Surabaya, East
Java, on Sunday. He was found to have paid some Rp 3.8 million (US$250) for a baby boy
when he was only three days old.

Surabaya police chief Sr. Comr. Rudi Setiawan said recently that the transaction was
conducted in Semarang, Central Java, on Sept. 23. The baby’s parents live in Tangerang in
Banten.

“The baby is now safe with the Surabaya administration,” Rudi said on Monday (The Jakarta
Post, Tue, October 16, 2018)

6. What is the purpose of the text?

A. To inform readers about arrested man for buying an infant
B. To describe the important person for readers
C. To argue that arresting the man is important
D. To explain how police arrested the man
E. To convince reader that buying infant is illegal

38
7. What is the generic structure of the text above?
A. Orientation – Complication – Reorientation
B. Orientation – Series of event – Reorientation
C. Stating thesis – Arguments – Reiteration
D. Goal – Equipments – Steps
E. Newsworthy event – Background events – Sources
8. “MN was arrested at his house…” The underlined word refers to a house belongs
to…….
A. The police officer
B. The arrested man
C. The infant parent
D. A Surabaya administration officer
E. A Semarang administration officer
9. “…for allegedly buying an infant” The infant word has similar meaning with ……
A. Adult
B. Teenager
C. Child
D. Grown
E. Man
Geneva (AP): Indonesia has recorded another human case of the H5N1 strain of the bird
flu, raising its world-leading total to 117 cases, according to the World Health Organization.
The agency said Friday night that the Indonesian Health Ministry had reported that a 16-year-
old girl from West Java Province has been hospitalized since Jan. 4 with symptoms of the
diseasE. It said the strain had been confirmed as H5N1.

Of the total number of human cases in Indonesia, 94 have been fatal. WHO says that
globally 349 people have been infected with H5N1 since the 2003 outbreak of the diseasE. Of
those, 216 have dieD.

After Indonesia the country with the next highest number of cases in Vietnam with 101,
followed by Egypt with 43, according to the U.N. health agency.

10. Which of the following statement is true according to the text?

A. Egypt ranked second as the highest number of bird flu cases
B. Indonesia’s 117th human case of bird flu was found in West Java

39
 C. The article is taken from the UN report
D. Since 2003, it has been reported that all 117 Indonesians died of bird flu
E. According to WHO, there have been 349 people in Indonesia infected by H5N1

CHAPTER 7 - WHY DON’T YOU VISIT SEATTLE

(Conditional Statements)

Six Things to Do if You Visit Seattle

There are 6 must-have experiences that you should do if you visit Seattle where city
and nature come together. If you visit Seattle, arrive with this list in hand and you’ll be off to
a foolproof start for exploring the Emerald City’s most unforgettable sights and sounds.
If you visit Seattle, do the following things :
1. Feel the fresh air on your face as you sail to Bainbrige Island on a Washington
State Ferry. From the ferry you can enjoy the view of the Seattle skyline. If you want to
enjoy Bainbrige Island, stroll around downtown’s galleries, boutiques, coffee houses and
cafes. Seasonal gardens and natural woodlands at the Boedel Reserve are as the other options.
2. Why don’t you tour the Pike Place Market’s produce stands to buy something
you’ve never tasted. The Pike Place Market is much more than a farmer’s market. Its entire
district is full of shopping, attractions and favorite sights. The area is festival of sounds, tastes
and smells and it is part of the reason. It’s called the soul of Seattle. Unless you have allergic
to noises, make sure you take time to spot these beloved icons.
3. Book a night at one of the many cozy B & Bs or resorts available throughout
the Sun Juan Islands. Cozy bed and breakfasts are the perfect way to enjoy the friendly
island culture. If you have enough time, tour the numerous art galleries in Friday Harbor. You
can also enjoy naturalist-guided tours, wildlife spotting, whale watching and storm watching.
4. See exciting and experimental works at Chihuly Garden and Glass. A visit to
this site is an opportunity to take full advantage of the location at the Seattle Center, a
premier destination for arts, entertainment and leisure activities. If you visit this city, you
should explore the Space Needle and Pacific Science Center. Experience Music Project and a
variety of cultural activities offered throughout the year.

40
 5. Watch the world’s most sophisticated aircraft be built before your eyes at the
Boeing factory in Mukilteo. If you are curious to know about it, you should explore the
dynamics of flight and experience new aviation innovation. Go behind the scenes at Boeing to
watch the very same jets you may one day be a passenger on being assembled.
6. Tour the Theo Chocolate Factory in Freemont and learn how their delicious
confections are made. This factory has a mission to create change in the Democratic
Republic of Congo (DRC) where it has 300,000 square miles of farmable land but only 2% is
being farmed due to conflict there. The factory trains 2,000 Congolese farmers to grow high
quality cocoa.

1. An example of ‘if clause’ + a reminder is:

If you want to pass the exam, you have to study harder.
2. An example of 'if clause' + a suggestion is:
If you want a good price, why don’t you go to the factory outlet?
3. An example of 'if clause' + a general truth is:
If you want to be the chair of OSIS, offer a good program to improve the school
environtment.
4. An example of 'if clause' + an imperative is:
If you don’t put some cherries on it, your cake will look pale and dull.
5. An example of 'if clause' to show a dream is:
If I am elected president, I will waive taxes for poor people.

Conditional Sentences and IF Clauses

Conditional sentences consist of two parts:
The if-clause (which is a condition) and the main clause (which is a result)
For example:
 If it rains, we will cancel the trip.
 If it rains …. is the if-clause (the condition)
 An if-clause begins with IF and has a subject and a verb.
 We will cancel the trip …. is the main clause (the result)
 If introduces a condition. This is something that may or may not happen, depending
on the circumstances.
 We don’t know exactly if it is going to rain so we say… IF it rains,
 And what is the result of this condition? We will cancel the trip.
 There is always a condition and a result.

41
 The IF-clause introduces a condition. The main clause is the result of that condition.
What happens in the main clause is conditional to what happens in the if-clause. In other
words, the main clause only happens when the events in the if-clause happen.
Note: There are two ways of ordering a conditional sentence.
1. Condition, + Result (with a comma after the condition), or
2. Result + Condition (without a comma)
Look at the original sentence
If it rains, we will cancel the trip.
 Notice how there is a comma after the verb rains which is the last part of the if-clause.
When the if-clause comes first in the sentence, we put a comma (,) after it.
If it rains, (COMMA) we will cancel the trip.
 BUT, when the main clause comes first in the sentence, the comma (,) is not
necessary.
We will cancel the trip if it rains.
 (Notice how there is no comma in this last sentence)
 You can use either order, they are both used and correct.
Zero Conditional

If you leave ice in the sun, it melts.

 This is an example of a zero conditional sentence.
 The first part is in the present simple tense and the second part is in the present simple
tense too.
 What does this mean?
Zero Conditionals – If clauses
 Zero conditionals are used for facts that are generally true and do not change.
 It refers to a general situation that always happen (for example in the rules of a game)
if a condition is met. The condition always has the same result.
 The zero conditional uses the present simple in the if-clause and in the main clause.
 Zero Conditionals are also known as Type 0 conditionals (general truth – general rule)
If + condition, result
Let’s look at this sentence again:
If you leave ice in the sun, it melts.
 The condition is: if you leave ice in the sun.
 This is an if-clause because it begins with IF.
 What is the result of this if-clause?
 The result is: the ice melts. But to avoid repeating the word ICE, we use the pronoun
IT so we say: it melts.
 Also, we have to use a comma at the end of an if-clause, when an if-clause comes at
the beginning of the sentence.
 Now, this condition (if you leave ice in the sun) always has the same result (the ice
melts). That is why we used the zero conditional with the if-clause, or condition in the
present simple tense and the result in the present simple tense, because we are talking
about a fact or a general truth.
Let’s look at some other example sentences:
If you stand in the rain, you get wet.
 (The condition is: If you stand in the rain, the result is: you get wet.)
 Yes, this is a general truth or fact… if you don’t have an umbrella.
If you keep milk in the fridge, it lasts longer.

42
  (The condition is: If you keep milk in the fridge, the result is: the milk lasts longer.)
Yes, this is a fact.
If you put water in the freezer, it becomes ice.
 (The condition is: If you put water in the freezer, the result is: the water becomes ice.)
This is another fact.
If I drink coffee at night, it takes me a long time to fall asleep.
(The condition is: If I drink coffee at night, the result is: it takes me a long time to fall asleep.)
Yes, this is generally true about me.
 All of these sentences begin with an if-clause. Notice how there is comma after the if-
clause when this if-clause is at the beginning.
 In these examples, what tenses were used? All of the verbs are in the present simple
tense.
 So we know we are using the zero conditional, which means all of these sentences
refer to a general truth or general fact.
 So, we have seen the order of If-clause comma main clause which is the condition +
result.
 If you stand in the rain (the condition) you get wet (the result).
 A comma is necessary between the two clauses. BUT….
Result + if + condition
You get wet if you stand in the rain.
 Note that with this order, we do NOT use a comma between the clauses.
 Let’s change the order of the example sentences we have already seen.
 Ice melts if you leave it in the sun.
 You get wet if you stand in the rain.
 Milk lasts longer if you keep it in the fridge.
 Water becomes ice if you put it in the freezer.
 It takes me a long time to fall asleep if I drink coffee at night.
IF / WHEN
We can often use WHEN instead of IF and it has the same meaning.
 If you keep milk in the fridge, it lasts longer.
 When you keep milk in the fridge, it lasts longer.
The result is always the same. One thing (a condition) always leads to another (a result).
Another example:
 If you leave ice in the sun, it melts.
 When you leave ice in the sun, it melts.
There is no difference in meaning when you change IF for WHEN in zero conditional
sentences.
First Conditional
If we work hard, we will finish the project on time.
 This is an example of a first conditional sentence.
 The first part is in the present simple tense and the second part is in the future simple
tense.
 What does this mean?
First Conditionals – If clauses
 Also known as Type 1 conditionals (real present)
 The first conditional is used to express a real or very probable situation in the present
or future.

43
  It is for things that will possibly happen in the future if a condition is met. In a way,
we are predicting a likely result in the future if a certain condition happens.
 The first conditional uses the present simple in the if-clause and the future simple in
the main clause.
If + Present Simple, Future Simple
(If + condition, result)
Let’s look at this sentence again:
If we work hard, we will finish the project on time.
 The condition is: if we work hard.
 This is an if-clause because it begins with IF.
 What is the result of this if-clause? The result is: we will finish the project on time.
Also, we have to use a comma at the end of an if-clause, when an if-clause comes at the
beginning of the sentence.
Here I am saying it is possible that we will finish the project on time on the condition of
working hard now. I am predicting that this is the likely result in the future. The main clause
is in the future simple tense… we WILL finish.
 It is also important to note that the if-clause must be in the present simple tense.
 We say: If we work hard, we will finish the project on time.
 We cannot say: If we will work hard… (this is NOT correct)
Here are some more example sentences of the first conditional.
If you like Suzy Singer, then you’ll love her new album. (Remember: you’ll is a contraction
of you will.) If you take this medicine, you will feel much better.
A: Where are my keys?
B: If you look in the garage, you will find them.
Don’t worry. If I see John, I won’t tell him about the surprise.
(You can see that we can use a negative form of the future simple… won’t is a contraction of
will not)
 If I don’t feel well tomorrow, I won’t go to work.
 If the weather is nice tomorrow, we will have a picnic at the park.
 If he doesn’t arrive soon, we will leave without him.
 Notice how there is a comma after the if-clause.
Look at this sentence:
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home.
 Remember, we cannot say “If it will rain tomorrow”. The if-clause needs to be in the
present simple tense.
Result + if + condition
 We can also change the order of the sentence and have the main clause (the result)
before the if-clause (the condition).
How can we change our example sentence (If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home) to this
order? We say:
We will stay home if it rains tomorrow.
 Note that with this order, we do NOT use a comma between the clauses.
 Let’s change the order of the example sentences we have already seen.
 You will find them if you look in the garage.
 You will feel much better if you take this medicine.
 I won’t tell John about the surprise if I see him.
 We will leave without him if he doesn’t arrive soon.

44
Possible plans, promises, warnings, threats, persuasion
 The first conditional is common when we are talking about possible plans, promises,
 warnings, threats or for persuading someone. We are predicting a likely result in the
future if a condition is fulfilled.
 If I go to Egypt next month for work, I’ll visit the pyramids. (plans)
 If I have time, I will do help you. (promise)
 If you touch that wire, you will get an electric shock. (warning)
 If you eat my chocolate, you’ll sleep outside with the dog. (threat)
 If you drive us to the concert, I’ll pay for the parking. (persuasion)

The Second Conditional

The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive:

 if + past simple, ...would + infinitive

(We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in formal
writing).

 It has two uses.

 First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be
true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.
 If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house. (I probably won't win the lottery)
 If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
 She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
 She would pass the exam if she ever studied. (She never studies, so this won't happen)
 Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible,
because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:
 If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible
for me to call him).
 If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.

How is this different from the first conditional?

This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because this is a
lot more unlikely.

For example (second conditional): If I had enough money I would buy a house with
twenty bedrooms and a swimming pool (I'm probably not going to have this much money, it's
just a dream, not very real)

But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes (It's much
more likely that I'll have enough money to buy some shoes)

45
The Third Conditional

We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have'
and the past participle in the second part of the sentence:

if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle

 It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to
imagine the result of this situation.
 If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't
study and so she didn't pass)
 If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel
sick).
 If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane
 She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier
 She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university
 He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine

Summary

Types Of Conditional

The four main types of conditionals are:

 Zero Conditional
 First Conditional
 Second Conditional, and
 Third Conditional.

Sometimes these are called Type 0, Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 Conditionals.

We will quickly introduce them in this lesson and go into more detail about each
conditional in individual lessons.

The Zero Conditional

This involves the present simple + present simple

 This is used for facts that are generally true or scientific facts.
 The condition always has the same result.

 If you stand in the rain, you get wet. (This is generally true)
 If you heat ice, it melts. (This is a fact)

46
The First Conditional

This involves the present simple + will / won’t + verb

 This is used to express a possible situation in the future.

 We are predicting a likely result in the future if the condition happens.

For example:

 If it rains, we will cancel the trip.

(This is the likely result in the future if it rains)

 If you study, you will pass the exam.

(Again, I predict that this will happen in the future if you study)

The Second Conditional

This involves the past simple + would + verb

 This is used for hypothetical or unlikely situations.

 Also for unreal or improbable situations now or in the future.

 If I won the lottery, I would travel a lot.

(It is unlikely that I will win the lottery. But in this hypothetical, though improbable situation,
this is what I would do)

 If they sold their house, they would be rich.

(It is unlikely that they will sell the house because they like living there. However, in this
improbable situation of them selling the house, they would become rich)

The Third Conditional

This involves the past perfect + would have + past participle

 This is used when a person is imagining a different past, an imaginary situation that
did not happen in the past.

 If you had studied, you would have passed the exam.

47
(I imagine that if you had done this in the past, the result would have been different)

 If I hadn’t been sick, I would have gone to your party.

(I’m imagining the situation of NOT being sick in the past… something that I cannot change
now)

In general:

 Zero conditional refers to facts.

 First conditional and Second conditional refer to the present or future. However
second conditional sentences suggest it is less probable or imaginary.
 Third conditional refers to the past.

The Questions

A. Write the conditional sentence type 2 or type 3 to match the following situations (see
from the facts).

Example :

Question : I don’t have any money, so I don’t give you a treat.

Answer : If I had any money, I would give you a treat.

1. My father is not a rich man, so he doesn’t buy me an expensive car.

2. Today is not a holiday, so I do not go to beach.

3. I did not meet John yesterday, so I didn’t tell her about him.

4. Lina was late last week, because we left her.

5. I don’t sleep till afternoon, because today is not Sunday.

B. Write “True” for the correct and “False” for the incorrect form.

1. If I have enough time, I wrote my parents a letter every week. (……….)

2. If I don’t eat breakfast, I always get hungry during class. (……….)

3. Sally always answer the phone if she was in her office. (……….)

4. If she were a flower, I would be a bee. (……….)

5. If I had enough money, I would buy a car. (……….)

48
The Answers

A.

1. If my father were a rich man, he would buy me an expensive car. (type 2)

2. If today were a holiday, I would go to beach. (type 2)

3. If I had met John yesterday, I would have told her about him. (type 3)

4. Lina wouldn’t have been late last week if we hadn’t left her.

5. I would sleep till afternoon if today were Sunday.

B.

1. False

2. False

3. False

4. False

5. False

49
 CHAPTER 8 – PROCEDURE TEXT

( Steps In Using Technological Products / How To Make )

A. What Is Procedure Text?

Prosedur text is a text that designed to describe how something is achieved through a
sequence of actions or steps.
Usually, the procedure text title starts with "How to..." . For example "How to make a
cup of tea".
B. Types Of Procedure Text
 Procedure text that explains how things work or how to use instructions/operating
manuals, for example "How to use computer".
 Procedure text that instruct how to do certain activites, for example "How to make a
noodle".
 Procedure text relating to human behavior, for example "How to succeed".

C. Purpose Of Procedure Text

The purpose of the procedure text is to tell the reader how to do or make something
through a sequence of actions or steps.
D. Structure Of Procedure Text
Goal : provides information about the purpose and objectives of the procedure and
predicts a conclusion
Materials : contains a list of materials or materials needed to carry out a procedure or
steps.
Steps : list the sequence of instructions / activities to reach the destination in the
correct sequence of steps
Result : The result of a series of steps that have been carried out.
E. Language Styles Of Procedure Text
 Usually use Simple Present Tense with the formula (S + V)
 In the form of imperative / command form,
 Using action verbs, for example: make, take, boil, cook,
 Use conjunctions (conjunctions) to sort activities, for example then, while, etc.
 Use adverbs (adverbs) to state detailed time, place, accurate methods, for example
for five minutes, 2 hours, etc
 Time Sequence (menandai langkah-langkah)
 First, Second, Third
 Next, Then, Morever, After that, Furhtermore
50
  Finally, In the end, Last
 Imperative Verbs (Memberi perintah, saran dan peringatan)
 Take out, Spread, Put on
 Adverbial (Kata keterangan yang menjelaskan Verb (kata kerja) dan Adjective (Kata
sifat), memperjelas intruksi yang diberikan)
 Adverbial Clause of Time : tells us about when something happens
 After that, you spread the butter
 Adverbial Clause of Place : tells us about where something happens
 At the park
 Adverbial Clause of Purpose : shows why something is happening
 In order that, So, So that
 I will message you the directions, so that you can look back to it.
 Adverbial Clause of Contrast : shows the difference between two statements
 While, Meanwhile, Whereas, Even if, Although
 I stayed up late, although I have got to wake up early tomorrow.
 Adverbial Clause of Cause : Shows the reason why something happens or its effect
 As, Because, Since, So
 She had long time during last holiday, So, She arranged her house
 Adverbial Clause of Condition : tells us about the circumstances under which
something happens (menambahkan syarat untuk melakukan suatu hal)
 As long as, If, Only if, Underwise, Unless
 I won't be able to help you, unless you tell me what is going on
 Adverbial Clause of Manner : shows how something happens
 As if, how, the way
 Live your life, As if itu your last day

SUMMARY

WHAT IS PROCEDURE TEXT?

 Prosedur text is a text that designed to describe how something is achieved through a
sequence of actions or steps.
 Usually, the procedure text title starts with "How to..." . For example "How to make a
cup of tea".
TYPES OF PROCEDURE TEXT
 Procedure text that explains how things work or how to use instructions/operating
manuals, for example "How to use computer".
 Procedure text that instruct how to do certain activites, for example "How to make a
noodle".
 Procedure text relating to human behavior, for example "How to succeed".

PURPOSE OF PROCEDURE TEXT

The purpose of the procedure text is to tell the reader how to do or make something
through a sequence of actions or steps.

51
STRUCTURE OF PROCEDURE TEXT
 Goal: provides information about the purpose and objectives of the procedure and
predicts a conclusion
 Materials: contains a list of materials or materials needed to carry out a procedure or
steps.
 Steps: list the sequence of instructions / activities to reach the destination in the
correct sequence of steps
 Result: The result of a series of steps that have been carried out.

EXAMPLE OF PROCEDURE TEXT

Making Fertilizers from Kitchen Trash by Fermentation

This fertilizer from kitchen waste processing is an organic fertilizer that can be used to
fertilize various types of plants without side effects.
Fertilizer processing by fermentation can be applied to produce two types of
fertilizers, namely liquid and solid fertilizer.
Material
 Organic kitchen waste (leftover vegetables, food, fruit skins, bones, stale rice, etc.).
 Decomposition bacteria EM4 (1/4 liter), or can be replaced with bread yeast like
fermipan (2 packs) or other brands.
 Granulated sugar (100 grams).
 Enough water).
 Enclosed plastic buckets (1 piece with a minimum capacity of 10 liters).
 Building hose (1 meter).
 Wax / glue pipe (to taste).
 Solder / tool for perforating plastic bucket lid.
 Isolation / tape (to taste).
 Used mineral water bottles (1).
 Filter.
Making Steps
 The first step that must be prepared in making this fertilizer is to make the container
overburdened first. The plastic bucket with a lid will later be used as the main
container for the fermentation process, while the used drinking water bottle is a

52
 container for disposing gas from a plastic bucket that is channeled through a building
hose. This fermentation container must be tightly closed so that no incoming air
from outside, but there must also be a channel to dispose of the fermentation gas.
 Make a hole in the lid of the plastic bucket by using a solder or other tool with a hole
size that matches the diameter of the hose.
 Insert one end of the hose into the hole in the bucket lid that was just made. Patch
the cracks using wax or pipe glue. This wax / glue is not only intended to close the
gap so that no outside air comes in but it is also able to hold the hose so it does not
escape from the bucket lid.
 Add all kinds of organic kitchen waste such as leftover vegetables, stale rice, bones,
eggshells, fruit skins, expired foods, etc. up to half as much as a plastic bucket.
 Dissolve 1 liter of water with 100 grams of sugar, then add decomposing bacteria
(1/4 liter EM4 or 2 sachets of fermipan) and stir gently until mixed. When finished,
place it in a plastic bucket along with other ingredients.
 Add water to the plastic bucket until the volume reaches 2/3 of the bucket, stirring
gently.
 Cover the bucket with a hose attached, then glue the tape along the edge of the
bucket lid so that no outside air can enter.
 Fill the used mineral water bottle with water until it's full, then put the other end of
the hose into this water bottle. Make sure the end of the hose is always submerged
in water and does not move out. It is intended that the gas from the bucket can come
out without any air from outside entering the bucket.
 Wait up to 14 days, then open the bucket lid. If the smell of tape means the
fermentation process is running perfectly.
 Separate water and pulp by using a filter (can also use water if you want the results
of liquid fertilizer that is clear and free of pulp).
 Store liquid fertilizer in a closed bottle. The remaining fermentation residue can be
used as a planting medium.
 This liquid fertilizer is safe to use as leaf fertilizer (sprayed on leaves) or root
fertilizer (sprinkled on planting media).
 If the liquid fertilizer is used for leaf fertilizer, then try the age of this fertilizer no
more than two months after the making period so that the results are optimal. Mix 1
liter of this fermented fertilizer with 10 liters of water then spray on the leaves of the
plant in the afternoon after the sun fades or when dawn before the sun rises (this is
the best time because the stomata is wide open).
 If this liquid fertilizer is used as root fertilizer, then this fertilizer can be mixed in
water with a ratio of 1 liter of fertilizer: 3 liters of water to then be poured into the
planting medium like watering the plants. Do this once every 10 days for optimal
results.

53
 QUESTIONS

Read the PROCEDURE text to answer 1-2!

How to Make Starfruit Punch

Ingredients:
 250 gr yellow starfruit in slices
 100 ml water 2 spoonful of vanilla
 8 teaspoonful of lemonade extract Procedure
 Put slices of starfruit and water in the blender. Wait until it’s soft. Skim it.
 Add syrup, lemonade extract, and soda water. Stir thoroughly.
 Pour it in the glass and put in the ice cubes.

What is the text about?

A. How to make starfruit punch
B. The ingredients of starfruit punch
C. How to use blender
D. How to stir thoroughly
E. How to slice starfruit

…………………lemonade extract and soda water. Stir thoroughly. (procedure)

The word printed in bold means…
A. to make smooth
B. to boil
C. to cut
D. to make dry
E. to move an object in order to mix it
FILL WITH CORRECT OR INCORRECT
 the characteristics of the language of complex procedures texts are the language is
funny and interesting
(Answer key: (incorrect)]

should:
Characteristics of Complex Text Procedures

54
  There is an imperative sentence: a sentence containing an order
 There are declarative sentences: sentences that contain statements
 There are introgative sentences: sentences that contain questions
 There are sequence numbers: numbers that indicate the order
 Human participation in general: all human beings who participated in the text
 Verbal material: Verbs or verbs that refer to physical actions
 Verbs of behavior: Verbs that refer to attitudes expressed by verbal expressions (not
visibly mental attitudes)
 Temporal Conjunction: Conjunction which refers to a time sequence as well as being
a means of text cohesion
 Use standard words
 Using conjunction terms
 The text procedure is a piece of text that gives us instructions for doing something.
(Answer key: (correct)]

because : Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved
through a sequence of actions or steps.

MATCHMAKING QUESTIONS

 Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved

through a sequence of actions or steps .... (purpose)

 The social purpose of the procedure text is to show how something is done through
the sequence of steps which enables the reader to achieve the goal ..... (definition)
o purpose
o definition

ESSAY
Read the PROCEDURE text to answer 1-2!
How to Make Brownies

Ingredients:
 150gram of butter.
 150gram of dark chocolate.
 300 gram of flour
 4 eggs.
 600 gram of regular sugar
 1 tsp vanilla extract
 Steps

55
  Melt the chocolate with the butter.
 Stir the eggs with the sugar and the vanilla extract.
 Preheat the oven at low temperature
 Combine the mixes you made.
 Add the flour and stir with a wooden spoon.
 Grease a brownie tin.
 Add a little flour to cover the tin.
 Add the brownie dough.
 Bake for 10-30 minutes.
 To check the brownies, put a knife in the mix. The knife must be moist!
 Eat them 15 minutes after you took them out of the oven.
Questions
1. How much flour do you need to make brownies?
Answer key: I need 300 gram to make brownies.

2. What is the first thing to do when making brownies?

Answer key: melt the chocolate with the butter.

3. What should you do before combining the mixes?

Answer key: preheat the oven at low temperature

4. What should you do after greasing a brownie tin?

Answer key: add a little flour to cover the tin.

56
 CHAPTER 9 – PROCEDURE TEXT
(Do It Carefully)

A. Definition Of Procedure Text

Procedure text is a piece of text that give us instructions for doing something.
B. Characteristic Of Procedure Text
 Use simple present tense

Subject +V1 + s/es

The form of the verb She, He, It, depends on the verb suffix.
For verbs ending in -O, -CH, -SH, -X, or -Z, add -ES.
 go – goes
 catch – catches
 wash – washes
 kiss – kisses
 box – boxes
 fix – fixes

For Verb ending in consonant + Y, remove Y, and add -IES.

 carry – carries
 study – studies
 worry – worries
 marry – marries
For verbs ending in vowel + Y, just add -S.
 play – plays
 say – says
 enjoy – enjoys

simple present tense affirmative

S + V1 / to be (is, am, are) + O

Example:

 Susi Pudjiastuti is the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.

 She reads Harry Potter book everyday.

Simple present tense negative

S + Don’t / Doesn’t + V1 + O

If the verb is To be:

S + (is, am, are) + not + o 57

Example:

 Susi Pudjiastuti is not the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.

 She doesn’t read Harry Potter book everyday.

For subject she/he/it after the word don't or does not, the verb form is NOT ADDED S / ES

Simple present tense introgative

Do / Does + S + V1 + O + ?

If the verb is To be:

To be+ S + V1 + O + ?

Example :
 Is Susi Pudjiastuti the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries ?
 Are you new staff of Wall Street English ?

Imperative
 use action verbs. Ex: make,take,boil,cook,etc.
 use temporal conjuction. Ex: first, second, last, then, next, after that.
 Use conjuction. Ex: then, while,etc.
 Use accurate description. ex: boil it for 2 minutes, etc.

General structure
 Goal : contains the intent and purpose
 Material : tools and materials needed
 Steps
 Result

How to Breed Leopard Geckos

Leopard geckos could be easy to breed for some, but difficult for others. In this article,
you will see the simplest way to breed leopard geckos.
Get a male and female leopard gecko. The males have hemipenal bulges below the
vent whereas females do not. Males and females both have a V-shaped row of scales above
the vent but only the male's scales here are hollow and produce wax. This wax is for scent
marking their territory.
Prepare a large cage for the male and female to live in together. Geckos can be
kept together without the need to separate them unless you see major aggression. It is
sometimes normal when first introducing a male and female for there to be a little squabbling,
but this usually stops within the first week. Breeding should occur within a week. For a pair
you will need at least a 20 gallon long tank. You may also choose to house one male with 4-5

58
females; add 10 gallons of space for each additional gecko. If you see major drama/fighting,
separate the pair. You'll want to confirm they are not both males. If one male and one female,
you can reintroduce them again later.
Get the incubator ready for the eggs and provide a lay box. You can use a plastic
sandwich container with a lid for this purpose. Cut an entry hole on one side and fill it with
damp moss (This can be used as the moist hide too).
Ready the laying box to put in the cage. Females dig to lay their eggs, so you will
provide a place for them to dig. In about 4 to 5 weeks, the female will lay her eggs. Normally,
you will see her digging in the laying box and laying the eggs in pairs. It will be easy to tell
she has laid the eggs, particularly since she will be much thinner.
Place the eggs in the incubation medium. Remove them from the laying box and be
careful not to rotate or jiggle the eggs. After 24 hours of being laid, the embryo inside
attaches itself to the side wall of the egg. Rotating or jiggling this egg could cause the embryo
to come loose and drown inside, killing it. If you want girls, set the incubation temperature 80
to 85 degrees; if you want males, set the temperature 90 to 95 degrees, and if you want a mix,
set the temperature in the middle!
Observe the developing embryos. After a few weeks you will be able to "candle" the
eggs using a small flashlight. You don't have to touch the eggs, just take them into a dark
room and shine the light as close to the shell as you can. You should see pink inside with red
blood vessels. The further along the eggs are, the more you will also see the baby inside as a
dark mass. After around 60 days, give or take depending on the incubation temperature, the
eggs should hatch.
Have tiny crickets readily available. Babies will start eating insects within a day or two
of being hatched.

ADVERBIAL PHRASES
Adverbial phrases are groups of words consisting of adverbs with qualifiers (too, very,
so, enough, etc) or groups of words such as: prepositional phrases or infinitive phrases that
function like adverbs.
Example:
Single adverb: yesterday, quickly, there.
Adverbial phrase: to go to school, very quickly, at home.

Adverb with qualifiers (a combination of information with qualifier, can occupy the
adverb of manner function).

Contoh
Contoh Kalimat Adverb Phrase
Adverb Qualifier

59
 slowly extremely He drives extremely slowly.
(Dia mengemudi dengan sangat lambat.)

quickly enough Every waitress should clean tables quickly enough.

(Setiap pelayan harus membersihkan meja-meja dengan cukup cepat.)

Prepositional phrase (It can replace the five most important adverbs (adverb of time,
manner, frequency, and purpose).

Adverb Contoh Adverbial Phrase dan Contoh Kalimat

since yesterday, during the storm, before noon

time They couldn’t do anything during the storm.
(Mereka tidak dapat melakukan apapun selama badai.)

with his debit card, by bus

manner The customer always pays the bill with his debit card.
(Pelanggan tersebut selalu membayar tagihan dengan kartu debitnya.)

at home, in the classroom, to Bandung

place I’m on a flight to Bandung.
(Saya sedang dalam penerbangan ke Bandung.)

Old people may need to see a doctor every year.

frequency
(Orang-orang tua mungkin perlu mengunjungi dokter setiap tahun.)

He bought this tiramisu cake for you.

purpose
(Dia membeli kue tiramisu ini untukmu.)

Infinitive phrase (used to occupy the role of adverbs of purpose).

Adverb Phrase Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Phrase

to gain his muscle mass He does physical exercises regularly to gain his muscle mass.
(Dia melakukan latihan-latihan fisik secara teratur untuk
meningkatkan massa ototnya.)

to get the access To get the accesss, you must register first.
(Untuk mendapat akses, kamu harus mendaftar dulu.)

SUMMARY
PROCEDURE TEXT
Definition
Procedure text is a piece of text that give us instructions for doing something.

60
Characteristic
Use simple present tense

Subject +V1 + s/es

imperative
use action verbs. Ex: make,take,boil,cook,etc.
use temporal conjuction. Ex: first, second, last, then, next, after that.
Use conjuction. Ex: then, while,etc.
Use accurate description. ex: boil it for 2 minutes, etc.

General structure
Goal : contains the intent and purpose.
Material : tools and materials needed.
Steps.
Result .

ADVERBIAL PHRASES
Adverbial phrases are groups of words consisting of adverbs with qualifiers (too, very,
so, enough, etc) or groups of words such as: prepositional phrases or infinitive phrases that
function like adverbs.
Example:
Single adverb: yesterday, quickly, there.
Adverbial phrase: to go to school, very quickly, at home.

Adverb with qualifiers (a combination of information with qualifier, can occupy the
adverb of manner function).

Contoh
Contoh Kalimat Adverb Phrase
Adverb Qualifier

slowly extremely He drives extremely slowly.

(Dia mengemudi dengan sangat lambat.)

quickly enough Every waitress should clean tables quickly enough.

(Setiap pelayan harus membersihkan meja-meja dengan cukup cepat.)

Prepositional phrase (It can replace the five most important adverbs (adverb of time,
manner, frequency, and purpose).

61
 Adverb Contoh Adverbial Phrase dan Contoh Kalimat

since yesterday, during the storm, before noon

time They couldn’t do anything during the storm.
(Mereka tidak dapat melakukan apapun selama badai.)

with his debit card, by bus

manner The customer always pays the bill with his debit card.
(Pelanggan tersebut selalu membayar tagihan dengan kartu debitnya.)

at home, in the classroom, to Bandung

place I’m on a flight to Bandung.
(Saya sedang dalam penerbangan ke Bandung.)

Old people may need to see a doctor every year.

frequency
(Orang-orang tua mungkin perlu mengunjungi dokter setiap tahun.)

He bought this tiramisu cake for you.

purpose
(Dia membeli kue tiramisu ini untukmu.)

Infinitive phrase (used to occupy the role of adverbs of purpose).

Adverb Phrase Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Phrase

to gain his muscle mass He does physical exercises regularly to gain his muscle mass.
(Dia melakukan latihan-latihan fisik secara teratur untuk
meningkatkan massa ototnya.)

to get the access To get the accesss, you must register first.
(Untuk mendapat akses, kamu harus mendaftar dulu.)

QUESTION
what is the purpose of the procedure text?
“Leopard geckos could be easy to breed for some, but difficult for others. In this article, you
will see the simplest way to breed leopard geckos.”
the text is part of……

Red Velvet Macaroon

Macaroon, contemporary food that is loved by many people because of its unique and diverse
taste that we can actually make ourselves.

A:
- 65 grams of powdered sugar
- 35 grams of almond powder
- 1/2 tablespoon cocoa powder

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B:
- 35 gr egg whites
- Salt to taste
- 35 grams of caster sugar
- 6 drops of red chili food coloring

How to make:
 First, mix all ingredients A, then sift and set aside.
 then for Ingredient B, beat the egg whites and salt until foamy then add the sugar
gradually 3 times, beat until thick.
 then add food coloring and shake again until fluffy.
 Put 3 times in ingredient A in ingredient B, stir with a spatula until smooth.
 Enter the mixture into a plastic triangle and then spray it on a baking sheet lined with
baking paper until the dough runs out.- Leave the dough for about 30 minutes / until
the surface is not sticky.
 Bake the fire over under 140 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes.
 Finally, lift and chill then fill according to taste.
 Macaroon is ready for you to decorate and serve.

The evacuation process moveds so slowly.

a. Adverbial of manner.
b. Adverbial of place.
c. Adverbial of time.
d. Adverbial of frequency.
e. Adverbial of purpose.

She changes her mind every day.

a. Adverbial of manner.
b. Adverbial of place.
c. Adverbial of time.
d. Adverbial of frequency.
e. Adverbial of purpose.

The table has been prepared for us.

a. Adverbial of manner.
b. Adverbial of place.
c. Adverbial of time.
d. Adverbial of frequency.
e. Adverbial of purpose.

He got a job with no work experience.

a. Adverbial of manner.
b. Adverbial of place.
c. Adverbial of time.
d. Adverbial of frequency.
e. Adverbial of purpose.

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 ANSWER

 Text that give us instructions for doing something.

 Goal.
 Goal.
 Material.
 Steps
 Result
 A.
 B.
 E.
 A.

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 Chapter 10 : Procedure Text
(How To Use Photoshop)

A. The meaning of procedure text

Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved
through a sequence of actions or steps.

B. Characteristic features of the text procedure

 Usually use Simple Present Tense with the formula (S + V1)

 In the form of imperative / command form,
 Using action verbs, for example: make, take, boil, cook,
 Use temporal conjunctions, for example: First, then, next, after that, last
 Use conjunctions (conjunctions) to sort activities, for example then, while, etc.
 Use adverbs (adverbs) to state detailed time, place, accurate methods, for example for
five minutes, 2 hours, etc.
 Use adverbs (adverbs) to express stages or sequences, for example the first, the
second, the third, the last, etc.
C. How to use photoshop ?

1. Layer

its usefulness : layers can be used for images, text,background colors, patterns filters

2. Color and swatch tool

its usefulness : modify, copy, and save the color of the custome

3. Font and Text tools

its usefulness : add costume fonts to the database, and gift access to font settings that
gift stylish text

4. Brush Tools

its usefulness : can change the size shape, transparency to acieve different visual
effects
5. Select tool

its usefulness : determines what is copied, cut, and pasted into the graph

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Text structure

The preceding text about “how to operate photoshop : tutorial for beginners” is called
a procedure. A procedure text aims at describing how something is done or made trough a
sequence of actions or steps.

How are procedures written? In the model text, the title shows the goal that is the
name of the procedure to be carried out. This is then followed with a list of materials that is a
list of tools, which are needed to operate photoshop. Each paragraph contains the information
of what you should do to use each tool. This part refers to the procedure that is the steps to be
followed in operating the program.

A procedure text contains a lot of commands(imperative sentences) such as open the

Color Picker buy double – clicking , change, texts using The Custome Fonts, click the “T”
icon etc. And time sequencers such as first,second.

Questions

1. Question 1
Fitri : The French homework is really hard. I dont feel like to do it
Rahmat : .... to help you?
Fitri : it sounds great. Thanks, Rahmat!
Which of the following offering expressions best fill the blank?
a. Do you mind if I
b. Would you like me
c. Shall I
d. Can I
e. I will

Answer : B. Would you like me

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2. Question 2

Fred : I .... a John M Echol’s dictionary

Shop assistant : Yes. It’s over there. Let me take it for you
a. I want
b. I need to know
c. I’ve got to see
d. I wish I could have
e. What I really like is

Answer : A. I want

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 CHAPTER 11 – LET’S MAKE A BETTER WORLD FOR ALL
(Songs)

A. What Is A Song?
At its most basic, a song is a short piece of music, usually with words. It combines
melody and vocals, although some composers have written instrumental pieces, or musical
works without words, that mimic the quality of a singing voice. The words of a song are
called lyrics. Lyrics can include a series of verses, the longer sections of the song that tell the
story, and a refrain, a short phrase repeated at the end of every verse. Songs can have a simple
structure of one or two verses, or a more complex one with multiple verses and refrains.
Songs usually have a meter or beat. Whether you sing or speak the lyrics, you can feel a
pattern or pulse in the way the words move the song forward.
The word 'song' has been around for a very long time, and it connects back to Old
English and Old Norse languages. As such a history suggests, songs are used for many
purposes: to tell stories, express emotions, or convey a belief in faith. Sometimes they give
instructions or help make difficult, repetitive work a little less tiresome.

B. Basic Song Structure Explained

Knowing the typical song layout will help songwriters create their own masterpieces.
Basic song structure consists of an intro, verse, pre-chorus, chorus and bridge (many times,
this is all tied together in an outro, too). Below, consider this breakdown of song building
blocks.

C. Intro
This is an easy one – it is found at the beginning and sets up the song, establishing
many of the song's important elements, such as the key, tempo, rhythmic feel and even its
energy and attitude. You will find that the intro is often the same music without singing over
it as the verse or even the chorus. Sometimes, however, a song's intro will not have any
material found later in the song. In this scenario, the goal is to create interest for the listener
and encourage them to keep playing it. Either way, an intro typically last up to four bars.

D. Verse

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 This is where we get down to business and find out what the story is about. It’s the
“Once upon a time …” section. Generally, there are multiple verses in a song, and they
usually have different lyrics even though the melody will likely be the same. We get more
information about the story with each additional verse. Considering that most commercial
songs are between 3 and 4 minutes long, many people ask how many lines should be in the
verse of the song. A good rule of thumb is to keep the song verses under 1 minute, or just a
few lines.

E. Pre-Chorus
The pre-chorus is not a necessary component and is often shorter than a verse or
chorus. For the listener, it usually creates a feeling of wanting to be thrusted towards the
chorus.

F. Chorus
The chorus is the big payoff and climax of the song. It's also where the verse and pre-
chorus have been reduced to a simple repeated sentiment. For example, in the song “Let it
Be” by the Beatles, it is the part where the words “let it be” are repeated over and over. The
chorus is often the title of the song and is usually very similar each time it occurs.

G. Bridge
The bridge is a section that provides relief from the repetitive nature of many songs.
Not only does it have different lyrics from the verse and chorus, but the music is a little
different as well. It usually will start on a different chord from what the verse and chorus start
with.
Use the time you already spend listening to music as an opportunity to develop a
heightened understanding of these common parts of the song. Every song you hear is a
chance to learn about how musicians use these different components to tell their stories.

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