P.

8B

Tips on Working with a Small Space

No space? No money? No problem! When it comes to home improvement ideas, we

turn to our home furnishings expert, Eudora West. Here are her simple tips.

When it comes to(전치사) + (동)명사:~에관한 한 ,~라면 

► turn to:~에 의지하다 ,의존한다 

(= depend on, count on, rely on, be dependent (up)on, be reliant (up)on) >
furnishings: 기구 비품 세간 집기 

◆ P. 8B

Color • Dark colors can make a small room look even smaller.

Some colors, like orange and purple(자주색), can be overwhelming when

(they are) used alone. Combine them with neutral colors, like beige and gray.

사역동사(make, let, have) + 목적어 + 목적보어(동사원형 or 과거분사) |

make(사역사) a small room(목적어) look(목적보어) even smaller 

> even smaller 에서 even 은 비교급을 강조하는 정도부사(much, still, far, a lot,
~훨씬 더) 

> smaller 는 look(2 형식 동사, ~처럼 보이다)의 주격보어로 사용

분사구문: (접속사) 주어 생략 + 수동형 분사구문 being 생략 + 과거분사

 Ex) Some colors can be overwhelming when they are used alone. => Some colors
can be overwhelming (when) they 생략 being 생략 used alone.

. 8B

Furniture 

• Large furniture doesn't work well in a small space.

•There are many space-saving options on the market. If you don't want to do
anything new, you can rearrange th
e furniture (that) you have.

불가산명사: 항상 단수취급 

> furniture, luggage, baggage, equipment, clothing, .... 

Ex) Large furniture doesn't(단수동사) work well in a small space.

-thing, -one 으로 끝나는 부정대명사 anything, something, nothing, everything,

anyone, someone,everyone) + 형용사

 Ex) If you don't want to do anything new, .....

P. 8B
Mirrors 
• One easy way to make a small space look bigger: use mirrors. Your room will

immediately appear larger.

• 2 형식 동사(look, appear, be, become, remain, stay)+주격보어(형용사,

현재분사,과거분사)
Ex) One easy way to make a small space look bigger
Your room will immediately appear larger.

◆ P. 8B

Simple Fixes • You can make a room look better quickly by fixing(
수리하다) things that are broken.Can't do the repairs by yourself? Hire an
expert to help you.

전치사 + 재귀 대명사 

> by oneself: 홀로, 혼자서 > for oneself: 혼자 힘으로, 자신을 위해서 in itself: 그 자체로, 본질적으로

 of oneself: 저절로, 자기 스스로

Grammar

◆ 과거분사(Past Participles, PP, V-ed)

▶ 과거분사는 상태를 나타낸다. 

Ex) I can't get a copy of the report right now. The printer is jammed. 

> 과거분사는 대부분 명사 앞이나 연결동사(be, seem,..) 뒤에 위치하고,

형용사로 사용될 수 있다. 

Ex) How do you clean a flooded basement?

Call the plumber. The kitchen drain is clogged. |

 jam: (막혀서) 움직이지 않다, 고장 내다, ~을 밀어 넣다 (jam - jammed - jammed) >

flood: 물에 잠기게 하다, 침수하다 (flood - flooded - flooded)

plumber: 배관공 | drain: 배수구 clog: (배수구 등을) 막히게 하다 (clog - clogged - clogged)

Grammar

◆ 과거분사(Past Participles, PP, V-ed)

▶ 많은 동사들이 불규칙한 과거형과 과거분사형을 가진다.

 Ex) One pipe is bent and the other one is broken.

bend(구부리다) - bent - bent | crack(갈라지다, 금이 가다, 갈라진 틈) - cracked —

cracked > break(깨다, 부러지다) - broke - broken

burn(타다) - burned/burnt - burned/burnt > freeze(얼다, 냉동하다) - froze - frozen

P. 13B

1. The mirror is cracked. 2. The light bulbs are burned out. 3. The basement is
flooded. 4. The lock is jammed. 5. The drain is clogged. 6. The keys are bent.

> light bulb: 백열 전구

basement: 지하실

lock: 자물쇠 | 2 drain: 하수구, 배수구

• P. 14C
1. This room needs a lot of work. The walls are cracked (crack) and the floor is
stained
(stain). 
2. It rained a lot and now the house is flooded (flood). 
3. Don't jam (jam) the key into the lock. You don't want to break (break) it.
 4. Someone broke (break) the window last week. I can't believe it is still broken
(break). 5. The little boy threw (throw) something into the sink. Now the drain is
clogged (clog).

stain=얼룩지게하다 더럽히다 
 throw(던지다) – threw – thrown

 Starbucks

 스타벅스

The first Starbucks coffee shop opened in 1971 in downtown Seattle,

Wahington in the united states. it was a small coffee shop that roasted its own
coffee beans.

The coffee shop's business did well, and by 1981, there were three more
Starbucks stores in Seattle.

처음에 생겨진 스타벅스 샵은 1971 년에 미국에 있는 시애틀, 워싱턴에서

만들어졌습니다. 그 작은 커피 샵은 자신의 커피 빈을 구웠습니다. (커피에 대해서
잘몰라서 roasted 가 무슨 뜻인지는 모르겠네요 ㅎ) 스타벅스는 커피 샵의 일이
성공해서 1981 년 시에틀에 가게를 3 개 더 차렸습니다.
Things really began to change for the company in 1981. That year, Howard
Schultz met the three men who ran Starbucks. Schultz worked in New York for a
company that made kitchen equipment. He noticed that Starbucks ordered a
large number of special coffee makers, and he liked what he saw. He wanted to
become part of company.

In 1982, the original Starbucks owners hired Schultz as the company's head of
marketing.

1981 년부터 회사에 많은 변화가 일어났습니다. 그 년도에 하워드 스컬즈는

스타벅스를 운영하는 3 명을 만났습니다. 스컬즈는 뉴욕에 있는 부억용품을 만드는
회사에서 일했습니다. 그는 스타벅스가 커피를 만드는 기계를 대량주문 한걸 보고선
좋아했습니다. 하워드는 스타벅스에서 일하고 싶었습니다. 1982 년에 스타벅스는
하워드를 마케팅 팀장으로 고용하였습니다.

In 1983, Schultz traveled to ltaly. The unique atmosphere of the espresso bars
there caught his eye. To Schultz it seemed that ltalins spent their daily lives in
three places : home, work,and coffe bars. His experience in ltaly gave Schultz a
new idea for Starbucks back in Seattle.

1983 년도에 하워드는 이탈리아로 여행을 갔습니다. 그 독특하게 에스프레소 바에서

나오는 향기들이 하워드에 눈을 사로잡았습니다. 하워드는 이탈리아 사람들이 오직
집, 직장, 아니면 커피 바에서 매일을 보내는 것으로 보였습니다. 그의 이탈리에서의
경험은 하워드에게 스타벅스에게 좋을 새로운 발상을 떠오르게 해주었습니다.

Schultz created an atmosphere for Starbucks coffe shops hat was

comfortableand casual, and custmers everwhere seemed to like lt. Between
1987 and 1992 starbucks open 150 new stores-and that was only the
beginning. As a matter of fact, by the year 2000, three new Starbucks shores
opened somewhere around the world every day!

하워드는 태평스럽고 편한 분위기를 스타벅스에 띄워주었고, 모든 손님들은 그

분위기를 좋아했습니다. 1987 년과 1992 년 사이에 스타벅스는 150 새로운 가게를
차렸지만, 그것은 오직 시작에 불과했습니다. 결과적으로 2000 년도까지 스타벅스는
매일 지구 어디언가에 3 개에 새로운 가게를 차렸습니다!

Today , Starbucks has thousads of stores, including stores in twenty-six

countries.

One thing that helps make Starbucks succeed in cities outside the United
States is the way Starbucks works with local stores and restaurants. By working
together with a store already in the city, Starbucks gains an understanding of
customers in the city. This understanding helps Starbucks open stores in the
right locations for their customers.

오늘,  26 개국에 있는 가게를 합쳐서 수천의 스타벅스 가게가 있습니다. 미국

밖에서 한가지 스타벅스를 성공하게 도와주는 비법은 스타벅스가 지역의 가게들과
식당들과 일하는 방식이였습니다. 이미 그 도시에있는 가게와 일을 하면 스타벅스는
주위에 있는 사람들을 이해할수 있기때문입니다. 이 이해가 스타벅스를 도와 어디에
가게를 만들지 도와주었습니다

The Sadie Hawkins Dance

The Sadie Hawkins or Turnabout Dance is a high school dance where the girl
gets to invite the boy.

This custom stems from a fictional cartoon celebration known as Sadie Hawkins
Day. On this day the unmarried women (Sadie Hawkins, the unattractive
daughter of the mayor, being one of them) were allowed to run after a man of
their choice. Each man caught by a woman would return to town for a shotgun
wedding. A similar time when women can initiate aggressive action is during the
leap year, when February has twenty-nine days. According to this custom, on
leap day, February 29, a woman can propose marriage to a man.

The Sadie Hawkins 또는 Turnabout Dance 라고 불리는 춤은 소녀(여학생)가 소년

(남학생)을 초청해서 함께 추는 고등학교 댄스다. 이 풍습은 새디 호킨스 데이라는, 
만화 속 허구의 축제에서 기원한다. 이 날은 미혼 여성들(시장의 딸로 별 매력 없는
여자인 새디 호킨스도 이들 중 한 명이었다)이 자기가 선택한 남자를 뒤쫓아갈 수
있게 하는 날이었다. 여자에게 붙들린 남자들은 강제 결혼을 하러 마을로 돌아와야
한다. 이와 유사하게 여자들이 적극적인 행동을 취할 수 있는 때는 2 월이 29 일까지
있는 윤년이다. 이 풍습에 따르면 윤년인 해의 2 월 29 일에는 여자가 남자에게
결혼해 달라고 프로포즈 할 수 있다.
◆ P. 16B

a. My private life is my own. What I do in my free time is none of your business.

 b. Singers and actors are public figures. The general public is interested in them. It's
naturalto have paparazzi following them. I work with the paparazzi all the time.

▶ paparazzi : 파파라치, paparazzo 의 복수형, 유명 인사를

따라다니면서 돈이 되는 것이면 가리지않고 찍는 사진사
관계대명사 What: 관계대명사는 선행사를 수식하는 형용사절이지만 What 만 예외적으로
선행 사를 자체가 포함하고 있어 명사절, 주어로 사용되면 단수 취급, '~하는 것도(것은,
것이)’

what = the thing/things/ that/ those which/that Ex) I know the man who has a red car (
형용사절).

What I do in my free time(S) is(V) none of your business.

P. 16B

a. I'm a fan and I like to read about famous people. But I feel sorry for them. When
they go out in public, the paparazzi follow them. Celebrities never have
any privacy. That's hard. 

b. Movie stars, like all people, have certain rights. For example, you can't
disturb (=bother)them in their own homes.

celebrity: 유명인사
like:전치사(+명사),~와같은 (=such as)

 Ex) Movie stars, like all people, have certain rights.

Grammar

금지표현(Expressing Prohibition)

> can, allowed to, permitted 는 허락을 하거나 거절할떄 사용

Ex) You can park here for free.

You are not allowed to blog about your job online.

Sharp objects aren't permitted in your carry-on bags(7140 71}). 

> must (not) = 공식적인 규칙과 경고용으로 사용 구어체 영어에서는 금지표현 must
not 보다는 can not 을 더 자주 사용

 Ex) You must not eat anything before your physical exam(신체검사). 37||

Children can't ride the roller coaster by themselves(혼자서).

Grammar

◆ 금지표현(Expressing Prohibition)

▶ be supposed to (~하기로 되어 있는, ~해야 하는, = be expectedd to)는

준수해야 하는 규칙에 사용

 Ex) We're supposed to hand in our assignments today.

Shhh! You're not supposed to talk in the library. 

> No + 동명사는 금지를 나타내는 표지에 사용

 Ex) No swimming or diving (allowed).

| hand in: 제출하다 (= submit) 

> assignment: 과제(물)

• P.21A

Expressing Prohibition

 > be allowed to 

1. Sir, you aren't allowed to park your car here today. on the street (from
a police officer) c. Please use the parking lot. 

→ be supposed to

 2. Remember, you aren't supposed to touch the paintings. museum e.

They're very old

. ► with modals 

3. I'm sorry, but you can't use your cell phone inside. concert hall b.
Please step out onto(E 17117) the balcony.

• P. 21A
Expressing Prohibition 

► with modals 
4. You mustn't drink and drive at the same time. driver education class f. You
could have a serious accident.
 ► with -ing forms
 5. Actually, there's no smoking on the platform(771). train station d. Please
wait until you exit(277777, 7) the station.
 6. Talking is not permitted during the exam. school just prior to an exam a.
Once you receive your paper, you may begin.

Jin Hee Park is a student at stanford Unversity in Califonia.

She studies hard. "Of course, I came here for the academics," she says.

"But it doesn't hurt that the campus is so beautiful.

I walk around sometimes just to relax."

박진히는 칼리포니아의 스탠포드 대학생이다.

그녀는 공부를 열심히 한다. "당연하죠, 저는 여길 공부하러 왔는데요." 그녀가

말한다.

"그렇지만 캠퍼스가 정말 아름다운건 아무런 해가 없잖아요.

가끔씩 저는 캠퍼스를 걸어다니면서 마음을 진정시켜요."

Alejandro Vega, a banker in New york City, jogs almost every evening after work
in

Central Park. "I never get bored. the park is so big. It's a public space, yet it
can feel

completely private."

알레한드로 베가, 뉴욕 도시에서 일하고 있는 은행원, 는 거의 모든 오후에 일이

끝나면

중앙 공원에서 조깅을 합니다. "전 절대로 지루해지지 않아요, 이 공원은 정말 커요.

공공장소 이면서도

혼자만의 느낌을 가질 수 있어요."

Niagara Falls was on Ross Howard's list of places to visit in upstate New Yyork.

"There are these wonderful footpaths that make the falls so accessible to the
general public.

You cen get really close."

니아가라 폭포는 로즈 호와드의 리스트에 있는 뉴욕에서 멀리 떨어진 가고 싶은

장소중에 하나다.

"그곳에서는 정말 아름답고 민간인들에게 폭포에 들어가기 쉬운 오솔길이 있어서

폭포에 정말 가까워 질수 있어요."

 
In 1857 a design contest was held for a new park in New York City.

Frederick Law Olmsted and his partner, Calvert Vaux, won the contest.

Central Park was the finished product th first landscaped public park in the
United States.

Today, no trip to New York is complete without a visit th this beautiful park.

1857 년에, 디자인 콘테스트가 뉴욕시티의 새로운 공원에 열렸다.

프레데릭 라우 옴스트드 그리고 그의 파트너, 칼버트 바욱스는 콘테스트를 이겼다.

중앙 공원은 미국에서 처음으로 공공장소 공원으로 만들어진 작품이다.

그리고 지금, 뉴욕에서의 여행은 이 아름다운 공원에 가지 않으면 끝나지 않는다.

Later in his life, Olmsted designed landscapes for college campuses, including
Stanford Unvercity.

He also designed footpaths at Niagara Falls to give visitors better views of th

falls.

In all his work, Olmsted tried to preserve the natural beauty of an area.

그리고 그 다음에, 옴스트드는 대학 캄퍼스를 디자인했엇는데, 그것들 중에선

스탠포드 대학도 포함된다.

그리고 그는 니아가라 폭포의 아름다운 광경을 더 잘보기위한 오솔길도 디자인했다.

그의 모든 작품에서는, 옴스트드는 그 곳의 자연을 지키려고 노력을 했었다.

Today there are new pressures on Niagara Falls : some businesses want to
develop the area.

On Goat Island, an island in souvenir shops. They may be signs that say

"No Littemng" but there is still a lot of trash on the island.

Most of the animals have disappeared. What would Olmsted think?

그리고 지금은 니아가라 폭포에는 새로운 압박이 생기고 있는데 : 바로 몇 몇

회사들이 이 장소를 건설 하고 싶은것이다.

고트 섬 (고트의 뜻은 염소) 의 선물 가게에서는, "쓰레기를 버리지 마시오"

라는 표지판이 있음에도 불구하고 그 섬에는 아직까지 많은 쓰레기들이 있다.

그리고 그곳에는 많은 동물들이 없어졌는데, 옴스트드가 뭐라고 생각하겠는가?

• P. 26 B
In a survey of 1,000 parents and 500 children, 43% of the grown-ups said they wanted to be
their children's "best friend.

” 40% said they wanted to buy their children everything (that) they wanted.

Peggy, a parent with a young son, said “My childhood was difficult. We didn't
have any money. I want to give my son everything (that) he asks for.” 

 Fred, a single dad, says “Adulthood is all about responsibility. Adolescence is

all about having fun. I don't want my children to work too hard.”

> survey: 설문조사

 > responsibility: 책임

P. 26 B
Dr. Julio Garcia, a childcare specialist, says that “Children need an adult to rely on.
They need cules - and a best friend isn't going to give you rules.” 

Interestingly, the youth in the survey didn't share their parents' values.

 - When they are ready to start a family, only 28% of teens and young adults want to
be theirchildren's best friends. 

Only 10% want to buy their kids everything.

▶ childcare: 보육, 육아

specialist: 전문가 > rely on: 25th, 27 th=depend on, count on, be dependent
on, be reliant on) the youth: 100%= young people)

share: 공유하다. value: 773)(2)

| be ready to V: ~할 준비가 되다.

● Grammarr: 미래형(Future Forms)

Will

일반적인 예상이나 예측 Ex) She will do well in her new job

 말하는 시점에 미래의 계획을 결정 Ex) I'm tired. I think I will go to bed.

. Be going to V
 - 일반적인 예상이나 예측 Ex) She is going to do well in her new job.
 - 이미 결정된 미래의 계획(이나 의도)Ex) I am going to fly to Costa Rica for
the holidays.
 - 무엇인가 막 일어나려는 상황 . Ex) Look at all the traffic! We are going to be
late!

◆ Grammar: 미래형(Future Forms)

◆ 현재진행형 (Present Continuous) 

▶ 이미 결정된 미래의 계획 

Ex) I am having lunch with some clients at 1:00.

I am planning to visit my cousins in two weeks. I need to rent a car for the trip. (P. 29)
◆ 현재형 (Simple Present) 

가까운 미래의 예정된 사건, 일정표(schedules), 시간표

 Ex) The movie starts (will start x) in ten minutes. Hurry up!

• P.31 A

1. Do you think he will have a happy childhood? 

= c. Absolutely. He has two wonderful, loving parents.

2. What are you doing for summer vacation?

 = e. We are not going to do anything special. I just want to relax!

3. How will life be different in the future? 

= a. We are going to have robots (which are) doing a lot of the work for us.

► absolutely: 당연하지

P. 31 A

4. What time is your graduation? 

= d. The ceremony begins at noon.

5. Is Tina pregnant? 

= b. Yes, she is going to have her baby any day now.

> ceremony: 의식, ► pregnant : Oll > have a baby : 017 ► any day : 0)

• P. 32 B

A: I (1. fly) am flying to Thailand tomorrow.

My plane (2. leave) is leaving at 4:00. 

B: Oh, really? 

A: Yes. I (3. visit) am visiting my friend in Bangkok.

There's only one problem. I don't have a ride to the airport.

 B: Don't worry. I have a car. I (4. take) will take you. 

A: Thanks. Do you think I (5. need) will need / am going to need these sweaters?

 B: No. It (6.be) will be / is going to be warm there.

The linking of the word Dutch with such expressions as "Dutch bargain" (an uneven,
one-sided deal), "Dutch reckoning” (an unitemized account), “Dutch courage”
(bravery induced by drink), and “double Dutch” (unintelligible gibberish), stems from
the time when the Dutch and the English were mercantile and military rivals, and the
time when the English characterized all things Dutch as nothing but shams. Thus,
"going Dutch” or “Dutch treat” (splitting expenses with a date) was to mimic the
behavior of those “strange” people across the Channel.
'Dutch'라는 말이 붙는 표현들, 예컨대 Dutch bargain(불공정하고 일방적인 거래), Dutch
reckoning(미분식 회계), "Dutch courage"(술김에 얻은 용기), "double Dutch" (알아듣기 힘든 말)
등은, 네덜란드와 영국이 상업과 군사적 라이벌이었고 영국인들이 네덜란드제는 죄다 모조품(짝퉁)에
불과하다고 특징 지었던 시대에서 기원한다. 따라서  더치 페이("going Dutch" or "Dutch treat":
비용을 사람 수대로 나눠서 분담하는 풍습)은 영국 해협 건너편에 사는 이 '이상한' 사람들(즉
네덜란드인)의 행동방식을 흉내낸 것이었다.

◆ 주어와 동사의 수 일치

To 부정시,동명사,명사절=주어자리에 올 경우 동사는 항상 단수동사 해석 ~하는것

 Ex) To speak a foreign language(S) requires(V) practice.

Speaking a foreign language(S) requires(V) practice. 

What the speaker said(S) was(V) very interesting.

병치(병렬) 구문 

문장이 등위접속사나 (등위) 상관접속사로 연결될 경우 중복 부분을 생략하고

나머지 부분을동등 어구(명사 명사, 형용사 형용사, 부사 부사, 구-구, 절절)로 연결한다
. Ex) He is not a student but (he is) a teacher.

The linking ..... stems from the time when the Dutch and the English were
mercantile and military rivals, and the time when the English characterized all
things Dutch as nothing but shams. (형용사절 and 형용사절)
◆ P. 34 A Cross-cultural Ambassador

At first, Fran Turner's life wasn't so different. Like many women, she fell in love and
got married. Fran got pregnant and the couple had two children. She and her
husband bought a house. Fran got a job as a lawyer's assistant while she also raised
her family.

> cross-cultural: 범 문화의, 비교 문화적인, 서로 다른 문화 상호간의

ambassador: 대사, 대표, 사절 assistant: 조수, 비서

◆ Like: 전치사 + 명사 : ~와 같이’, 동사: ‘좋아하다 | As: 자격이나 신분, '~로서'

• P. 34 Fran proudly watched(5V) her daughters(O) grow up(OC). She was your
typical "working mom.” Over the years, however, things changed. One of Fran's
daughters graduated from high school. Another left home and enrolled in college.
Fran went to school at the University of Vermont and studied journalism. Fran and
her husband also began to grow apart. She never really expected to get divorced -
but her marriage was over.

► proudly: 7127227), 1717) ► journalism: 2423, (332)

typical: 71320, grow apart: 747177

072167

OTE198/

EXT/7174A

=지각동사(5V, watch, see, notice, hear) +목적어+목적보어

 Ex) I watched Susan clean / cleaning the room.

I watched the room cleaned (by Susan).

• P. 34 Fran was born in 1952. And in 1998, at the age of 46, she decided to
take a trip to Central America - to think about things. Fran realized she liked
traveling. For the last 15 years, she has traveled around the world, meeting
new people, learning about new cultures, and writing about her experiences of
travel magazines. She lives the life of a cross-cultural ambassador.” And Fran
is probably not going to retire anytime soon!

현재완료의 계속용법 : for, in, since, over, 현재완료나 현재완료 진행형 모두 사용가능 

Ex) For the last 15 years, she has traveled / has been traveling around the world

병렬구조: A and/or B 1 A, B, and/or C => ABC 자리에 동등어구 사용 

 Ex) she has traveled around the world, meeting new people, learning about new cultures, and writing
about her experiences of travel magazines.

Grammar

미래의 가능성(Future Possibility) 법조동사(May, Might, Could)

- 미래의 가능성에 대해 말할 경우 may, might, could 를 사용 
Ex) Class may/might/could end early tomorrow.
- 미래에 대한 질문에 대답할 경우 may, might, could 를 사용 
Ex) A: Is he going to lose his job?
B: He may/might/could. It depends (on situations). A: Will you be home by 8:00
tonight? B: I may/might/could (be). I'm not really sure.

◆ 미래의 가능성(Future Possibility) 법조동사(May, Might, Could)

►부정으로 답할경우  may, might 는 사용 가능 could 불가능

 Ex) A: Are you going to attend the party?

B: I may/might not. 

I could not (X).

 I'm not feeling well.

– P. 39 Q: How possible are these situations in the next year? five years? in
your lifetime?

Complete each one with will/won't or may(not), might(not), and could.

1. Scientist will/won’t/may/might/may not/might not/could be able to solve the

global warming problem.

 2. World hunger will/won’t/may/might/may not/might not/could end. 

3. We will/won’t/may/might/may not/might not/could travel to other planets.

 4. The worlds' population will/won’t/may/might/may not/might not/could decrease

(go down)

<Coping with life's stressors>

  Let’s face it: Life is stressful. Stressful events in our lives are called
“stressors.” Some of them are minor, such as uncomfortable air conditioning or
a loudly ringing telephone.

자 그럼 마주해보자 : 삶은 스트레스로가득차있다. 우리의 삶에있어 스트레스를

주는 사건을 "스트레스를주는것" 이라고 표현한다. 몇몇것들은 불편한
에어콘이라던가 혹은 매우시끄러운 전화소리등, 사소한것들이다.

 Others are more serious. Such as the death of a spouse. That event tops the
list as life’s most stressful event.1
다른것들은 더 심각하다. 예를들면 약혼자의 죽음같은것이다. 이와같은 사건은
삶에서 가장 스트레스를주는 사건 1 위로 올라오게된다.

  You might be surprised to learn about the top 20 life stressors. Getting a
divorce, for example, is number 2 on the list. And not all stressors are unhappy
events. 
당신이 만약 20 개의 스트레스의 요인을 알게된다면 매우 놀라게될것이다. 예를들면
이혼을 하는것은 리스트의 두번째 순위이다. 그리고 모든 스트레스의요인은 안좋은
사건들만은아니다.

Pregnancy is a happy time for most families. It may also cause stress.
Pregnancy is right below retirement on the list of life’s major stressors.
임신은 대부분의 가정에게 행복한 시간이지만, 이것또한 스트레스의 요인이 될 수
있다. 임신은 주요 스트레스 요인의 바로 아래에 위치해있다.

  We can’t avoid stress, but we can do something about it. Listen to three
people talking about their responses to stress in their lives.

우리가 스트레스를 받는것을 피할 수는 없지만 그것에 대해 조취를 취할 수는 있다.

자신의 삶에있는 스트레스에대한 대답에대해 이야기하는 세명의 얘기를 들어보자.

  Tina Vega, 16
  Last year was horrible! My family moved to another town. I had to change
schools and say good-bye to all my friends. It was really tough. I felt so lonely
in my new school. But then one day I decided to enjoy my life: I smiled at
everyone and I joined the soccer club at school. Now I have new friends. I like
my new school.
티나 베가, 16 세
작년은 끔찍했어요! 우리가족은 이사를 갔죠. 나는 전학을가야만했고 내친구들에게
이별을 고해야만했어요. 이건정말..힘들었죠. 새학교에서 난 정말 외로웠다구요.
하지만 난 그런 삶을 즐기기로마음먹었어요: 모두에게 웃음을 지어주고, 학교의
축구클럽에도 가입했죠. 지금 난 새로운 친구들을 사겼어요. 전 제 새학교가 좋아요.

Frederick Cho,42
  Life is unpredictable. Three weeks ago I lost my job. I was upset for the first
week. I couldn’t do anything. Now I’m looking for a new job. It’s not good to sit
around the house. I exercise every day and I’m healthier than I’ve been in
years.

프레드릭 초, 42 세
삶은 정말 예측할수없죠. 3 주전, 전 실직했어요. 첫번째주엔 정말 빡쳤죠.
아무것도할수없었어요. 지금 난 새로운 직업을 찾고있답니다. 집에 그냥
앉아만있는건 좋지않아요. 전 매일 운동을하고, 지금 몇년간중에 가장 건강하다구요.

  Hazel Greene, 80
  My husband and I got married in 1950. he died five years ago. For the first
two years I was depressed. I missed him so much because we did everything
together. But now I’m feeling better. I think it’s important to stay active and
positive. I read a lot and do volunteer work.

하젤 그린, 80 세
나랑 내남편은 1950 년에 결혼했음. 5 년전에 남편이죽었음. 첫번째년도에 나 진짜
완전 좌절. 우리가 함께했던 모든게 자꾸생각나서 남편이넘 그리웠음. 하지만 난
지금 예전보다낫아졌음. 내생각엔 항상 활동적이고
긍정적으로사는게중요하다고생각함. 난 글도많이읽고 봉사활동도많이함..

◆ 주어와 동사의 수 일치

To 부정사, 동명사, 명사절: 주어 자리에 올 경우 동사는 항상 단수 동사, 해석:

~하는 것

 Ex) To speak / Speaking a foreign language(S) requires(V) practice.

What the speaker said(S) was(V) very interesting.

Getting a divorce(S), for example, is(V) number 2 on the list. 

◆ 부분 부정: 부정어(not, no,...) + 전체 표시어(all, every,....)

 Ex) And not all stressors are unhappy events.

◆ 목적격 관계대명사: 생략 가능 

Ex) Read below to learn about the healthy responses (that) these people had
(O) to stress in their lives.

◆ 2 형식 동사(feel, be, become, remain, stay,...) + 주격보어(형용사 / 현재분사 / 과거분사) Ex) I felt
so lonely in my new school.
◆ 비교 구문: 비교급 + than, 비교대상이 2 개일 경우 사용 Ex) I exercise every day and I'm healthier
than I've been in years. (healthy)

2 형식 동사 (feel, be, become, remain, stay,...) +주격보어

 Ex) But now I'm feeling better.

I think it's important to stay active and positive.

42p

I gossip with friends in a café we chat about everything from celevrities to who’s
dating whom we share our deepest secrets

◆ P. 42A

Some people don't know how to talk to others easily because they're
shy. I wrote a book (which was) called “How to strike up a conversation
with anyone.”

▶ talk: 말하다, 이야기하다, 대화하다, 회담, 회의

talk to: (사람에게) 말을 걸다. talk with: (사람과) 이야기하다.

talk on(about): (~에 대하여) 연설(강연, 강의)하다. > shy: 수줍은, 부끄러운, 내성적인
shyness [Jainis] 수줍음, 숫기 없음, 겁 많음

선행사 + (주격관계대명사 + Be 동사) + [분사구(현재분사, 과거분사), 전치사귀

선행사(사람) (who am/is/are/was/were)

 선행사(사물) (which/that am/is/are/was/were)

◆ P. 42A
When we were kids, we argued all the time. We don't fight anymore – in
fact, now we're really close. We discuss everything and ask each other
for advice.

> all the time: 항상, 언제나 > not ~ anymore: 더 이상 ~ 하지 않다.

ask A for B: A 에게 B 를 부탁하다(요구하다, 요청하다) advice: 조언, 충고, 도움

each other: (둘 사이에서) 서로 one another: (셋 이상에서) 서로

◆ P.42A

I send a lot of text messages to my friends. One day last week I sent
over 50 messages. It's easier and quicker than calling someone.
- send A to B: A 를 B 에게 보내다. - It = sending over 50 messages |

◆ 비교 구문: 2 개를 비교할 경우에 사용. 비교급 than 

- 1 음절 형용사: 형용사 + (e)r 

ex) easier: 더 쉬운 (1 음절 easy 의 비교급), quicker: 더 빠른 (1 음절 quick 의

비교급) - 2 음절 형용사: 형용사 + (e)r 이 원칙. 단, -ing, -ed, -ous, -ful 로 끝나는
형용사 + more - 3 음절 이상의 형용사 + more

P. 420

1. We had a long discussion about the situation at work. 2. They got into a big
argument and started shouting. 3. She's giving a talk on the new proposal later
today. 4. It's impossible to carry on a conversation here. It's too noisy. 5. I hadn't
seen her in a long time. We had a very nice chat.

shout: 12712t), 973157

► situation: 10, 7EH, FEH ► proposal: 719, 78, 79,

Start + O (T0 부정사/동명사),의미차이 ㄴㅇㅈ Ex) started shouting / to shout

Grammar
분사구(Participial Phrase)와 전치사구(Prepositional Phrase)

선행사 + (주격관계대명사+ Be 동사) + (분사구 (현재분사,과거분사) ,전치사구)

선행사(사람)(who am/is/are/was/were) 
 선행사(사물)(which/that am/is/are/was/were)
Ex) I'm looking for Lee Moore.
Is he the man (who is) wearing the suit (분사구)? 
No, that's not him. 
Lee's the tall guy (who is) with the mustache (전치사구).
 mustache: 코밑수염, beard: 턱수염, whiskers: 구레나룻, sideburns: 짧은
구레나룻

◆ 분사 구(Participial Phrase)와 전치사구(Prepositional Phrase)

17).”

Ex) I wrote a book (which was) called “How to strike up a conversation with anyone
(분사구)

My boss is the woman (who is) chatting on the phone ( 분사구). 

Can you see the person (who is) standing first in line ( 분사구)? 

John is the man (who is) by the door (전치사구). 

She's the girl (who is) in the glasses (전치사구).

1. Do you know the woman (who is) talking to the bus driver? 

2. Do you know the girl (who is) listening to music? 

3. Do you know the girl (who is) with the skateboard and backpack? 

4. Do you know the girls (who are) in the school uniforms / wearing the school
uniforms?

 5. Do you know the boy (who is) on the phone / talking on the phone?

 6. Do you know the man (who is) in a suit / wearing a suit? 
7. Do you know the man (who is) with the briefcase / with the black skin?

 8. Do you know the man (who is) with the whiskers and beard?

Hollywood is a district within the city of Los Angeles. Its name is synonymous
with the motion-picture industry.

할리우드는 로스앤젤리스 도시에 있는 지역으로, 그 이름은 영화산업과 동의어다.

Since the early 1900s,when movie makers found southern California an ideal
blend of mild climate and varied geography, it has become the home
for cinematic dreame. 
 

영화제작자들이 온순한 기후와 다양한 지형이 혼합된 이상적인 곳 캘리포니아

남쪽을 발견했던 때인

1900 년대 초 이후, 할리우드는 영화의 꿈을 실현하는 고향이 되었다.

All the great names of cinema have passed through Hollywood on the road to
international careers.

영화의 모든 위대한 이름들은 국제적 경력을 얻으러 가는 노상에서  할리우드를

통과하였다.

Today, it still remains the place where dreams are said to come true and
fantasises are carefully nurtured.

오늘날, 영화 꿈이 실현되었다고 말하여지고, 판타지들이 조심스럽게 양육되는

곳으로 아직도 존재한다.

Known as "The Movie Capital of the World," Hollywood is one of the few places
where epic films can still be made on such a large scale.

세계의 영화 수도 라고 알려진 할리우드는 서사적 영화가 대규모 스타일로 아직도

제작될 수 있는

몇 안되는 장소중의 하나다.

 
Ancient Rome, the Pharaoh's Egypt or a science fiction film staged somewhere
in the Galaxy are all within the imagination of the filmmakers and the industry
they control.

고대 로마, 파라오 이집트 혹은 은하수 어딘가가 무대인 과학공상영화는 모두

영화제작자와

그들이 지배하는 영화산업의 상상력 내에서 이루어진다.

It is a place where unknowns are discovered and even actors from abroad have
come to Hollywood to further establish their fame and recognition

할리우드는 미지의 것들이 발견되고 있는 곳이며, 

해외 배우들조차 더 나은 명성과 인식을 확립하기 위하여 할리우드로 오고 있다

◆ 현재완료의 계속 용법: for, in, since, over 가 올 경우, 현재완료나

현재완료 진행형 모두 사용가능
Since + 과거시제, S + 현재완료 / 현재완료진행형 Ex) Since the early 1900s, ~~ it has
become the home for cinematic dreams.

dreams are said to come true 42 유래

 Ex) People(S) say(V) that dreams come true(O).복문

=> That dreams come true is said (by people). 

=> It is said that dreams come true.

 => Dreams are said (that 생략) to come true. Il 단문

◆ 선행사 + (주격관계대명사 + Be 동사) + [분사구(현재분사, 과거분사), 전치사구] 

Ex) Ancient Rome, ~~ a science fiction film (which are) staged somewhere in the Galaxy ~

• To 부정사의 부사적 용법의 목적: (in order) to V, (so as) to V, ~하기 위하여 |

 To V, 주어 + 동사+ 목적어

주어 + 동사 + 목적어 // To V. 

Ex) actors from abroad have come(1V) to Hollywood // to further establish their fame and
recognition.

P. 49 Take this quiz

1. How do you typically get your news?
.....

.....................................

2. I am most interested in ...

- international (world) news 

- local news (about my town or city) 

- national news about my country) 

because ..

3. Which of these TV programs do you watch and how often do you

watch them? 
- cable news channels
- morning news programs
 - nightly network news
- entertainment news

 4. When you learn a juicy piece of news, who do you tell first?
.
.................................

5. Think of someone famous who was recently in the news?

Who was it? .... Why was the person discussed so much in the media?
(newspapers, magazines, radio, and TV)? .
........

6. Think again about the news story in #5. How did you hear the news?
 - on TV
- on the radio - in the newspaper - online
- by word of mouth (= Someone told me.)
 Did you tell anyone else the news? If so, how many people did you tell?
7. Which do you think is a better news source: traditional media
(newspapers, magazines, radio, TV, etc.) or new media (Internet sources).
Why?

현재완료(the present perfect: Have + P.P.)  

완료(already, always, just,...), 경험(ever, never, once, twice, four times,...),

결과 (have gone, have lost, ....) 

- 계속 (for, in, since, over): 현재완료나 현재완료 진행에 모두 가능하지만

정적동사(감정,인식,소유,지각,상태:love, know, understand, have, own, belong to, hear, be,

stand)가있을경우 진행형 사용불가 .
Ex) I am a reporter at the Daily News.

I have worked / have been working there for a long time. 

I have known him for a long time. (0)

 I have been knowing him for a long time. (x)

> for +기간 (전치사기능) / since + 시점(전치사,접속사기능)

 Ex) I have known her for 15 years.

I have known her since 1996.

I have known her since I was a child. 

=> 주어+ 현재완료/ 현재완료진행 + since 과거동사

Ex) Q: How long have you lived here?

A: (For) All my life.

 Have you (ever) heard the big news? (경험)

과거(the simple past) 

last + 시간 (last night, last week, last month, last year), just now, yesterday, ago (cf.
before: 현재완료나 과거완료에 사용), 명백한 과거시간 (in 2002)

Ex) He studied English last night.

He arrived here just now. 

He met his girlfriend yesterday.

 He graduated in 2002.

He left for Seoul ten minutes ago. 

Cf. He has left for Seoul before.

P. 54

P 54

Bruno Hoffman lives near Toft Park.

Every morning for the past 10 years, he (1. take) has taken a walk in the park.
Yesterday a strange thing (2. happen) happened. In the park, a squirrel(t ) (3. jump)
jumped onto his shoulder(C17H). It wouldn't leave. When Bruno (4. brush(t)))
brushed it off, it (5. jump) jumped up again. At that point( 그시점에), Bruno (6. call)
called the police.

A friendly squirrel (7. attack) has just attacked me,” he said. -'I (8. hear) have never
heard of such a thing,” said the police officer. He (9. advise) advised Bruno to call an
animal shelter(SE Ž El) for help. Since the squirrel incident(x+Z1, X+3), Bruno (10.
stop) has stopped walking in Toft Park. He now walks on an indoor track.
1. Nutty news
Lulu is a kangaroo. For 10 years she has lived with the Richards family. 
룰루는 10 년간 리차드가족과 함께 살아온 캥거루입니다.

Lulu was adopted by the family after they found her next to her dead mother.
룰루는 가족들이 룰루의 죽은 엄마캥거루 옆에서 발견한 후 입양되었습니다.

Mr. Ken Richards is a farmer. He was working on his farm when a heavy tree
branch suddenly fell on top of him.
켄 리차드씨는 농부입니다. 그가 일을 하고있을때 매우 무거운 나뭇가지가 그의
위로 갑자기 떨어졌습니다.

Lulu stood next to Mr. Richards’ body. She started barking and didn’t leave Mr.
Richards’ side.
룰루는 리차드씨의 옆에 서서 떠나지않고 계속 짖어댔습니다.

“I’ve never heard Lulu bark like that – she sounded like a dog. 
"난 룰루가 단한번도 저렇게 짖는걸보지못했어요-꼭 강아지가짖는것같았죠.

She barked and barked and she didn’t stop,” said Celeste, Mr. Richards’
daughter.
짖고 짖고 또짖고, 룰루는 멈추지않았어요," 리차드씨의 딸인 Celeste 가말했습니다.

After 15 minutes, the Richards family went to investigate. They found Ken on
the ground and he was unconscious.
15 분이 지난후, 리차드가족은 (investigate 가 연구하다는뜻인데 대충
켄찾으러간듯) 리차드씨를 찾으러갔고, 무의식으로 바닥에 쓰러져있는 리차드씨를
발견했습니다.
“Lulu is a hero,” said Celeste. “She saved my father.”
"룰루는 영웅이에요," Celeste 가말했습니다. "룰루는 우리 아빠를 구했어요."

Mr. Middleton, an expert veterinarian, said that Lulu’s story is rare. 

전문 수의사인 미들턴씨는 룰루의 이야기가 매우 특별하다고했습니다.

“I have never seen a kangaroo act like that. Maybe Lulu helped Ken Richards
because the Richards family is the only family she has ever known.”

"전 지금껏 단 한번도 캥거루가 저렇게 행동하는것을 보지 모했어요. 아마도 룰루는

리차드가족이 룰루가 지금껏 알아온 단 하나의 가족이기때문에 리차드씨를
도운거라고 생각됩니다."

Lulu has always followed Ken around the farm. 

룰루는 항상 리차드씨의 농장 근처를 돌아다닙니다.

She’s a loyal, friendly, and very intelligent kangaroo. 

그녀는 충성심이있고, 다정하며, 매우 똑똑한 캥거루입니다.

After Ken leaves the hospital, he is planning to go everywhere with Lulu.

리차드씨는 병원에서 퇴원한 후, 룰루와 어디든 함께 가기로 했습니다.

 
2. Nutty news
Approximately 175,000 people live in the Republic of Vanuatu, an island chain
east of Australia. 
호주의 동쪽 섬들이 모여있는 곳중엔 vanuatu 라는 나라가있는데 그곳에선 약
175,000 명의 사람이 삽니다.

It is a popular tourist destination because there’s a lot to do there

이곳은 할것이 매우 많기 때문에 매우 유명한 여행지입니다.

: you can visit waterfalls, go horseback riding, take an aerial tour, or visit a
traditional Ni-Vanuatu village.
당신은 폭포를 가볼수도있고, 말을 탈수도있고, 공중에서 투어를 할수도있으며,
전통적인 Ni-Vanuatu 마을을 방문할 수도 있습니다.

(Ni-Vanuatu is a demonym used to refer to all Melanesian ethnicities originating

in Vanuatu. It also refers, more generally, to nationals and citizens of Vanuatu,
whatever their ethnicity.) 
Ni-Vanuatu 는 모든 Vanatu 에 사는 Melanesian 종족을 일컫는 예전부터 내려오는
호칭이라고합니다. 더 넓게는, 그 이름은 사람들의 종족에 상관 없이 vanatu 에 사는
시민을 칭하기도합니다.)

Vanuatu is most famous for its scuba diving and snorkeling.

vanatu 는 스쿠버다이빙과 스노우쿨링으로 가장 널리 알려져있습니다.

In an effort to draw attention to these popular water sports, Vanuatu has

created a world’s “first”: 
이러한 수중스포츠를 이용해 이목을 끌기위한 노력을 통해, Vanatu 는 세계의 "
첫번째" 를 만들어왔습니다.

the government has opened an underwater post office. 

정부는 수중 우체국을 열었습니다.

You have to be a certified scuba diver to work there. 

당신이 여기서 일하기 위해선 스쿠버다이빙을 할 수 있다는 확인이 필요합니다.

The office is three meters below the surface in an area on the outskirts of Port
Vila, the capital city.. 
이 우체국은 수도인  Port Villa 의 지표면으로부터 3 미터 아래에 위치해있습니다.

So far, the post office has hired four workers. 

지금까지 이 우체국은 네명의 사람을 고용해왔습니다.

They will work in a room surrounded by the beauty of Vanuatu’s underwater

world. 
이 사람들은 vanatu 의 수중의 아름다움으로 둘러쌓여있는 방에서 일을할것입니다.

Customers will buy waterproof postcards on land and then dive down to the
post office to receive a special waterproof stamp.
손님들은 방수가되는 카드를 사 수중으로 다이빙을하여 특별한 방수우표를
살것입니다

◆ 현재완료의 계속 용법(for, in, since, over)

 Ex) For 10 years she has lived with the Richards family.

 ◆ 수동 구문: 주어 + 동사 + 목적어 => 목적어 + be 동사 + 과거분사 + by 주어 

Ex) The family adopted Lulu. => Lulu was adopted by the family.

♦ Start + To 부정사 / 동명사: 의미 차이 없음 

◆ 현재완료의 경험 용법(never, ever) E

x) I've never heard Lulu bark like that. 

◆ 지각동사(hear, see, watch, notice...) + 목적어 + 목적보어(동사원형, 과거분사)

 Ex) I've never heard(V) Lulu(O) bark(OC) like that.

현재완료의 경험 용법 (never, ever)

 Ex) I have never seen a kangaroo act like that.

She has ever known the only family.

▶ 현재진행형 (Present Continuous): 이미 결정된 미래의 계획, 실행 가능성 아주 높음

 Ex) After Ken leaves the hospital, he is planning to go everywhere with Lulu.

◆ 현재완료 or 과거 시제: recently 

Ex) The Republic of Vanuatu has recently been in the news.

병렬구문  [A and/or B], [A, B, and/or C], [A, B, C, and/or D] A, B, C, D 에 동등 어구 사용 

Ex) you can visit waterfalls, go horseback riding, take an aerial tour, or visit a traditional Ni-
Vanuatu village.

◆ 현재완료의 경험 용법 Ex) Vanuatu has created a world's "first”: the government has opened an
underwater post office.

현재완료의 완료 용법 

Ex) So far, the post office has hired four workers. 

◆ 선행사 + (주격관계대명사 + Be 동사) + [분사구(현재분사, 과거분사), 전치사구 

Ex) They will work in a room (which is surrounded by the beauty of Vanuatu's
underwater world. 

◆ To 부정사의 부사적 용법의 목적: '~하기 위하여’, (in order) to V, (so as) to V Ex)
Customers will dive down // to the post office to receive a special waterproof stamp.