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Ancient History Timeline

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Timeline 1

Major Periods in Early Indian Archaeology

2 million BP Lower Palaeolithic (BEFORE PRESENT)

80,000 Middle Palaeolithic

35,000 Upper Palaeolithic

12,000 Mesolithic

10,000 Neolithic (early agriculturists and pastoralists)

6,000 Chalcolithic (first use of copper)

2600 BCE Harappan civilisation

1000 BCE Early iron, megalithic burials

600 BCE-400 CE Early Historic

Timeline 2

Major Developments in Harappan Archaeology

Nineteenth century

1875 Report of Alexander Cunningham on Harappan seal

Twentieth century

1921 M.S. Vats begins excavations at Harappa

1925 Excavations begin at Mohenjodaro

1946 R.E.M. Wheeler excavates at Harappa

1955 S.R. Rao begins excavations at Lothal

1960 B.B. Lal and B.K. Thapar begin excavations at Kalibangan

1974 M.R. Mughal begins explorations in Bahawalpur

1980 A team of German and Italian archaeologists begins surface explorations at


Mohenjodaro

1986 American team begins excavations at Harappa

1990 R.S. Bisht begins excavations at Dholavira


---------------------------------------------Timeline 3-------------------------------------------
Major Political and Economic Developments

600-500 BCE Paddy transplantation; urbanisation in the Ganga valley; mahajanapadas;


punch-marked coins

500-400 BCE Rulers of Magadha consolidate power.

327-325 BCE Invasion of Alexander of Macedon.

321 BCE Accession of Chandragupta Maurya.

272/268-231 BCE Reign of Asoka

185 BCE End of the Mauryan empire.

200-100 BCE Indo-Greek rule in the northwest; Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas in south India;
Satavahanas in the Deccan.

100 BCE-200 CE Shaka (peoples from Central Asia) rulers in the northwest; Roman trade;
gold coinage.

78 CE? Accession of Kanishka

100-200 CE Earliest inscriptional evidence of land grants by Satavahana and Shaka rulers

320 CE Beginning of Gupta rule.

335-375 CE Samudragupta.

375-415 CE Chandragupta II; Vakatakas in the Deccan.

500-600 CE Rise of the Chalukyas in Karnataka and of the Pallavas in Tamil Nadu.

606-647 CE Harshavardhana king of Kanauj; Chinese pilgrim Xuan Zang comes in search
of Buddhist texts.

712 Arabs conquer Sind

----------------------------Timeline 4----------------------------------------------------------

Major Advances in Epigraphy

Eighteenth century ->->-> 1784 Founding of the Asiatic Society (Bengal)

Nineteenth century

1810s Colin Mackenzie collects over 8,000 inscriptions in Sanskrit and Dravidian languages

1838 Decipherment of Asokan Brahmi by James Prinsep

1877 Alexander Cunningham publishes a set of Asokan inscriptions

1886 First issue of Epigraphia Carnatica, a journal of south Indian inscriptions

1888 First issue of Epigraphia Indica Twentieth century

1965-66 D.C. Sircar publishes Indian Epigraphy and Indian Epigraphical Glossary
Timeline 5

Major Textual Traditions

c. 500 BCE Ashtadhyayi of Panini, a work on Sanskrit grammar

c. 500-200 BCE Major Dharmasutras (in Sanskrit)

c. 500-100 BCE Early Buddhist texts including the Tripitaka (in Pali)

c. 500 BCE-400 CE Ramayana and Mahabharata (in Sanskrit)

c. 200 BCE-200 CE Manusmriti (in Sanskrit); composition and compilation of Tamil Sangam
literature

c. 100 CE Charaka and Sushruta Samhitas, works on medicine (in Sanskrit)

c. 200 CE onwards Compilation of the Puranas (in Sanskrit)

c. 300 CE Natyashastra of Bharata, a work on dramaturgy (in Sanskrit)

c. 300-600 CE Other Dharmashastras (in Sanskrit)

c. 400-500 CE Sanskrit plays including the works of Kalidasa; works on astronomy and
mathematics by Aryabhata and Varahamihira (in Sanskrit); compilation of
Jaina works (in Prakrit)

Timeline 6

Major Landmarks in the Study of the Mahabharata

Twentieth century

1919-66 Preparation and publication of the Critical Edition of the Mahabharata

1973 J.A.B. van Buitenen begins English translation of the Critical Edition; remains
incomplete after his death in 1978
Timeline 7
Major Religious Developments

c. 1500-1000 BCE Early Vedic traditions

c. 1000-500 BCE Later Vedic traditions

c. sixth century BCE Early Upanishads; Jainism, Buddhism

c. third century BCE First stupas

c. second century Development of Mahayana Buddhism, Vaishnavism, BCE onwards


Shaivism and goddess cults

c. third century CE Earliest temples

Timeline 8
Landmarks in the Discovery and Preservation of Early Monuments and
Sculpture

Nineteenth century

1814 Founding of the Indian Museum, Calcutta

1834 Publication of Essay on the Architecture of the Hindus, by Ram Raja;


Cunningham explores the stupa at Sarnath

1835 -1842 James Fergusson surveys major archaeological sites

1851 Establishment of the Government Museum, Madras

1854 Alexander Cunningham publishes Bhilsa Topes, one of the earliest works on
Sanchi

1878 Rajendra Lala Mitra publishes Buddha Gaya: The Heritage of Sakya Muni

1880 H.H. Cole appointed Curator of Ancient Monuments

1888 Passing of the Treasure Trove Act, giving the government the right to
acquire all objects of archaeological interest

Twentieth century

1914 John Marshall and Alfred Foucher publish The Monuments of Sanchi

1923 John Marshall publishes the Conservation Manual

1955 Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru lays the foundation stone of the National
Museum, New Delhi

1989 Sanchi declared a World Heritage Site


TIME LINE From 1500 A.D to 1600 A.D. 1 Unit == 10 Years

1500

1510 - The Portuguese Captured Goa

1520

1526 - First Battle of Panipat

1530 - Death of Babur

1540 - Battle of Kanauj

1550

1555 - Death of Humayun

1556 - Second Pattle of Panipat

1560

1565 - Battle of Talaikotta

1570

1575 - Constuction of Ibatat Khana

1580

1582 - Din ilahi

1590

1600

TIME LINE from: 1600 A.D to 1700 A.D. 1 Unit == 10 Years

1600 – Establishment of English East Indian Company

1605 - Jahangir came to power 1640

1605 - Jahangir came to power 1650---1660

1608 - Captain Hawkins arrived India 1665—Treaty of purandar

1610 1670

1615 - Arrival of Sir Thomas Roa 1674—coronation of Shivaji

1620 1680

1627 - Birth of Shivaji 1690

1630 1700

1639 - Francis Day founded the City of Madras

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