ASSIGNMENT

PARTI
UNIVERSITY EXAM QUESTION PATTERN - 6 MARK (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 2 MARKS)
ANSWER ALL QUESTION
1. What are the source of electric field and magnetic fields?
Ans:-The source of electric field is electric charge. Or a changing magnetic field as seen from Gauss' Law and Faraday's Law of Induction.
A magnetic field is a force that is exerted from magnets. Its source comes from movement of charged
particles. Every spinning electron is a tiny magnet.
2. Give any three co ordinate systems.
Ans:-three coordinate systems frequently encountered in electromagnetics: Cartesian, cylindrical, and
spherical. In each system it defines the relevant operations and properties. The cylindrical coordinate
system is an extension of a polar system from plane to space
3. Express the value of differential volume in rectangular and cylindrical Co-ordinate systems
Ans:-2.6.1 Rectangular coordinate system
A differential volume element in the rectangular coordinate system is generated by making differential changes dx, dy,
and dz along the unit vectors   x,   y and   z, respectively, as illustrated in Figure 2.18a. The differential volume is
given by the expression

Figure 2.18: Differential elements in a rectangular coordinate system

The volume is enclosed by six differential surfaces. Each surface is defined by a unit vector normal to that surface.
Thus, we can express the differential surfaces in the direction of positive unit vectors (see Figure 2.18b) as

The general differential length element from P to Q is

2.6.2 Cylindrical coordinate system

Figure 2.19a shows the differential volume bounded by the surfaces at ?,  ? + d ?,   ,   + d   , z, and z  + dz. The
differential volume enclosed is

The differential surfaces in the positive direction of the unit vectors (Fig. 2.19b) are
Figure 2.19: Differential elements in a cylindrical coordinate system

The differential length vector from P to Q is

4. Write expression for differential length in cylindrical and spherical co- ordinates.
5. What is physical significance of divergence of D.
Ans:-The physical significance of the divergence of a vector field is the rate at which "density" exits a given
region of space. The definition of the divergence therefore follows naturally by noting that, in the absence of
the creation or destruction of matter, the density within a region of space can change only by having it flow into
or out of the region. By measuring the net flux of content passing through a surface surrounding the region of
space, it is therefore immediately possible to say how the density of the interior has changed. This property is
fundamental in physics, where it goes by the name "principle of continuity." When stated as a formal theorem,
it is called the divergence theorem, also known as Gauss's theorem. In fact, the definition in equation (1) is in
effect a statement of the divergence theorem.

6. Express the divergence of a vector in the three system of orthogonal Co-ordination.

The divergence of a vector field V→ in curvilinear coordinates is found using Gauss’ theorem, that the total vector flux
through the six sides of the cube equals the divergence multiplied by the volume of the cube, in the limit of a small
cube.

The area of the face bracketed by h2du2 and h3du3 is h2du2h3du3. For that face, the component of the vector field
contributing to the flow from the cube is −V1, so the flow across the face is −V1h2h3du2du3. To find the flow across
the opposite (parallel) face of the cube, corresponding to an increase in u1 of du1, we must bear in mind
that h2,h3 and V1 all vary with u1, so the flow will be:

V1h2h3du2du3+∂∂u1(h2h3V1)du1du2du3

The first term here of course cancels the contribution from the other face. The remaining term, plus the terms with 123
replaced with 231 and 312 from the two other pairs of opposite faces, must, applying Gauss’ theorem, add to
give ∇→⋅V→×volume =∇→⋅V→ h1h2h3du1du2du3.

This gives:∇→⋅V→=1h1h2h3{∂∂u1(h2h3V1)+∂∂u2(h3h1V2)+∂∂u3(h1h2V3)}

Putting this together with the expression for the gradient gives immediately the expression for the Laplacian operator
in curvilinear coordinates:

∇2ψ=1h1h2h3{∂∂u1(h2h3h1∂ψ∂u1)+∂∂u2(h3h1h2∂ψ∂u2)+∂∂u3(h1h2h3∂ψ∂u3)}

7. State divergence theorem.

The divergence theorem says that when you add up all the little bits of outward flow in a volume using a triple
integral of divergence, it gives the total outward flow from that volume, as measured by the flux through its surface

8. State Stoke's theorem.

Stoke's theorem statement is “the surface integral of the curl of a function over the surface bounded by a closed
surface will be equal to the line integral of the particular vector function around it.” Stokes theorem gives a relation
between line integrals and surface integrals.

9. How is the unit vectors defined in three co ordinate systems?

Vectors in Three Dimensions

To specify the location of a point in space, we need three coordinates (x, y, z), where coordinates x and y specify
locations in a plane, and coordinate z gives a vertical position above or below the plane. Three-dimensional space has
three orthogonal directions, so we need not two but three unit vectors to define a three-dimensional coordinate
system. In the Cartesian coordinate system, the first two unit vectors are the unit vector of the x-axis ^ii^ and the unit
vector of the y-axis ^jj^. The third unit vector ^kk^ is the direction of the z-axis ((Figure)). The order in which the axes
are labeled, which is the order in which the three unit vectors appear, is important because it defines the orientation of
the coordinate system. The order x–y–z, which is equivalent to the order ^ii^ – ^jj^ – ^kk^, defines the standard right-
handed coordinate system (positive orientation).

PART IA
UNIVERSITY EXAM QUESTION PATTERN - 6 MARK (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 2 MARKS)
ANSWER ALL QUESTION
1 (a) The electric field in a spherical co-ordinate is given by E=(r/5 )ar. Show that closedE.dS=(.E)dv.

1(b) State and proof divergence theorem

Divergence Theorem Statement

The divergence theorem states that the surface integral of the normal component of a vector point function “F” over a
closed surface “S” is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of F⃗  taken over the volume “V” enclosed by the
surface S. Thus, the divergence theorem is symbolically denoted as:
∬v∫▽F⃗ .dV=∬sF⃗ .n⃗ .dS

Divergence Theorem Proof

The divergence theorem-proof is given as follows:

Assume that “S” be a closed surface and any line drawn parallel to coordinate axes cut S in almost two points. Let
S1 and S2 be the surface at the top and bottom of S. These are represented by z=f(x,y)and z=ϕ(x,y) respectively.

F⃗ =F1i⃗ +F2j⃗ +F3k⃗ , then we have

∫∫∫∂F3∂zdV=∫∫∫∂F3∂zdxdydz
 

∬R[∫z=f(x,y)z=Φ(x,y)∂F3∂z]dxdy
 
∬R[F3(x,y,z)]z=f(x,y)z=Φ(x,y)dxdy
 

∬R[F3(x,y,f)−F3(x,y,Φ)]dxdy ——(1)
So, for the upper surface S2,
dydx=cosγ2dS=k⃗ .n2→dS
Since the normal vector n2 to S2 makes an acute angle γ2 with k⃗  vector,
dxdy=−cosγ2dS1=−k⃗ .n⃗ .dS1
Since the normal vector n1 to S1 makes an obtuse angle γ1 with k⃗  vector, then
∬RF3(x,y,z)dxdy=∬s2F3k⃗ .n2→dS2 —-(2)
∬RF3(x,y,Φ)dxdy=∬s1F3k⃗ .n1→dS1 —-(3)
Now, the expression (1) can be written as:

∬RF3(x,y,z)dxdy–∬RF3(x,y,Φ)dxdy —-(4)
Now, substitute (2) and (3) in (4)
∬s2F3k⃗ .n2→dS2–∬s1F3k⃗ .n1→dS1
Thus, the above expression can be written as,
∬sF3k⃗ .n⃗ dS
Similarly, projecting the surface S on the coordinate plane, we get
∫∫∫∂F3∂zdV=∫∫F3k⃗ .n⃗ dS
 
∫∫∫∂F2∂ydV=∫∫F2j⃗ .n⃗ dS
 
∫∫∫∂F1∂xdV=∫∫F1i⃗ .n⃗ dS
 

Now, add the above all three equations, we get:

∬v∫[∂F1∂x+∂F2∂y+∂F3∂z]dV=∬s[F1i⃗ +F2j⃗ +F3k⃗ ].n⃗ .dS
Thus, the divergence theorem can be written as:
∬v∫▽F⃗ .dV=∬sF⃗ .n⃗ .dS
Hence, proved.

2. Check validity of the divergence theorem considering the field D=2xy ax +x2ay c/m2 and the
rectangular parallelepipedoformed by the planes x=0,x=1,y=0,y=2 &z=0,z=3.
3 2 3 2
 D
S
S  dS  
0  ( D)0 x 0  ( dydz a x )  
0  ( D)
0 x 1  ( dydz a x )
3 1 3 1
   (D) y 0  ( dxdz a y )    (D) y2  ( dxdz a y )
0 0 0 0
3 Explain three co-ordinate systems

Cartesian Co-ordinate System :

 
In Cartesian co-ordinate system, we have, (u,v,w) = (x,y,z). A point P(x0, y0, z0) in Cartesian co-ordinate system is represented as intersection
of three planes x = x0, y = y0 and z = z0. The unit vectors satisfies the following relation:

Since x, y and z all represent lengths, h1= h2= h3=1. The differential length, area and volume are defined respectively as

Cylindrical Co-ordinate System :

In cylindrical coordinate system, the unit vectors satisfy the following relations

4. (a) Discuss about curl of a vector

In vector calculus, the curl is a vector operator that describes the infinitesimal
circulation of a vector field in three-dimensional Euclidean space. The curl at a point in
the field is represented by a vector whose length and direction denote the magnitude
and axis of the maximum circulation.
(b) Derive an expression for curl of a vector
Given the vector field →F = P →i +Q→j +R→k F → = P i → + Q j → + R k → the curl is
defined to be, There is another (potentially) easier definition of the curl of a vector field.
To use it we will first need to define the ∇ ∇ operator.
(c) State stoke's theorem
Stokes’ Theorem It states that the circulation of a vector field, say A, around a closed
path, say L, is equal to the surface integration of the Curl of A over the surface bounded
by L. Stokes’ Theorem in detail Consider a vector field A and within that field, a closed
loop is present 
8. (a) Define divergence, gradient, curl in spherical co-ordinate system with mathematical expression
The spherical coordinate system is a three dimensional coordinate system. The dimensions used in this system are:
• The radial distance – the radial distance is the distance measured from the origin to the particular point. Radial
distance is also known as the radius. This is represented by r.
• The polar angle - the polar angle is the angle between the horizontal axis and the radial distance. This is even known
as inclination and this is represented by the symbol θ.
• The azimuth angle - the azimuth angle is an angle between the z axis and the radial distance. The other word for
azimuth angle is the azimuthal angle. This is represented by φ.
The Spherical coordinates corresponding to the Cartesian coordinates are,

The gradient is one of the vector operators, which gives the maximum rate of change when it acts on a scalar function.
The gradient of function f in Spherical coordinates is,

The divergence is one of the vector operators, which represent the out-flux's volume density. This can be found by
taking the dot product of the given vector and the del operator. The divergence of function f in Spherical coordinates
is,

The curl of a vector is the vector operator which says about the revolution of the vector. This is done by taking
the cross product of the given vector and the del operator. The curl of function f in Spherical coordinates is,

(b) Prove that divergence of a curi of a vector is zero, using stoke's theorem
If F = ∇ f , the line integral of F along any curve is the difference of the values of f at the endpoints. For a closed
curve, this is always zero. Stokes' Theorem then says that the surface integral of its curl is zero for every
surface, so it is not surprising that the curl itself is zero.
PARTII
I
UNIVERSITY EXAM QUESTION PATTERN - 6 MARK (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 2 MARKS)
ANSWER ALL QUESTION
1. State coulombs law.
The Coulomb's law of electrostatic force states that the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion
are directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between the charges.

2. State Gauss law for electric fields

Gauss's law states that: The net outward normal electric flux through any closed surface is proportional
to the total electric charge enclosed within that closed surface.
3. Define electric flux & electric flux density
Electric flux, property of an electric field that may be thought of as the number of electric lines of force
(or electric field lines) that intersect a given area. Electric field lines are considered to originate on
positive electric charges and to terminate on negative charges.

Electric flux density is a measure of the strength of an electric field generated by a free electric charge,

corresponding to the number of electric lines of force passing through a given area. Electric flux density is the
amount of flux passing through a defined area that is perpendicular to the direction of the flux.

4. Define electric field intensity

Electric Field Intensity : The electric intensity at any point in an electric field is defined as the electric force per unit positive test charge
placed at that point i.e.,
E=q0→0limq0F
The test charge q0 has to be vanishingly small so that it does not affect the electric field of the main charge.
The SI unit of electric field intensity is newton/ coulomb.
Electric Field Strength at mid-point of dipole : The electric field strength at mid-point C due to charge +q is −q along the same direction.
E=E1+E2=4πϵ01a2q+4πϵ01a2q=4πϵ01a22q
Its direction is from +q to −q.
 5. Name few applications of Gauss law in electrostatics
 electric Field due to Infinite Wire.
 Electric Field due to Infinite Plate Sheet.
 Electric Field due thin Spherical Shell. Electric Field Outside the Spherical Shell. Electric Field Inside the Spherical
Shell.

6. Define potential difference.

The electrical potential difference is defined as the amount of work done to carrying a unit charge from one point to
another in an electric field. In other words, the potential difference is defined as the difference in the electric potential
of the two charged bodies.
Potential difference is a measure of how much energy is transferred between two points in a circuit.

7. Define potential.
The electrical potential is defined as the capability of the charged body to do work. When the body is charged, either
electric electrons are supplied to it, or they are removed from it. In both the cases, the work is done. This work is
stored in the body in the form of electric potential. Thus, the body can do the work by exerting a force of attraction or
repulsion on the other charged particles.

8. Give the relation between electric field intensity and electric flux density.
There is this all too common equation…

∫SE⋅dA=Qϵ0∫SE⋅dA=Qϵ0
Where the LHS defines the flux and EE is the electric field intensity, defined as either the gradient of the electric potential or force
per unit charge.
But this equation contains a bit of deception, a little trickery concealing the underlying meaning of the fields. The proper equation is

∫SD⋅dA=Q∫SD⋅dA=Q
Where DD is the displacement field or electric flux density and operationally defined as the charge density that manifests on a test
capacitor.
The equations look the same, sans a constant. What is being hidden is that EE and DD are completely distinct but complementary
aspects of the electromagnetic field.
In general, there is no specific relationship between EE and DD.
In free-space the the two fields can be made numerically equal and in a way which is quite simple D=ϵ0ED=ϵ0E. So the equation
above is written for free-space as:
∫SE⋅dA=∫S(ϵ0D)⋅dA∫SE⋅dA=∫S(ϵ0D)⋅dA
and this substitution obscures the fact that the fields are different.

The relationship between EE and DD are called the “constitutive relations” are determined empirically for particular materials and
contexts.
Why the constitutive relations work is that for any configuration of charges you will have both aspects of the electric field present at
each point, and if you know one field it is often possible to calculate the other field.

9. Give the relationship between potential gradient and electric field.

Let us consider two closely spaced equipotential surfaces A and B as shown in figure.Let the potential of A be VA = V and potential of B
be VB= V−dV is decrease in potential in the direction of electric field E normal to A and B.
Let dr be the perpendiculare distance between the two equipotential surfaces. when a unit positive charge is moved along this
prependicular from the surface B to surface A against the electric field, the work done in this process is 
WBA=−E(dr)

This work done equals the potential difference VA−VB ∴   WBA=VA−VB=V−(V−dV)=dV 

∴ −E.dr=dV

or,   E=−drdV =  negative of potential gradient  

10. Define current density.

Current density—Current density of a conductor is defined as the amount of current passing per unit area of
the conductor held to the flow of chares
11. Write down the expression for capacitance between two parallel plates.
Let the two plates are kept parallel to each other separated be a distance d and cross-sectional area of each plate is A.  

Electric field by a single thin plate E′=2ϵoσ

Total electric field between the plates E=2ϵoσ+2ϵoσ

Or E=ϵoσ

Or E=AϵoQ

Potential difference between the plates V=Ed

⟹ V=AϵoQd

Capacitance  C=VQ

Thus we get capacitance of parallel plate capacitor  C=dAϵo

12. State point form of ohms law.

According to Ohm’s law, the potential difference between ends of a conductor is directly proportional to the current, that is
VαI
Or                                      V=IR                                             (2)
Where  R is resistance (that is obstruction offered to flow of changes)
Also, when a current I flows in a uniform cross-section area normally to it, then
I=∫J.ds
= ∫JdS cos 00
=J∫dS
I=JA          (3)     (where ∫dS = A)
Also, resistance                                            R= ρl/A                                                 (4)
Equation (3) can also be written as
R=l/σA                                             (5)
Where σ=1/ ρ is conductivity.
Substituting equations (3) and (5) in equation (2) we get
V=JA*l/σA
V=Jl/σ
Or                                J=σV/l                                       (6)
But electric field intensity E=V/l
By putting above value of E in equation (6),we get
J= σ E
This is also known as point form of Ohm’s Law.

13. Define dielectric strength.

Dielectric strength is defined as the electrical strength of an insulting material. In a sufficiently strong electric field
the insulating properties of an insulator breaks down allowing flow of charge. Dielectric strength is measured as the
maximum voltage required to produce a dielectric breakdown through a material.

PART IIA
UNIVERSITY EXAM QUESTION PATTERN - 6 MARK (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 2 MARKS)
1. State and proof gauss law .and explain applications of gauss law.
2. Drive an expression for the electric field due to a straight and infinite Uniformly charged wire of
length 'L' meters and with a charge density of + c/m at a point P which lies along the perpendicular
bisector of wire.
3. (a) Explain poissons and lapace's equations.
(b) A uniform line charge L =25Nc/m lies on the x=3m and y=4m in free space. Find the electric field
intensity at a point (2,3,15) m.
4. A circular disc of radius'a' m is charged uniformly with a charge density of c/ m2.find the electric field
at a point 'h' m from the disc along its axis.
5. Derive the boundary conditions of the normal and tangential components of electric field at the inter
face of two media with different dielectrics.
6. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having two dielectric media.
7. Derive an expression for the capacitance of two wire transmission line.
8. Drive an expression for energy stored and energy density in electrostatic field

PART III
UNIVERSITY EXAM QUESTION PATTERN - 6 MARK (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 2 MARKS)
ANSWER ANY 10 QUESTION
1. State Biot -savarts law.

In physics, specifically electromagnetism, the Biot–Savart law (/ˈbiːoʊ səˈvɑːr/ or /ˈbjoʊ səˈvɑːr/) is an equation

describing the magnetic field generated by a constant electric current. It relates the magnetic field to the
magnitude, direction, length, and proximity of the electric current.
2. State Ampere circuital law

Ampere's circuital law states that the line integral of magnetic field (→B) around any closed path or circuit is equal
to μ0(absolute permeability of free space) times the total current (I) encircling the closed circuit. This is the
mathematical expression of the Ampere's circuital law.

3. Write the relation between magnetic flux density and field intensity

4. Write the relation between relative permeability and suspectibility

Relation between relative permeability and magnetic susceptibility.

B = B1 + BH

= μ0I + μ0H

B = μ0 (I + H)

B = μ0H (1 + I/H)

or B = μ0 (1 + χ)H + = μH

or μ = μ0 [1 + χ]

and μ = μ0μ r

so μr =[1+X]

5. Define magnetic flux density

The magnetic flux density or magnetic induction is the number of lines of force

passing through a unit area of material, B. The unit of magnetic induction is the tesla
(T).
 6. Write down the magnetic boundary conditions

7. Give the force on a current element.

8. Define magnetic moment.

1. the property of a magnet that interacts with an applied field to give a mechanical moment.

9. State Gauss law for magnetic field.

Gauss Law states that the total electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the
permittivity. The electric flux in an area is defined as the electric field multiplied by the surface area projected in a
plane and perpendicular to the field.
10. What is magnetic susceptibility

The measures of how much a material will be magnetized in an applied magnetic field.

It is denoted by χ.

11. Define magnetic dipole.

Magnetic dipole, generally a tiny magnet of microscopic to subatomic dimensions, equivalent to a flow of

electric charge around a loop. Electrons circulating around atomic nuclei, electrons spinning on their axes, and
rotating positively charged atomic nuclei all are magnetic dipoles.
12. Give torque on closed circuits

13. Define magnetization.

magnetization is the vector field that expresses the density of permanent or induced magnetic dipole

moments in a magnetic material. Movement within this field is described by direction and is either Axial or
Diametric. The origin of the magnetic moments responsible for magnetization can be either microscopic electric
currents resulting from the motion of electrons in atoms, or the spin of the electrons or the nuclei. 
14. List the types of magnetic materials

 Paramagnetic materials. The materials which are not strongly attracted to a magnet are known as

paramagnetic material. ...
 Diamagnetic materials. The materials which are repelled by a magnet such as zinc. ...
 Ferromagnetic materials. ...
 Ferrites

PART IIIA
UNIVERSITY EXAM QUESTION PATTERN - 6 MARK (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 2 MARKS)
ANSWER ALL QUESTION
1. Derive the expressions for magnetic field intensity due to finite and infinite line
2. Derive the expressions for magnetic flux intensity due to solenoid of the coil.
3. Derive the expressions for magnetic field intensity due to toroidal coil and circular coil.
4. Derive an expression for energy stored and energy density in magnetic field.
5. (a) Derive an expressions for self inductance of two wire transmission line.
5. (b) Derive an expressions for force between two current carrying conductors.
6. (a) Derive the expression for torque developed in a rectangular closed circuit carrying current | a
uniform field.
6. (b) An iron ring with a cross sectional area of 3cm square and mean circumference of 15 cm is wound
with 250 turns wire carrying a current of 0.3A. The relative permeability of ring is 1500 . calculate the flux
established in the ring

PART IV
UNIVERSITY EXAM QUESTION PATTERN - 6 MARK (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 2 MARKS)
ANSWER ALL QUESTION
1. State Faraday's law of induction.

When a changing magnetic field is linked with a coil, an emf is induced in it. This change in magnetic field may be caused by changing the
magnetic field strength by moving a magnet towards or away from the coil, or moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field as desired. Or
in simple words, we can say that the magnitude of the emf induced in the circuit is proportional to the rate of change of flux.
The Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction says that 
the E.M.F. induced in a coil 'e' =− (rate of change of magnetic flux linkage) 
where,
the Flux linkage = number  of  turns 'N' times magnetic field 'B' × area 'A' ×cosθ
where,
θ is the angle between magnetic field B and area A.
θ at any instant ′t′=(angular  velocity 'w')× (time  instant 't').
That is, θ =w×t.
E.M.F. induced in a coil 'e'=N×B×A×w×sinw×t. 

2. State lenz's law

Lenz's law states that the current induced in a circuit due to a change or a motion in a magnetic field is so directed as to oppose
the change in flux and to exert a mechanical force opposing the motion.
3. Give the equation of transformer emf

EMF Equation Of The Transformer

Let,
N1 = Number of turns in primary winding
N2 = Number of turns in secondary winding
Φm = Maximum flux in the core (in Wb) = (Bm x A)
f = frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)

          E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm          ............................. eq 1

Similarly, RMS induced emf in secondary winding (E2) can be given as

          E2 = 4.44f N2 Φm.          ............................ eq 2

from the above equations 1 and 2,

This is called the emf equation of transformer, which shows, emf / number of turns is same for both primary and
secondary winding.

For an ideal transformer on no load, E1 = V1 and E2 = V2 .

where, V1 = supply voltage of primary winding
            V2 = terminal voltage of secondary winding

4. What is motional electric field?

5. What is motinal emf ?

An emf induced by motion relative to a magnetic field

 BB is called a motional emf and is given by
emf=Blv(B,l,andvperpendicular),(23.6.7)

6. What is the emf produced by moving loop in time varying field?

We have said that non zero can be produced in a several ways. One particular case is
when a time varying flux linking a stationary closed path induces an emf. The emf
induced in a stationary closed path by a time varying magnetic field is called a
transformer emf

7. What is time harmonic field ?

A time-harmonic field is one that varies periodically or sinusoidally with time

8. Give time harmonic maxwell's equation in point form. Assume time factor e-it.
In point form, ∇ × ˜E = −jω ˜B
∇ × ˜H = jω ˜D + ˜ J
∇ · ˜D = ˜ρv
∇ · ˜B = 0
9. Distinguish between Field theory and Circuit theory
:

Circuit Theory Field Theory:

1) This analysis is originated by its own. 1) Evolved from transmission ratio.

2) Applicable only for portion of radiofrequency range. 2) Not applicable for portion of radiofrequency
3) It is dependent and independent parameter, range.
I and V are directly obtained from the given circuit. 3) Not directly obtained from E and H.
4) Parameters of medium are not involved. 4) Parameters (Permeability and Permitiviy) are
5) Laplace Transform is employed. analysed in the medium.
6) Z, Y and H parameters are used. 5) Maxwell's equation is used.
7) Low power is involved. 6) S parameter is used.
8) Simple to understand. 7) High Power is involved.
9) 2 Dimensional analysis. 8) Needs visualisation effect.
10) Frequency is used for reference. 9) 3 Dimensional analysis.
11) Lumped components are used 10) Wavelength is used as reference.
11) Distributed components are used.
.
10. Write Maxwell's equation in point and integral form for good conductors.
integral form of Maxwell’s 1st equation

11. What Is significance of displacement current density? 11. In a material for which = 5s/m and r= 1 and
E=250 sin 1010t (V/m) find the conduction and displacement current densities.
 PART IVA
UNIVERSITY EXAM QUESTION PATTERN - 6 MARK (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 6 MARKS)
ANSWER ALL QUESTION
1. What are the different ways of EMF generation? Explain with the governing equations and suitable
practical examples.
In nature, emf is generated whenever magnetic field fluctuations occur through a surface. The shifting of the Earth's
magnetic field during a geomagnetic storm induces currents in the electrical grid as the lines of the magnetic
field are shifted about and cut across the conductors.
In the case of a battery, the charge separation that gives rise to a voltage difference between the terminals is
accomplished by chemical reactions at the electrodes that convert chemical potential energy into electromagnetic
potential energy.
A voltaic cell can be thought of as having a "charge pump" of atomic dimensions at each electrode, that is:
A source of emf can be thought of as a kind of charge pump that acts to move positive charge from a point of low potential
through its interior to a point of high potential. … By chemical, mechanical or other means, the source of emf performs
work dW on that charge to move it to the high potential terminal. The emf ℰ of the source is defined as the work dW done
per charge dq: ℰ = dW/dq.
In the case of an electrical generator, a time-varying magnetic field inside the generator creates an electric field
via electromagnetic induction, which in turn creates a voltage difference between the generator terminals. Charge
separation takes place within the generator, with electrons flowing away from one terminal and toward the other, until, in
the open-circuit case, sufficient electric field builds up to make further charge separation impossible. Again, the emf is
countered by the electrical voltage due to charge separation. If a load is attached, this voltage can drive a current. The
general principle governing the emf in such electrical machines is Faraday's law of induction

2. With necessary explanation, derive the Maxwell's equation in differential and integral forms .
The differential forms:

 Gauss’ law for electricity: ∇⋅E⃗ =ρϵ0∇⋅E→=ρϵ0, where EE is the electric field generated by a

charge density of ρρ, ϵ0ϵ0 is the permittivity of free space in vacuum, and ∇∇ is the vector
differential operator.
 Gauss’ law for magnetism:  ∇⋅B⃗ =0∇⋅B→=0, where BB represents the magnetic field.
 Maxwell-Faraday equation/Faraday’s law of induction:  ∇×E⃗ =−dB⃗ dt∇×E→=−dB→dt,
where EE is a time/space varying electric field and dB⃗ dtdB→dt is the time derivative of a time-
varying magnetic field.
 Ampere’s circuital law:  ∇×B⃗ =μ0(J+ϵ0dE⃗ dt)∇×B→=μ0(J+ϵ0dE→dt), where B⃗ B→ is the
magnetic field, JJ is the displacement current, μ0μ0 is the permeability of free space in
vacuum, and dE⃗ dtdE→dt is the time derivative of the electric field.
The integral forms:

 Gauss’ law for electricity:  ∮E⃗ ⋅dA⃗ =qϵ0∮E→⋅dA→=qϵ0, where ∮E⃗ ⋅dA⃗ ∮E→⋅dA→ is the

surface integral of the electric field over a closed charged surface and qq is the total charge
contained in that closed surface.
 Gauss’ law for magnetism:  ∮B⃗ ⋅dA⃗ =0∮B→⋅dA→=0, where ∮B⃗ ⋅dA⃗ ∮B→⋅dA→ gives the net

magnetic flux of any closed surface.

 Maxwell-Faraday equation/Faraday’s law of induction: ∮E⃗ ⋅ds⃗ =−dΦBdt∮E→⋅ds→=−dΦBdt,

where ∮E⃗ ⋅ds⃗ ∮E→⋅ds→ is the line integral of the electric field around a closed loop
and dΦBdtdΦBdt is the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the area enclosed by that
loop.
  Ampere’s circuital law: ∮B⃗ ⋅ds⃗ =μ0i+1c2∂∂t∫E⃗ ⋅dA⃗ ∮B→⋅ds→=μ0i+1c2∂∂t∫E→⋅dA→,

where ∮B⃗ ⋅ds⃗ ∮B→⋅ds→ is the line integral of the magnetic field around a closed loop and the
terms in the R.H.S relate to the electric current flowing through the loop.

3. (a) What do you mean by displacement current? Write down the expression for the total current
density.
Displacement current is a quantity appearing in Maxwell’s equations. Displacement current definition is defined
in terms of the rate of change of the electric displacement field (D).

3. (b) In a material for which =5 s/m and r=1 and E=250 sin 1010t (V/m).find the conduction and
displacement current densities.
Given that,

Electric field intensity is

We need to calculate the conductor current

Using formula of conductor current

Put the value into the formula

We need to calculate the displacement current densities

Using formula of displacement current density

Put the value into the formula

The frequency at which they have equal magnitude.

Then, 
We need to calculate the frequency at which they have equal magnitude
Using formula of frequency

Put the value into the formula

Hence, The conductor current is 
The displacement current density is 
The frequency is 89.8 GHz.

4 .(a) Find the total current in a circular conductor of radius 4mm if the current density varies according
to J=104/R A/m2 .
4. (b) Given the conduction current density in a lossy dielectric as Jc=0.02 sin 109 t A/m2 .find the
displacement current density if =103 mho/m and r=6.5 .

5 (a) Explain the relation between field theory and circuit theory.

5 (b) The magnetic field intensity in free space is given as H=HOsin ay t A/m.where = t-z and is a constant
quantity. Determine the displacement current density.

6. Derive General field relation for time varying electric and magnetic fields using Maxwell's' equations.

PART V
UNIVERSITY EXAM QUESTION PATTERN - 6 MARK (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 2 MARKS)
ANSWER ALL QUESTION
1. Define a Wave.
If a physical phenomenon that occurs at one place at a given time is reproduced at other places at later times, the time
delay being proportional to the space separation from the first location, then the group of phenomena constitutes a wave.
2. Mention the properties of uniform plane wave.
i) At every point in space ,the electric field E and magnetic field H are
perpendicular to each other.
ii)The fields vary harmonically with time and at the same frequency
everywhere in space.

3. Write down the wave equation for E and H in free space.

2H– μ ε 2E– μ ε

4. Write down the wave equation for E and H in a conducting medium

2H– μ ε 2E– μ ε

5. Define intrinsic impedance or characteristic impedance.

When an electromagnetic wave propagates through free space, it encounters the characteristic impedance of
the free space, called intrinsic impedance (𝜼). Intrinsic impedance describes the magnitude of the magnetic
and electric fields present in the free space.
6. Calculate the characteristic impedance of free space.
he characteristic impedance of free space is equal to the square root of the ratio of permeability of free space (in
henrys per meter) to the permittivity of free space (in farads per meter). It works out to about 377 Ω, and that is
the characteristic impedance of the universe
 The expression for the characteristic impedance of free space falls out of the
plane wave solution to Maxwell’s equations.

7. Define propagation constant.

Propagation constant is a complex number γ =α +jβγ = √jωµ (σ+jωε) Where α is attenuation constantβ is phase constant
8. Define skin depth.
Skin depth is defined as that of depth in which the wave has been attenuated to 1/e or 37% of its original value. δ =1/ α
=√2/(jωσ) = for good conductor
9. Define Pointing vector
The pointing vector is defined as rate of flow of energy of a wave as it
propagates.
P =E X H

10. State Poynting Theorem.

Poynting Theorem states that the net power flowing out of a volume v is equal to the time rate of
decrease in the energy stored within a volume v minus the conduction losses.
∫ (E x H).ds = - ∂ / ∂t ∫ (½ εE2 +½ μH2) dv - ∫σ E2 dv.

11. What is lossy dielectric medium?

A lossy dielectric medium is defined as a medium in which the electric conductivity is not equal to zero yet it is not a
good conductor. Setting σ ≠ 0 in Equation 1.12 leads to a non-zero attenuation constant (α ≠ 0). The general wave
equations and the associated parameters expressed in Equations 1.12 to 1.22 therefore apply to lossy dielectric
media. According to Equations 1.15 and 1.16, the amplitude of electric and magnetic fields decreases exponentially
with travel distance (Fig. 1.3).

12. For a loss dielectric material having ur=1 , r=48, = 20s/m. calculate the Propagation constant
at a frequency of 16 GHz.
Given data: r 1  r  48  20s / m. f =√ 16MHZ Find: propagation constant (  ) Formula:   j(  j ) Soluation: 
j (1 j )    2.13   j (1 j 2.13) = 5381697  j 2526618 = 5945288.964.8 = 2438 32.4 Result: 
= 2438 32.4 conti
13. Define Polarization.

14. Define Circular Polarization.

If x and y component of electric field Ex and Ey have different amplitude and 90ο phase difference, the
locus of the resultant electric field E is a circle and wave is to be circularly polarized.

15. Define Elliptical polarization.

If x and y component of electric field Ex and Ey have different amplitude and 90ο phase difference, the
locus of the resultant electric field E is a ellipse and wave is to be elliptically polarized.

16. Define Linear Polarization.

If x and y component of electric field Ex and Ey are present and are in phase, the resultant field has a
direction at an angle of tan-1(Ey/Ex) and if the phase angle is constant with time, the wave is to be
linearly polarized.
 PART VA
UNIVERSITY EXAM QUESTION PATTERN - 6 MARK (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 6 MARKS)
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING CREDITS & ASSESSMENT EVALUATION

1. (a) Calculate the attenuation constant and phase constant for the uniform plane wave with the
frequency of 10GHz in a medium for which u=u0, r=2.3 and =2.54x10-4/m.
And also attenuation constant, α = 0

The phase constant,

β = w √ (µ є) rad/m

1.(b) Derive the expression for the attenuation constant ,phase constant and intrinsic impedance for a
uniform plane wave in a good conductor.

Uniform Plane Wave in Lossless Dielectric

For a perfect or lossless dielectric the properties are given as, σ = 0, є = єo єr and µ =
µo µr. In both free space medium and lossless dielectric medium σ = 0, so the analysis
of the wave propagation is much similar in both cases. But as the permeability and
permittivity values are different then expression in both cases gets varied.

The Velocity of propagation, v = (1/√(µ є))

= (1/√( µo µr єo єr)) = 1/(√( µo єo) √ (µr єr))) = 1/(√( µo єo)/ √ (µr єr)))

Therefore v = c/ √ (µr єr) m/s

The propagation constant,

ɣ = √[jwµ (σ + jw є)] m-1

By substituting σ = 0, є = єo єr and µ = µo µr in the above equation for a perfect or

lossless dielectric, we get

ɣ = +/- jw √(µє) m-1

 And also attenuation constant, α = 0

The phase constant,

β = w √ (µ є) rad/m

2. Derive the one dimensional general wave equation and find the solution for wave equation.
3. Discuss about the plane waves in lossy dielectrics.
4. Discuss about the plane waves in lossless dielectrics.
5. Briefly explain about the wave incident (i) Normally on perfect conductor (ii) Obliquely to the surface
of perfect conductor.
6. (a). Assume that Eland H waves, traveling in free space, are normally Incident on the interface with a
perfect dielectric with r=3 .calculate the magnitudes of incident, reflected and transmitted E and H
waves at the interface.
END