Name: Nadeen Wael Id:18230561 Supervised By: DR. Nora Chemical Oxygen Demand Recent Measurements Technology

Name: Nadeen Wael ID:18230561
Supervised by: DR. Nora

Chemical oxygen demand recent measurements technology
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of water and wastewater
quality. The COD test is often used to monitor water treatment plant efficiency.
This test is based on the fact that a strong oxidizing agent, under acidic
conditions, can fully oxidize almost any organic compound to carbon dioxide.
The COD is the amount of oxygen consumed to chemically oxidize organic
water contaminants to inorganic end products.
The COD is often measured using a strong oxidant (e.g., potassium dichromate,
potassium iodate, potassium permanganate) under acidic conditions. A known
excess amount of the oxidant is added to the sample. Once oxidation is
complete, the concentration of organics in the sample is calculated by
measuring the amount of oxidant remaining in the solution. This is usually done
by titration, using an indicator solution. COD is expressed in mg/L, which
indicates the mass of oxygen consumed per litre of solution. But there are recent
technologies and method we can use to determine COD as Spectrophotometric
Method.
1-A New Spectrophotometric Method for Measuring COD

of Seawater (Colorimetric Method of COD)
This research studied a new spectrophotometric method for measuring the
chemical oxygen demand (COD) of seawater. In this method, the COD was
measured using a spectrophotometer instead of titrating with sodium
thiosulphate. The results showed that the spectrophotometric method was
somewhat better than the titrimetric method. The relative standard deviation
(RSD) of the spectrophotometric method was less than 2.7%, and the recovery
of seawater samples ranged from 96.3% to 103.8%. In addition, the
spectrophotometric method has other advantages such as expeditiousness,
operation simplicity, analysis automatization, etc. Therefore, the
spectrophotometric method can be used to measure the COD of seawater with
satisfactory results.
Method: Currently, most COD tests use potassium dichromate as the
oxidant. Potassium dichromate is a hexavalent chromium salt that is bright
orange in colour and is a very strong oxidant. Between 95-100% of organic
material can be oxidized by dichromate. Once dichromate oxidizes a substance
it's converted to a trivalent form of chromium, which is a dull green colour.
Digestion is performed on the samples with a set amount of the oxidant, sulfuric
acid, and heat (150°C). Metal salts are usually included to suppress
any interferences and to catalyse the digestion. The digestion typically takes two
hours to perform.
During the digestion, it's necessary to have excess oxidant; this ensures

complete oxidation of the sample. As a result, it’s important to determine the
quantity of excess oxidant.
You can also look at the consumption of dichromate by looking at the change in

the absorbance of the sample. The samples absorb at particular wavelengths due
to the colour of trivalent chromium (Cr3+) and hexavalent chromium (Cr6+).
You can quantify the amount of trivalent chromium in a sample after digestion

by measuring the absorbance of the sample at a wavelength of 600 nm in a
spectrophotometer. Alternatively, the absorbance of hexavalent chromium at
420 nm can be used to determine the amount of excess chromium at the end of
digestion to determine COD values.
2-Near Infrared Spectroscopy

NIR spectroscopy is a new technology to quickly detect the chemical
composition of the sample content, and the fastest growing spectroscopy since
the 1990s, the principle is using of chemical substances in the optical properties
of the near-infrared spectral region. It has been widely used in the agriculture,
food, petroleum, chemical industry and other fields.
In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have carried out the research of
detect the water COD, that base on near-infrared spectroscopy and made great
progress.
3-Electrolytic detection method
A clean alternative method for the determination of chemical oxygen demand
(COD) was developed using a copper electrode as an electrocatalytic sensor.
The measuring principle is based on oxidation current of organic compounds in
the wastewater. The effects of important experimental conditions, such as
electrolytic solution concentration and potential scan rate, on analytical
performance have been investigated. Analytical linear range of 53.0–2,801.4 mg
l−1 COD with detection limit of 20.3 mg l−1 COD was achieved. The procedure
was successfully applied to the COD determination in wastewater from soft
industries. The results obtained using the proposed method were in good
agreement with those obtained using the conventional (i.e., dichromate) COD
method. In this fashion, the COD value of a sample can be determined in a
simple, rapid, accurate manner, and the end products do not contain toxic
metals.
4-Ozone-induced chemiluminescence (CL) technology
An environment-friendly device was developed and optimized for the rapid
measurement of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in waters.it introduce a
system that could be used in the field and has the characteristics of simple
operation and avoiding the use of chemical reagents. Moreover, no more than 3
mL was introduced into the CL cell by using a syringe and mixed with ozone
gas flow that could be produced online using an electrolytic ozone generator,
which could lead to generating CL immediately and then the weak emission was
focused into a photomultiplier tube through a specially designed optical system.
Although the measurement procedure is simple, the method was sensitive as
sharp peaks appeared within seconds for milligrams of COD, and the lower
limit of detection was 0.1 mg L−1. The light intensity difference (ΔI) of the CL
detection system between deionized water and real sample water was
proportional to the COD value of the water sample. A complete analysis can be
performed in 2 minutes including sample addition and signal processing.
Compared with conventional methods, this method required a smaller volume
of water sample (3 mL vs. 30 mL) and was less time-consuming (2 min vs. 2 h),
and was free of chemical reagents. The correlation between the presented
method and the conventional permanganate chemical oxygen demand (CODMn)
for several real water samples showed a good determination coefficient R2 =
0.9947. Owing to its characteristics of rapid, simple, sufficient sensitivity and
low cost, this method provides a promising tool for large-scale environmental
assessment and industrial process control.
Gas–liquid chemiluminescence system

Components
AC: activated carbon CC: chemiluminescence cell
Map: miniature air pump MFC: mass flow control for controlling flow
OZG: ozone generator OS: optical system
PMT: photomultiplier tube CB: circuit board
DC: data card PC: personal computer SC: stopcock
References
 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01557835/document
 https://blog.hannainst.com/cod-testing
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248132748_A_new_spectropho
tometric_method_for_measuring_COD_of_seawater
 https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF02919212.pdf
 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10008-008-0580-9
 https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/ay/c9ay00006b#!
divAbstract

Name: Nadeen Wael Id:18230561 Supervised By: DR. Nora Chemical Oxygen Demand Recent Measurements Technology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Name: Nadeen Wael Id:18230561 Supervised By: DR. Nora Chemical Oxygen Demand Recent Measurements Technology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Name: Nadeen Wael Id:18230561 Supervised By: DR. Nora Chemical Oxygen Demand Recent Measurements Technology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Name: Nadeen Wael ID:18230561

Supervised by: DR. Nora

1-A New Spectrophotometric Method for Measuring COD

During the digestion, it's necessary to have excess oxidant; this ensures

You can also look at the consumption of dichromate by looking at the change in

You can quantify the amount of trivalent chromium in a sample after digestion

2-Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Gas–liquid chemiluminescence system

You might also like