05/04/21 Class Work-1

Recapitulation of general concepts and discussion of Term II question paper.

06/04/21 Chapter -1: Matter in our surroundings

Class Work-2
Introduction of the chapter and keywords:

Matter: Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter. For e.g: chair,
computer, keyboard, pencil, building, mountain, etc.

Physical nature of matter:

Matter is made up of particles

Q. What is matter made up of? How will you prove it?

Ans. Matter is particulate in nature. This can be proven with the help of an experiment -
1. Take a beaker which is filled with water up to a certain mark.
2. Add some sugar in it. Marking of water in a beaker increases.
3. Stir the solution. After some time sugar dissolves in water and the level of the water
comes down to the original mark.
Tiny particles of sugar adjust in the space between the tiny particles of water.
This experiment proves that:
● Matter is made up of tiny particles.
● There is a space between these particles.

Class Work-3
Size of the particles of matter
Q. What is the size of the particles of matter?
Ans. The size of the particles of matter is very small. They can be broken into further particles
as well. For E.g., on dilution of a colorful solution of potassium permanganate, we can still see
the color. This means there are millions of particles present in the color which just divide
themselves on dilution.
07/04/21 Class Work-4
Characteristics of the particles of matter:
1. Particles of matter have space between them

On dissolving sugar in water, there is no rise in water level because the particles of sugar get
into the interparticle spaces between the water particles.

2. Particles of matter are continuously moving

● Particles of the matter show continuous random movements due to the kinetic energy
they possess.
● A rise in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles, making them move
more vigorously.

Q. Describe the continuous motion of particles of matter with the help of an activity.
Ans. (a) To demonstrate motion of particles in air:
● Fragrance of an incense stick lightened in one corner of a room spreads quickly
throughout the whole room.
● Spreading of smell proves that matter is made up of tiny particles moving randomly.

(b) To demonstrate motion of particles of solid matter:

● Drop a crystal of copper sulphate or potassium permanganate into a glass of hot water.
● Do not stir the solution and allow the crystals to settle at the bottom.
● The colour of the solid is seen spreading slowly. This is because the solid particles
diffuse in the water.

Q. Why does the smell of hot sizzling food reach us several meters away but to get the
smell from cold food you have to go close?
Ans. The particles of hot sizzling food get temperature and their kinetic energy increases so
they move fast and mix up in the air and the smell reaches us. While the temperature of
particles of cold food is low, so the particles do not move fast and they do not mix up in the air
and reach us.
Q. Ramesh took two beakers A and B containing hot water and cold water respectively.
In each beaker, he dropped a crystal of copper sulphate. He kept the beakers
undisturbed. After some time what did he observe and why?
Ans. In both the beakers, the solutions became blue. However, this happened at a faster rate in
the beaker B which contains hot water. This change has taken place because of the process of
diffusion which proceeds at a faster rate in hot water as compared to cold water.
12/04/21 Class Work-5
Particles of matter attract each other
∙ There are some forces of attraction between the particles of matter which bind them
together.
∙ The force of attraction between the particles of the same substance is known as
cohesion.

Q. Show particles of matter attract each other.

Ans. Activity : To demonstrate that the particles of matter attract each other
Procedure :-
i) Take an iron nail, a piece of chalk and a rubber band.
ii) Try breaking them by hammering, cutting or stretching them.
Observation :Since it is most difficult to break the iron nail, therefore the particles of iron nail
are held together by the strongest force, followed by the piece of chalk while the particles of
rubber band are held by the weakest forces of attraction.
Conclusion :The particles of matter attract each other. The strength of this force of attraction
differs from one kind of matter to other kind.

Q. Explain why, we can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a plank
of wood, we need a karate expert.
Ans. There will be a weak force of attraction between the particles in air. So we can move our
hands on air whereas the particles in solid plank are closely packed and a strong force of
attraction exists between them. Hence it needs a huge force to overcome the attraction which a
karate expert can do.

13/04/21 Class Work-6

Diffusion and osmosis
Diffusion in Matters
The phenomenon of mixing particles of different substances together is known as diffusion. It
takes place due to the movement of particles of matter. It takes place from higher
concentration to lower concentration.
It comes from Latin word "diffundere", meaning "to spread out".

Diffusion in gas:
Diffusion takes place most rapidly in gases.
The particles of gas have a lot of kinetic energy due to that they move with high speed, as a
result, gas diffuses most rapidly.
Example: Mixing of gases in air.
Smoke coming out of factories is seen only near the mouth of chimneys. After rising high it
mixes up with air and vanishes out.
Diffusion in liquid:
The rate of diffusion is less in liquid than that of gases.
The particles of liquid have enough movement because of kinetic energy. When two liquids
are kept together they are mixed.
For example; when salt solution is kept in water this makes the whole solution salty after
some time.

Diffusion in solid:
The rate of diffusion is almost negligible in solids.
Since the particles of solid have lowest kinetic energy so they do not move. E.g. Sometimes,
marks of chalk on the black board could not be wiped out easily after a long time. This
happens because of the diffusion of particles of chalks with the particles of black board.
Alloys are the mixture of two or more than two metals, prepared by the diffusion of solid into
solid. E.g. bronze, steel, brass.

Diffusion in everyday life:

• We get the smell of our favourite food sitting in the drawing room even when the food is
being cooked in the kitchen. The vapor coming out from the food reaches us because
of diffusion in air.
• We get the smell of burning incense sticks sitting far from it.
• When sugar is added in water, it is mixed because of the diffusion.
• Carbonated drinks are prepared by the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas in water. We
notice a hiss sound when the cap of a bottle of a carbonated drink is open; the hiss
sound comes because of the diffused gas coming out of water.
• Aquatic animals take dissolved oxygen in water while breathing. Aquatic plants
synthesize their food under water because of the dissolved carbon dioxide in water.

Temperature and Rate of Diffusion:

The rate of diffusion increases with increase in temperature and decreases with decrease in
temperature. The increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy, which increase the
speed of movement of particles of matter.

Q. Differentiate between osmosis and diffusion.

Ans.
Osmosis Diffusion
It is limited only to the liquid medium. Occurs in liquid, gas and even solids.
Requires a semipermeable membrane. Does not require a
semipermeable membrane.

Depends on the number of solute Depends on the presence of other

particles dissolved in the solvent. particles.
Only the solvent molecules can diffuse. Both the molecules of solute and
solvent can diffuse.
The entire process can either be stopped This process can neither be stopped
or reversed by applying additional nor reversed.
pressure on the solution side.

Q. Why is osmosis and diffusion important to living organisms?

Ans. Both the processes, diffusion and osmosis work together in living organisms in order to
attain the equalizing effect. They attain this effect by spreading and transporting nutrients,
water and other necessary chemicals from the areas of higher concentration to areas of lower
concentration inside the body.

Q. Name the scientist who studied the movement of pollen grains suspended in water
through a microscope. What is the phenomenon known as?
Ans. Robert Brown studied the movement of pollen grains suspended in water through a
microscope. It was found that pollen grains move rapidly through water in an irregular way.
This phenomenon is Brownian motion.

14/04/21 Class Work-7

Different states of matter
The Solid State
∙ In solids, particles are tightly packed, due to which there is hardly any space between
them and when particles are closer, that means the intermolecular forces of attraction
are stronger. As a result, solids have fixed shape, volume, distinct boundaries, definite
volume and can’t be compressed.
∙ There is less kinetic energy among the particles in solids. They are generally arranged
in an order.
Q. Which of these are solids: Rubber band, Sponge, Salt?
Ans. All of them are solids. All of these follow the properties of solids. A rubber band and
sponge change their shape only when we apply force on them. It might appear as if salt is
taking the shape of the container in which we put it but actually each grain has its own
definite shape.

The Liquid State

∙ They have a fixed volume, but no fixed shape.
∙ The force of attraction in liquid particles is less than solids. Therefore, there is a space
between the particles of liquids and they can flow easily. They have negligible
compressibility. They are also called fluids.
∙ Liquids take the shape of the container in which they are put. This is because the
particles of liquids have a high kinetic energy, they always keep on moving.

Q. Can other matter diffuse into liquids?

Ans. Yes, other matter can diffuse into liquids. This is so because there is a space between the
particles of liquid so particles of other matter can slip into those spaces. E.g. mixing sugar in
tea, mixing ink in water, presence of oxygen and carbon dioxide in water

13/04/21 H.W-1
Q.1.Give reason: why a wooden table should be called a solid.
Q.2. Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion. Comment.
19/04/21 Class Work-8
The gaseous state

∙ Gases do not have a fixed volume.

∙ They do not have a fixed shape.

Q. Give reasons:
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
Ans. (a) The force of attraction between particles of gas is negligible. Because of this,
particles of gas move in all directions. Thus, it fills the vessel completely in which it is kept. (b)
Due to the negligible force of attraction between particles of gas, they have a high kinetic
energy. This enables the particles of gas to move in all directions and hit the walls of the
container from all sides. Because of this a gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container in
which it is kept.

Activity:
Aim: To show that solids are incompressible, liquids are slightly compressible, while gases
are highly compressible.
Materials required: Glass syringes, chalk powder and water.
Procedure:
1. Take three 100 ml glass syringes having pistons. Remove the pistons from all the
syringes.
2. In the first syringe, fill chalk powder, in the 2nd syringe, fill water and in the 3rd
syringe fill nothing.
3. Put the pistons back on all the syringes.
4. Try to compress the contents by pushing the piston in each syringe.
Observation: The piston of the 1st syringe does not move.
The piston of the 2nd syringe moves slightly.
The piston of the 3rd syringe moves considerably.
Conclusions:
∙ Solids cannot be compressed by applying pressure.
∙ Liquids are slightly compressed by applying pressure.
∙ Gases can be compressed easily by applying pressure.
20/04/21 Class Work-9
Differences between solid, liquid and gases

Q. Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of

states of matter. Ans.
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Shape and volume Fixed shape No fixed shape but Neither definite
and volume has volume shape nor volume
Energy Lowest Medium Highest
Compressibility Difficult Nearly difficult Easy
Arrangement of Regular and Random and little Random and
molecules closely arranged sparsely arranged more sparsely
arranged
Fluidity Cannot flow Flows from higher Flows in all
to lower level directions
Movement Negligible Depends on Free, constant
interparticle attraction and random
Interparticle space Very less More Large
Interparticle Maximum Medium Minimum
attraction
Density Maximum Medium Minimum
Rate of diffusion Negligible Depends on Maximum
interparticle
attraction.

Q. Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas

container, shape, kinetic energy and density.
Ans. Rigidity: It is the property of a substance to resist any deformation like change in shape,
being compressed etc. Solids have high rigidity, liquids have less rigidity and gases have no
rigidity.

Compressibility: The property due to which the particles of a matter can be compressed or
reduced in volume by applying force or pressure. Gases are compressible whereas solids and
liquids are not.
Fluidity: The property due to which a substance tends to flow. Gases and liquids are fluids,
solids are not.
Filling a gas container: The molecules of a gas move in all directions and due to negligible
interparticle forces of attraction can fill the entire container. In solids and liquids, attraction
force is sufficient enough for not letting the particles move away from each other.

Shape: Solids have definite shape whereas liquids take the shape of the container in which
they are placed and gases do not have any shape.

Kinetic energy: It is energy possessed by the particles due to their motion. The particles of a
gas have maximum kinetic energy. Solids have minimum kinetic energy.

Density: Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume. Solids have highest density. In
gases, there is plenty of space between particles due to which density is low.

21/04/21 Class Work-10

Discussion of blue block questions on page 3 and 6

Q. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have
observed that ice floats on water. Find out why.
Ans. When water freezes to form ice, some empty spaces are created. As a result, volume
increases for the same mass of water. In other words, mass per unit volume or density of ice is
lower than that of water and hence ice floats over water.
26/04/21 Class Work-11
Effect of change of temperature on state of matter
On increasing temperature, the kinetic energy of the particles of the matter increases and they
begin to vibrate with a higher energy.
Therefore, the interparticle force of attraction between the particles reduces and particles get
detached from their position and begin to move freely.
As a result, the state of matter begins to change.

∙ Solids undergo a phase change to form liquids.

∙ Similarly, liquids undergo a phase change to form gases.

✔ The process of liquid water changing to solid ice is termed as freezing. The temperature
at which it occurs is known as the freezing point.

✔ The process in which a solids change to a liquid is called melting. The melting point of
a solid is defined as the temperature at which solid melts to become liquid at the
atmospheric pressure.
Different substances have different melting points. Higher melting point means a
larger force of attraction between particles.
Melting point of ice is 0oc.
The process of melting is also known as fusion.

✔ The process in which a liquid boils and changes to a gas is called vaporization. The
temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is its boiling
point. The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapour
pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
Boiling point of water is 100oC.

✔ This process in which a gas changes to liquid is known as condensation or liquefaction.

✔ The process in which solids directly change to gases is known as sublimation.

27/04/21 Class Work-12

Latent Heat
Activity: Take about 150 g of crushed ice in a beaker and suspend a laboratory thermometer
so that its bulb is in contact with the ice, as in Fig.
 Conversion of ice to water and then to water vapour
Procedure:
1. Start heating the beaker on a low flame.
2. Note the temperature when the ice starts melting.
3. Note the temperature when all the ice has converted into water.
4. Record the observations for this conversion of solid to liquid state.
5. Now, put a glass rod in the beaker and heat while stirring till the water starts boiling.
6. Record the observations for the conversion of water in the liquid state to the gaseous
state.

Observation: It is observed that at 0°C ice starts melting and this temperature remains
constant till all the ice melts. During the boiling of water, the temperature of the water
remains stable at 100 °C.

Latent Heat of Fusion (solid to liquid change):

The heat which is going into ice but not increasing its temperature, is the energy required to
change the state of ice from solid to liquid. This is known as the latent heat of fusion.

The latent heat of fusion (or melting) of a solid is the quantity of heat in joules required to
convert 1 kilogram of the solid (at its melting point) to liquid, without any change in
temperature.
✔ The latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.34×105joules per kilogram (or 3.34 ×105j/kg).

Latent Heat of Vaporization (liquid to gas change):

The latent heat of vaporisation of a liquid is the quantity of heat in joules required to convert 1
kilogram of the liquid (at its boiling point) to vapour or gas, without any change in
temperature.
✔ The latent heat of vaporization of water is 22.5×105joules per kilogram (or 22.5×105
j/kg).

Q. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change of
state?
Ans. The temperature of any substance remains constant during the change of state because
the heat energy supplied is used up in changing the state of matter and for breaking of
attractive forces. This heat, which does not raise the temperature of the body, is called latent
heat.

Q. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature?
Ans. At 273 K, ice absorbs more heat than water from the substance to overcome the latent
heat of fusion and thus providing a more effective cooling effect. Water however does not
absorb any extra heat from the substance.

Q. What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?

Ans. Steam contains more heat, in the form of latent heat, than boiling water. So, when steam
comes in contact with skin, it gives out 22.5x 105joules per kilogram more heat than boiling
water, so steam causes more severe burns.

28/04/21 Class Work-13

Sublimation
The changing of a solid directly into vapours on heating and of vapours into solid on cooling
is known as sublimation.
The common substances which undergo sublimation are: Ammonium chloride, Iodine,
Camphor, Naphthalene and Anthracene.
The solid substance which undergoes sublimation is called sublime.
The solid obtained by cooling the vapours of the solid is called a sublimate.

Q. With the help of a labelled diagram, describe in brief an activity to show sublimation
of ammonium chloride.
Ans.
1. Take some ammonium chloride. Crush it and put it in a china dish.
2. Put an inverted funnel over the china dish.
3. Put a cotton plug on the stem of the funnel.
4. Now, heat the china dish slowly with the help of a Bunsen burner and observe. 5.
Ammonium chloride which is in the solid state on exposure to heat will directly change into
the vapour state.
6. The vapours on rising up in the funnel will start condensing
and form crystals of ammonium chloride.
14/06/21 Class Work-14
Effect of change of pressure on state of matter
A substance may exist in any of the three different states of matter depending upon the
conditions of temperature and pressure. By increasing pressure, particles of matter can be
brought close together.

Q. (a) Why is solid carbon dioxide called dry ice? Give its uses.
(b) Why is dry ice more effective for cooling purposes than ordinary ice?
(c) Why is dry ice stored under high pressure?
Ans. (a) Solid carbon dioxide directly changes to gaseous carbon dioxide and does not melt to
produce a liquid . Therefore, it is called dry ice. It is used to deep freeze food and to keep ice
cream cold.
(b) Dry ice can produce much lower temperatures as its freezing point is (–80 degree
Celsius) than ordinary ice which freezes at 0 degree Celsius. So, it is more effective for
cooling purposes than ordinary ice.
(c) Dry ice is stored under high pressure because if the pressure is released it would
sublimate back to its original form, i.e., carbon dioxide gas.

15/06/21 Class Work-15

Inter-conversion of the three states of matter
Q. What do you mean by inter-conversion of states of matter?
Ans. The phenomenon of change from one state of matter to another, and then back to the
original state is called the Interconversion of states of matter.
It is affected by changes in the conditions such as -
∙ Changing the temperature.
∙ Increasing or decreasing the pressure.
∙ Changing both temperature and pressure.

16/06/21 Class Work-16

Liquification of gases
Q. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases.
Ans. When enough pressure is applied, the gases are highly compressed into a small volume.
The particles of gases get so close together that they start attracting one another sufficiently to
form a liquid.
Gas molecules can be squeezed together by one of two methods: by increasing the pressure on
the gas or by lowering the temperature of the gas.
The atmospheric gases are transferred into a cylinder with a piston attached on it. By cooling
and applying external pressure (by pushing the piston) on them, gases can be liquified.