An Inspector Calls KEY QUOTES AND ANALYSIS

Key quotations Key language & structural features Priestley’s Ideas

MR BIRLING long monologues Priestley uses Birling as a symbol of
the callous and heartlessness of
“I’m talking as a hard-headed practical man of business” dramatic irony capitalism. Through his character
he is criticizing the complacency of
‘you’ll hear some people say war is Inevitable … fiddlesticks!’ His language is also very dismissive when he says capitalist prosperity.
‘Fiddlesticks!’ and ‘silly’ - he belittles other’s ideas.
‘The Titanic – she sails next week…and unsinkable, absolutely He is representative of the older
unsinkable.’ Exclamatory sentence – he’s passionate and convinced about generation who were unwilling to
what he’s saying. change.
“I gather there’s a very good chance of a knighthood”
Titanic symbolizes his own family – believes they are However, he is presented as a
“A man has to make his own way – has to look after himself – and his untouchable until the Inspector arrives giving them a rude realistic character by Priestley
family too, of course” awakening. through his use of colloquial
language appropriate for the time.
“(rather impatiently) Horrid business. But I don’t understand why you His language changes when the Inspector arrives as he speaks in Furthermore, he is described as
should come here.” short, sharp fragments and uses lots of dashes. ‘panic stricken’ this indicates that
his defiance and bravado have
“you’d think everybody has to look after everybody else, as if we were His language becomes more colloquial ‘y’know’ which conveys finally been shattered and so
all mixed up like bees in a hive – community and all that nonsense.” how his authority is breaking down. Priestley lets the audience see
someone who is so blindly wrong
“I was an alderman for years – and Lord Mayor two years ago – and He often uses ‘I’ which conveys his selfish attitude, however, as and never as really in control of
I’m still on the Bench – so I know the Brumley police offers pretty well” the play continues he switches to the inclusive pronoun ‘we’ to events as he would like himself and
diminish the scale of the problem (Eva’s death) and shift blame. others to think. Therefore the
“there’s every excuse for what your mother and I did” audience is invited to feel
He uses understatement ‘it would be very awkward wouldn’t sympathy.
“Probably a Socialist or some sort of crank” it?’

“Now look at the pair of them- the famous younger generation who He uses euphemisms when referring to taboo subjects
know it all. And they can’t even take a joke-”
MRS BIRLING The stage descriptions of her actions change as the pretence is Priestley uses Mrs Birling to
“About fifty, a rather cold woman and her husband’s social superior” revealed e.g. ‘grandly’ / ‘haughtily’/ ‘triumphantly’ become epitomize all that is wrong with
‘rather cowed’/ ‘distressed’ ‘staggered’ / ‘alarmed’. society. She represents the social
“girls of that class” snobbery and hypocrisy of the
Mrs Birling’s language is quite abrupt and dismissive: ‘that upper classes and shows no
‘you know, my husband was Lord Mayor only two years ago and that class’/ ‘that sort’/ ‘the type’. She believes she is morally and remorse in her cruel treatment of
he’s still a magistrate’ socially superior to them – she is a snob. Eva Smith.

‘I’m very sorry. But I think she only had herself to blame’
 Later in the play Mrs Birling’s language is broken up into Priestley presents her as an absurd
“I’ve done nothing wrong – and you know it.” fragments that don’t connect: ‘No-Eric-please’. The fragmented character that ironically passes her
speech echoes the collapsing of self-confidence and own social guilt onto her own son –
“Go and look for the father of the child. It’s his responsibility.” complacency of these very comfortable, middle class, wealthy condemning him. As a result,
characters. This is more shocking because of the contrast with Priestley deals with Mrs Birling
“She was giving herself ridiculous airs…claiming elaborate fine how they were at the start of the play. The dashes could also with special severity, having her
feelings…that were simply absurd in a girl in her position.” represent the break down in their relationship. fall into a trap of her own making:
she is confronted with the
“As if a girl of that sort would ever refuse money!” Mrs Birling uses imperatives as she commands the Inspector knowledge that Eric is a hard
and other characters which conveys her superiority, confidence drinker and the father of the dead
“I’m sorry she should have come to such a horrible end. But I accept and self-assurance. woman’s child. She has helped to
no blame at all” kill her own grandchild. It is only
Puts on a pretence of respectability by her use of euphemisms: when she realises this does she
“he ought to be dealt with very severely-…make sure that he’s e.g. ‘a girl of that begin to show any signs of
compelled to confess in public his responsibility” Class’ who has found herself in a ‘particular condition’ weakening.

‘he certainly didn’t make me confess – I had done no more than my Use of imagery: Sheila warns her mother not to try and build up Priestley shows us that we should
duty’ a kind of ‘wall’ – the not trust the wealthy members of
wall being a symbol of a barrier/pretence society to tell the truth.
SHEILA BIRLING Sheila uses imagery when she talks of her mother’s attempts to Priestley uses the character of
“A pretty girl in her early twenties, very pleased with life and rather ‘build up a kind of wall’; implying the metaphorical distance Mrs Sheila to represent his own views
excited” Birling creates between the classes. When Sheila warns the of social responsibility.
others that the Inspector is ‘giving us rope so that we hang
“Yes, go on, Mummy” ourselves’, she once again uses a metaphor to create a visual She offers hope for the future and
image of the way the Inspector skilfully manipulates characters Priestley uses Shelia as an example
“(rather distressed) I can’t help thinking about this girl- destroying into confessing their sins. of people’s changing attitudes
herself so horribly- and I’ve been so happy tonight. Oh I wish you towards those less fortunate than
hadn’t told me.” Sheila’s language also reflects her increasing maturity as she themselves. She is sympathetic
begins the play saying “mummy” using a lot of personal towards Eva and other girls in her
“But these girls aren’t cheap labour- they’re people.” pronouns to highlight her selfish, childlike attitude at the start position, recognising that they
“She was a very pretty girl…that didn’t make it any better.” of the play. As the play progresses she refers to Mrs Birling as were “not just cheap labour but
“mother” which reflects this change and perhaps she doesn’t people”. She accepts that her
“I went to the manager and told him this girl had been very feel as intimate with her mother and has lost respect for her actions impacted on Eva’s life and
impertinent – and – and - ” because of the way she is behaving. that she cannot disconnect her
actions from the effects these have
“And if I could help her now, I would-” Sheila’s language becomes more passionate and she uses on others. She recognises and
sarcasm (“So nothing’s happened, so there’s nothing to be sorry understands the Inspector’s
“I’ll never, never do it again to anybody…I feel now I can never go there for, nothing to learn.”) Sheila also uses irony when she is message that we are all collectively
again” appalled by her parents’ attitudes to carry on as before: “I responsible for all that happens in
suppose we’re all nice people now”. Sheila uses irony to show the world.
“Why- you fool- he knows. Of course he knows. And I hate to think that she completely disagrees with her parents and that she
how much he knows that we don’t know yet. You’ll see. You’ll see.” understands the moral consequences of her actions. The use of
 irony highlights the tensions that existed between the younger At times she acts as almost an
“You mustn’t try to build up a kind of wall between us and that girl. If and older generations. assistant to the Inspector, in that
you do the Inspector will just break it down. And it’ll be all the worse she supports his criticism of the
when he does” Sheila and Eric are less restrained and their use of slang other characters, becoming his
expressions such as ‘squiffy’ which shock their parents and mouthpiece when he has left the
“No, he’s giving us the rope- so that we’ll hang ourselves” highlight the tensions between the generations. stage. Sheila’s character becomes
quite didactic and this can make
Bitterly ”I suppose we’re all nice people now” Sheila uses dramatic language “We killed her” her a character with whom the
audience do not sympathise with
“He inspected us all right.” Stage directions– she “shivers”, “tensely” - shows her fear as her change has happened far
too quickly and so she is in some
“It frightens me the way you talk” Shows she becomes a bit like the Inspector – asking questions, ways quite unrealistic.
contradicting her mother.

Sheila significantly refuses to take back Gerald’s ring and

interestingly she uses phrases reminiscent of the Inspector in
her reply, “not yet” and “It’s too soon” which emphasizes the
importance of timing – the telephone rings just after.
ERIC BIRLING Eric acts as dramatic irritant to his father challenging his ideology Eric has the most active social
“In his early twenties, not quite at ease, half shy, half assertive” – contradicting him / interrupting / asking questions. conscience – at the start of play he
says: “he could have kept her
“Why shouldn’t they try for higher wages? We try for the highest Eric uses a euphemism to describe his sexual assault on Eva instead of throwing her out”. This
possible prices” Smith: ‘that’s when it happened.’ demonstrates that there is
potential/hope for the future. At
“it isn’t as if you can go and work somewhere else.” Eric’s language is fragmented as he becomes emotional / the end of the play Eric shows
hysterical. The dashed could also represent the break down in remorse and his acceptance is
“He could have kept her on instead of throwing her out. I call it tough his relationship with his mother. evidence of his moral fibre.
luck.”
As his attack on his mother continues, his language becomes Through Eric’s treatment of Eva “I
“I’d have let her stay” more violent as he repeats ‘killed’ three times. The effect on the wasn’t in love with her or
audience is highly shocking as this language completely anything” an abhorrent picture of
“Well I was in that state when a chap easily turns nasty- and I contrasts with the polite, euphemistic language of earlier in the the upper-class emerges. They are
threatened to make a row” play. Priestley effectively uses the semantic field of heaven and shown to be callous and cold.
hell when Eric describes what he did to Eva Smith: ‘that’s the However, Eric illustrates the
“And that’s when it happened. And I don’t even remember- that’s the hellish thing. Oh - my God!’ capacity to change – despite your
hellish thing.” past errors and your family’s
When the Inspector leaves Eric emulates the Inspector using the beliefs you can change. His
“I wasn’t in love with her or anything- but I liked her- she was pretty Inspector’s harsh, commanding language. Priestley does this so transformation is more realistic –
and a good sport-” the Inspector’s presence is felt on stage and a reminder to the as at first he blames his mother for
audience to look at their own conscience. (“the girl’s dead”) her death and then finally comes
round to accepting responsibility.
“she didn’t want me to marry her. Said I didn’t love her- and all that. Eric’s character develops - stage directions, e.g. ‘uneasily’ / On the other hand, he is presented
In a way, she treated me- as if I were a kid. Though I was nearly as old ‘unease’; ‘suddenly guffaws’ – by the end ‘shouting’ as quite a weak character and is the
as she was.” most emotional and
demonstrative of all. This leads the
“You’re not the kind of father a chap could go to when he’s in trouble- audience to question whether he
that’s why.” can change his ways for good or is
he too weak and dependent on his
“Then- you killed her. She came to you to protect me- and you turned parents?
her away-yes, and you killed her-and the child she’d have had too- my
child- your own grandchild- you killed them both- damn you, damn When Eric gives Eva stolen money,
you-” Priestley could be commenting
that wealth does not replace
“He was our police inspector all right” goodness and integrity – there
needed to be a more even
“(shouting) And I say the girl’s dead and we all helped to kill her- and distribution of wealth so people
that’s what matters-” like Eric become socially aware.
GERALD CROFT Gerald is inevitably careful and correct about what he says. Priestley uses the character of
Gerald Croft to throw light both on
“An attractive chap about thirty, rather too manly to be a dandy but Mrs Birling’s admiration of Gerald’s cleverness is echoed at the the Birling parents who are too set
very much the easy well-bred young man-about-town” end of the play. There are many parallels like this in the play’s in their social ways to be changed
construction, which link in with Priestley’s ideas on timing. by the Inspector’s visit, and on the
“Well, it came just at the right moment. That was clever of you, Birling children who are certainly
Gerald.” Gerald echoes Mr Birling’s concern to protect Sheila from very responsive to the Inspector’s
anything ‘unpleasant’ – patronizing – view of women message, but possibly in a slightly
“You couldn’t have done anything else” (sacking Eva Smith) naïve and hysterical way. Gerald
Euphemism is also used in the play when characters refer to acts as a bridge between the two
“After all, y’know, we’re respectable citizens and not criminals” taboo subjects, so when Mr Birling talks of Eva becoming a generations.
prostitute he talks of her going ‘on the street’ and Gerald refers
(about Sheila): “She’s obviously had about as much as she can stand” to ‘women of the town’. Gerald provides a strong contrast
to Eric, Mr Birling’s natural son and
“Why should you [stay]? It’s bound to be unpleasant and disturbing” Gerald and Sheila use irony in their interchange when he says Priestley uses Gerald to show the
“You’re going to be a great help” and “I’m glad I amuse you”. tensions between Eric and his
“It’s a favourite haunt of women of the town” The irony highlights for us the tension between the two of them. father.

‘[Daisy] gave me a glance that was nothing less than a cry for help” Gerald uses imagery of a rescue mission when describing his Priestley shows that it was
role in Daisy Renton’s death. He does this to lessen his guilt and common for the upper class to
“I insisted on Daisy moving into these rooms and I made her take some try and justify his behaviour. behave so badly towards the
money to keep her going there…I want you to understand that I didn’t lower-class by having Gerald
install her there so I could make love to her…I was sorry for her…I Gerald’s offering Sheila the engagement ring echoes the same present. If the Inspector only
didn’t ask for anything in return” event from the start of the play. questioned the Birling family,
Priestley wouldn’t be able to
convey to the audience how
“She was young and pretty and warm-hearted- and intensely grateful. widespread the problem was. Nor
I became at once the most important person in her life- you would he be able to get them to
understand?” inspect their own consciences.

“She told me she’d been happier than she’d ever been before”

“Nearly any man would have done” (adored being ‘fairy prince’)

“That man wasn’t a police officer…I’m almost certain”

“But how do you know it’s the same girl? ... We’ve no proof it was the
same photograph and therefore no proof it was the same girl”

“Everything’s all right now Sheila. What about this ring?”

INSPECTOR GOOLE The Inspector assumes control, which is a disturbing shift for The omniscient Inspector is used
Birling and he immediately tries to regain it. The Inspector by Priestley to further convey his
“Need not be a big man but he creates at once an impression of interrupts Birling ‘cutting through, massively’. The Inspector’s views on collective / social
massiveness, solidity and purposefulness.” interruptions and his indifference to the nicer points of polite responsibility. The Inspector is
behaviour make him stand apart from the others. used very effectively to highlight
“He is a man in his fifties, dressed in a plain darkish suit of the period. the corruption and the selfish
He speaks carefully, weightily and has a disconcerting habit of looking Whenever Priestley describes the Inspector, he uses the attitudes of the twentieth century
hard at the person he addresses before actually speaking” semantic field of size: showing the importance of this man, and society.
his power.
“Two hours ago a young woman died in the Infirmary. She’d been The Inspector’s name leads us to
taken there this afternoon because she’d swallowed a lot of strong He speaks in a controlled way, often building on comments question whether he actually
disinfectant. Burnt her inside out, of course” made by other characters. He repeats words they have used and exists. The word ‘Goole’ suggests
manipulates them for his own end. Examples include his his mysterious quality, being a pun
“A chain of events” (may have driven her to suicide) repetition and manipulation of the word ‘impression’ and his on the word ‘ghoul’. Is he merely a
manipulation of the word ‘position’, the meaning of which he ghost, someone whose very
“it’s better to ask for the Earth than to take it” changes from a metaphorical to a more literal one, in order to existence has come about as a
shock Mrs Birling. result of Eva Smith’s death?
“Goole. G. double O-L-E”
The Inspector also turns each character’s words and actions Through the Inspector’s final
“it would do us all a bit of good if sometimes we tried to put ourselves back upon him or her, e.g. he draws attention to Gerald’s dramatic speech, Priestley skillfully
in the place of these young women counting their pennies in their hypocrisy regarding women: “And you think young women warns the audience of the
dingy little back bedroom” ought to be protected against unpleasant and disturbing potential social disasters of failing
things?” This theme of reversal runs through the structure of the to support or help those in need in
(To Gerald) “And you think young women ought to be protected play. society.
against unpleasant and disturbing things?”
Chain imagery – Goole emphasizes how we are all responsible Inspector Goole serves several
“A girl died tonight. A pretty, lively sort of girl, who never did anybody for each other and Eva’s death was the result of a chain of events functions in the play. He acts as the
any harm. But she died in misery and agony- hating life-” etc. storyteller, linking all the separate
 incidents together into one,
“If there’s nothing else we have to share our guilt” Throughout the play, Priestley makes use of dramatic pauses to coherent story. Priestley has him
build tension. The Inspector uses them to make the other supply dates for events, or fill in
(the young ones) “Are the most impressionable” characters feel uncomfortable and to control the pace. background about the girl. He also
behaves rather like a priest,
“Public men, Mr Birling, have responsibilities as well as privileges” When he begins to reveal who is responsible for the death of Eva someone to whom characters
Smith, his words are quite emphatic and he makes great use of confess their sins, helping them to
“You’ve had children. You must have known what she was feeling. And two short sentences in the imperative ‘Remember that. Never see the extent of their involvement
you slammed the door in her face” forget.’ in the downfall of Eva Smith, and
encouraging them to acknowledge
“And be quiet for a moment and listen to me. I don’t need to know any He alludes to the Bible when he says ‘We are members of one their guilt and repent. While the
more. Neither do you. This girl killed herself- and died a horrible death. body’ to emphasise the Inspector’s belief in human love and Inspector himself does not hand
But each of you helped to kill her. Remember that. Never forget it. (He equality. out forgiveness or punishment,
looks from one to the other of them carefully)But then I don’t think you characters are made to recognise
ever will. Remember what you did” The speech is composed of complex sentences, which are that they must find the courage to
referential (utterances that provide information) and short judge themselves, because only
“But remember this. One Eva Smith has gone- but there are millions sentences that are expressive (utterances that express the then will they have learnt anything
and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with speaker’s feelings). Priestley makes great use of these short and be able to change themselves.
us, with their lives, their hopes and fears, their suffering and chance of sentence structures in order to deliver his opinions as facts. This
happiness, all intertwined with our lives, and what we think and say intended effect is to make both the characters and the audience Certainly it seems that Priestley did
and do. We don’t live alone. We are members of one body. We are inspect their own consciences. Furthermore, the use of short not want to promote a single
responsible for each other. And I tell you that the time will soon come sentences symbolises the limit of society, which could still be interpretation of who the
when, if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught it in developed by everyone accepting each other. Inspector ‘really’ is. The character’s
fire and blood and anguish. Good night.” dramatic power lies in this. To have
To convey to the Birlings how widespread their actions are, the revealed his identity as a hoaxer or
Inspector uses the extended metaphor of ‘millions of Eva Smiths as some kind of ‘spirit’ would have
and John Smiths’ to represent the number of working-class men spoilt the unresolved tension that
and women who were exploited on a daily basis by the greed of is so effective at the end of the
capitalism. play.

The Inspector’s use of the inclusive pronoun ‘we’ contrast with

the language of Mr and Mrs Birling who normally use ‘I’ as their
primary concern is themselves. The use of ‘we’ further
emphasises Priestley’s ideas of collective responsibility and how
society should be formed.
EVA SMITH Eva’s character is absent from the stage. In many ways she is a counterpoint
to the Inspector. Like him, she
“Two hours ago a young woman died in the Infirmary. She’d been Her character is first introduced by the Inspector – significant as remains a symbolic figure and one
taken there this afternoon because she’d swallowed a lot of strong the working class were supported by very few people in society who carries the weight of the plot.
disinfectant. Burnt her inside out, of course” – namely those concerned with socialism. Priestley uses Eva as a symbol of
the common man or woman and
reminds us of our need to take
“Now – about this girl, Eva Smith. I remember her quite well now. She Emotive language used to describe Eva’s death – creates responsibility for our actions and
was a lively good-looking girl – country-bred, I fancy – and she’d been sympathy for her. their impact on others.
working in one of our shops for over a year. A good worker too.”
Imagery of insides – suggests that the abuse Eva experienced Eva represents ordinary people
“…and died, after several hours of agony…” was not physical (exception of Eric) but more emotional – a who can be destroyed by
reminder to the audience that the damage we do to people is indifference when society fails to
“She was a very pretty girl…that didn’t make it any better.” not always seen at first. grant them the right of basic
human dignity.
“She was young and pretty and warm-hearted- and intensely grateful. Eva is described in an idealized way – innocent victim, pretty a
I became at once the most important person in her life- you good worker. In some ways, Priestley presents her as a martyr. Her connection to the characters in
understand?” The lower she sinks in her fortunes, the more honourable and the play is what prompts their
noble she appears. She refuses to treat others as they have confessions. She promotes the
“She was giving herself ridiculous airs…claiming elaborate fine treated her, even though she is in a position to create scandal idea that we have collective social
feelings…that were simply absurd in a girl in her position.” for them all. responsibility, therefore. Despite
her lower social class and death,
“As if a girl of that sort would ever refuse money!” When Eric gave Eva stolen money, she wouldn’t accept it Eva could be said to have the upper
showing that she has strong morals. This hagiographical hand in the play as she is the one
“I wasn’t in love with her or anything- but I liked her- she was pretty deification of Eva creates a lack of respect for Eric and further who has shown the others who
and a good sport-” highlights the corruption of the upper-class. By presenting Eva they really are.
in a positive light Priestley presents his socialist ideas of equality
“she didn’t want me to marry her. Said I didn’t love her- and all that. and equal rights for all. The fact that Eva is presented in a
In a way, she treated me- as if I were a kid. Though I was nearly as old highly idealized way which makes
as she was.” her an unrealistic character – could
Eva is described in terms of objectification. She is often referred someone who had suffered so
“Just used her for the end of a stupid drunken evening, as if she was to as ‘the girl’, which highlights her youth and innocence. The much be so gracious and forgiving?
an animal, a thing, not a person.” Inspector also says that Eric treated her like ‘an animal, a thing.’
Mrs Birling refers to her as ‘that sort’ etc. The fact that Eva was pregnant
“But remember this. One Eva Smith has gone- but there are millions suggests that the way we treat
and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with people can affect the next
us, with their lives, their hopes and fears, their suffering and chance of generation but also shows how
happiness, all intertwined with our lives, and what we think and say hard it was to escape poverty.
and do.”
EDNA Interestingly, while Priestly explains how the set should be and introduces the Edna is another example of the
characters,Edna is the last to be mentioned: ‘Atrise of curtain, the four Birlings invisible working class and she
“Edna the parlour-maid is just clearing the table” and Gerald are seated at the table… Edna the parlourmaid, is just clearing the helps to create an impression of
table’. Hierarchy is a key concept within An Inspector Calls. It could be the Birling’s wealthy lifestyle.
“Yes Ma’am” argued that it is what drives the main characters actions. Priestley immediately
establishes that Edna is at the bottom of the hierarchy and not of any real Edna illustrates the themes
“Edna’ll answer it” importance in the eyes of the Birlings and Gerald. He does this by of inequality, power, responsibility
describing her as ‘the parlourmaid’, emphasising the fact that she is and class.
“Please, sir, an inspector’s called” only seen as her profession; the audience is given no details about her
appearance or personality because they don’t need to know.
“All right, Edna. Show him in here. Give us some more light.”
She provides a contrast to Eva - their names are similar on
“Edna’ll go. I asked her to wait up to make us some tea” purpose - and is the dramatic device which means that the
family do not have to leave the dining room to perform tasks.
They come and go at the behest of the Inspector.

Edna calls him sir. The repeated use of ‘Sir’ when talking to Birling
is a reminder of how stark the class divide was at the beginning of the 20th
century. He, however, calls her by her Christian name but not out
of friendliness - it is a way of reinforcing that he is the boss and
that she is disposable.

Note that Birling is abrupt with her ‘Don't know him.’ This is not
a conversation and there are no niceties - Birling wants this
exchange to be over quickly so he can get back to his pleasant
evening so he speaks in fragments. He uses unmitigated
imperatives with her: ‘Show him in’ and ‘Give us...’.

When Edna announces the arrival of the Inspector it is as though

she is heralding in an opportunity for change. It is the people like
Edna who would benefit the most from the Birlings learning the
Inspector’s lesson; her life could improve vastly. Therefore she
is allowed a seldom moment away from her docile obedience
and delivers the Inspector into the room readily, even stopping
the Birlings from finishing their conversation.