ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:

FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN

ARCH 331
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SUMMER 2014
lecture
one
structural behavior,
systems, and design
www.greatbuildings.com
Introduction 1 Architectural Structures Su2014abn
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Syllabus & Student Understandings

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Course Description
• statics
– physics of forces and reactions on bodies
and systems
– equilibrium (bodies at rest)
• structures
– something made up of interdependent
parts in a definite pattern of organization
• design
– assessing and meeting structural
requirements of parts and the whole
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Course Description
• mechanics of materials
– external loads and effect on deformable
bodies
– use it to answer question if structure meets
requirements of
• stability and equilibrium
• strength and stiffness
– other principle building requirements
• economy, functionality and aesthetics

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Structure Requirements
• stability &
equilibrium
– STATICS

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 Structure Requirements (cont)
• strength &
stiffness
– concerned with
stability of
components

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Structural System Selection
• kind & size of loads
• building function
• soil & topology of site
• systems integration
• fire rating
• construction ($$, schedule)
• architectural form

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Knowledge Required
• external forces
• internal forces
• material properties
• member cross
sections
• ability of a material to resist breaking
• structural elements that resist excessive
– deflection
– deformation
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Problem Solving
1. STATICS:
equilibrium of external forces,
internal forces, stresses
2. GEOMETRY:
cross section properties, deformations and
conditions of geometric fit, strains
3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES:
stress-strain relationship for each material
obtained from testing
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Relation to Architecture
“The geometry and arrangement of the
load-bearing members, the use of
materials, and the crafting of joints all
represent opportunities for buildings to
express themselves. The best
buildings are not designed by
architects who after resolving the
formal and spatial issues, simply ask
the structural engineer to make sure it
doesn’t fall down.” -Onouye & Kane
Statics and Strength of Materials for
Architecture and Building Construction
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Architectural Space and Form
• evolution traced to developments in
structural engineering and material
technology
– stone & masonry
– timber
– concrete
– cast iron, steel
– tensile fabrics, pneumatic structures......

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Architectural Space and Form
• structure is a device for channeling
loads that result from the use and/or
presence of the building to the ground
– span a roof
– hold up a floor
– cross a river
– suspend a canopy

www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/

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Structural Action
• axial tension • bending
• axial compression

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Structural Action
• member breadth & depth

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Structural Action
• stabilization

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Structural Action
• shear & bracing

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Structural Action
• lateral resistance

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Structural Action
• twisting

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Structural Design
• planning
• preliminary structural
configuration
• determination of loads
• preliminary member
selection
• analysis
• evaluation
• design revision
• final design

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 Structural Loads
• STATIC and DYNAMIC
• dead load
– static, fixed, includes
building weight, fixed
equipment
• live load
– transient and moving
loads (including
occupants), snowfall

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 Structural Loads
• wind loads
– dynamic, wind pressures treated as lateral
static loads on walls, up or down loads on
roofs

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 Structural Loads
• earthquake loads
– seismic, movement of
ground

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 Structural Loads
• impact loads
– rapid, energy loads

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Structural Loads
• gravity acts on mass (F=m*g)
• force of mass
– acts at a point
• ie. joist on beam
– acts along a “line”
• ie. floor on a beam
– acts over an area
• ie. people, books,
snow on roof or floor

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Structural Math
• quantify environmental loads
– how big is it?
• evaluate geometry and angles
– where is it?
– what is the scale?
– what is the size in a particular direction?
• quantify what happens in the structure
– how big are the internal forces?
– how big should the beam be?

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Structural Math
• physics takes observable phenomena
and relates the measurement with rules:
mathematical relationships
• need
– reference frame
– measure of length, mass, time, direction,
velocity, acceleration, work, heat,
electricity, light
– calculations & geometry

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Structural Organization
• classifications
– geometry
• line-forming
• surface-forming
– stiffness
• rigid
• flexible
– one-way or two-way
• spatial organization and load transfer
– materials

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Structural Components
• bearing walls
• columns
• beams
• flat plates
• trusses
• arches
• shells
• cables
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Bearing Walls

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Bearing Walls
• behavior as “deep beams”

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Columns & Walls

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Beams & Plates

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Beams & Plates

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Trusses and Shells

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Arches and Cables

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Building Framing
• Components or Assemblages

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Building Framing

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System Selection
• evaluation of alternatives

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System Selection

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Structural Design Criteria
• components stay together
• structure acts as whole to be stable
– resist sliding
– resist overturning
– resist twisting and distortion
• internal stability
– interconnectedness
• strength & stiffness

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Structural Design Sequences
• first-order design
– structural type and organization
– design intent
– contextual or programmatic
• second-order
– structural strategies
– material choice
– structural systems
• third-order
– member shaping & sizing

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Systems by Materials
• Wood
• Steel
• Concrete
• Masonry
• Composite

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Wood
• columns
• beams
• trusses

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Timber Construction
• all-wood framing systems
– studs, beams, floor
diaphragms, shearwalls
– glulam arches & frames
– post & beams
– trusses
• composite construction
– masonry shear walls
– concrete
– steel
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Timber Construction
• studs, beams
• floor diaphragms & shear walls

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Timber Construction
• glulam arches & frames
– manufactured or custom shapes
– glue laminated
– bigger members

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Timber Construction
• post & beam

• trusses

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Timber Construction
• composite construction

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Steel
• cast iron – wrought iron - steel
• cables
• columns
• beams
• trusses
• frames

http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
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Steel Construction
• standard rolled shapes
• open web joists
• plate girders
• decking

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Steel Construction
• welding
• bolts

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Steel Construction
• fire proofing
– cementicious spray
– encasement in gypsum
– intumescent – expands
with heat
– sprinkler system

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Concrete
• columns
• beams
• slabs
• domes
• footings

Introduction 53 Architectural Structures http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden Su2014abn

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Concrete Construction
• cast-in-place
• tilt-up
• prestressing
• post-tensioning

Introduction 54 Architectural Structures http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden Su2014abn

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Concrete Floor Systems
• types & spanning direction

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Concrete Floor Systems

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Masonry (& Stone)
• columns
• walls
• lintels
• beams
• arches
• footings

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Grids and Patterns
• often adopted early in design
– give order
– cellular, ex.
• vertical and horizontal
• square and rectangular
– single-cell
– aggregated bays

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Grids and Patterns

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Systems
• total of components
• behavior of whole
• classifications
– one-way
– two-way
– tubes
– braced
– unbraced

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One-Way Systems
• horizontal vs. vertical

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Two-Way Systems
• spanning system less obvious
• horizontal
– plates
– slabs
– space frames
• vertical
– columns
– walls

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Two-Way Systems

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Roof Shapes
• coincide
• within

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Tubes & Cores
• stiffness

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Span Lengths
• crucial in selection
of system
• maximum spans
on charts aren’t
absolute limits,
but usual maximums
• increase L, increase depth2 required
(ex. cantilever)
• deflections depend on L
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Approximate Depths

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Loading Type and Structure Type
• light uniform loads
– surface forming elements
– those that pick up first load dictate spacing
of other elements
• heavy concentrated loads
– member design unique
• distributed vs. concentrated structural
strategies
– large beam vs. many smaller ones
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Design Issues
• lateral stability – all directions

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Design Issues
• configuration

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Design Issues
• vertical load resistance

walls columns

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Design Issues
• lateral load resistance

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Design Issues
• lateral load resistance

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Design Issues
• multi-story
– cores, tubes, braced frames

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Design Issues
• multi-story
– avoid discontinuities
• vertically
• horizontally

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Foundation Influence
• type may dictate fit
– piles vs. mats vs. spread
– capacity of soil to sustain
loads
• high capacity – smaller area
of bearing needing and can
spread out
• low capacity – multiple
contacts and big distribution
areas

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Grid Dependency on Floor Height
• wide grid = deep beams
– increased building height
– heavier
– foundation design
• codes and zoning
may limit
• utilize depth for
mechanical

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Large Spaces
• ex. auditoriums, gyms, ballrooms
• choices
– separate two systems
completely and connect
along edges
– embed in finer grid
– staggered truss

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Meeting of Grids
• common to use more than one grid
• intersection important structurally
• can use different structural materials
– need to understand their properties
• mechanical
• thermal

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Meeting of Grids
• horizontal choices

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Meeting of Grids
• vertical choices

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Other Conditions
• circulation
• building service systems
– one-way systems have space
for parallel runs
– trusses allow for transverse penetration
– pass beneath or interstitial floors
• for complex or extensive
services or flexibility

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Other Conditions
• poking holes for member services
– horizontal
• need to consider area
removed, where removed,
and importance to shear
or bending
– vertical
• requires framing at edges
• can cluster openings to
eliminate a bay
– double systems

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Fire Safety & Structures
• fire safety requirements can impact
structural selection
• construction types
– light
• residential
• wood-frame or unprotected metal
– medium
• masonry
– heavy
• protected steel or reinforced concrete

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Fire Safety & Structures
• degree of occupancy hazards
• building heights
• maximum floor areas between fire wall
divisions
– can impact load bearing wall location

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Fire Safety & Structures
• resistance ratings by failure type
– transmission failure
• fire or gasses move
– structural failure
• high temperatures reduce strength
– failure when subjected to water spray
• necessary strength
• ratings do not pertain to usefulness of
structure after a fire
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Project

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